Glucose Levels In Diabetic Rats Research Articles

Efficiency of a formulated condiment (duqqa) in mitigation of diabetes and its complications induced by streptozotocin-nicotinamide in rats

Introduction: Duqqa is a condiment, consisting of black pepper, cumin, sesame, coriander and high amount of salt. Reducing salt and adding other beneficial items to traditional duqqa can make it suitable dietary supplement for diabetes management. The current study aimed to assess the effect of a modified duqqa on diabetes and its complications in diabetic rats. Methods: The modified duqqa was formulated by mixing grounded fermented wheat, sesame, coriander, cumin, chicory leaves, cinnamon, turmeric and date seeds powder and studied in diabetic rats which were developed by streptozotocin-nicotinamide injection. Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups (n = 8) including non-diabetic, diabetic control and the other two groups fed on balanced diet supplemented with either 10 or 20% of duqqa prior the induction of diabetes (for one week) to the end of the experiment (8 weeks). Results: The dietary supplementation with 10 and 20% of the formulated duqqa prior the induction of diabetes did not delay the onset of diabetes in rats but produced reduction (32.56% and 50.47%, respectively) in the glucose levels of diabetic rats. Also, diabetic rats fed on the formulated duqqa showed insulin concentrations higher than that of diabetic control rats. Feeding diabetic rats on the formulated duqqa reversed the elevation of kidney lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide, limited the disturbance in the lipid profile as well as liver and kidney functions and elevated both serum and femur magnesium concentrations. Conclusion: The results indicated the hypoglycemic effect of the formulated duqqa and its efficiency in delaying diabetes complications.

In vivo study of homoeopathic preparation of Gymnema sylvestre mother tincture, 30C and 200C on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Introduction: Gymnema sylvestre (GS) is a medicinal plant commonly used in complementary medicine to treat diabetes mellitus. This plant is proven scientifically to reduce blood glucose levels in the diabetic condition. However, till date, only little literature is published about the efficacy of GS prepared homoeopathically. Objective: In this study, we assessed the efficacy of homoeopathic preparation of GS (HPGS) in Q, 30C and 200C potencies in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Diabetic rats were administered with 4.7 mL/kg of HPGS mother tincture (Q) for anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy on daily bases over a period of 14 days and HPGS Q, HPGS 30C and HPGS 200C potencies for dose-dependent testing on daily basis for 90 days. Results: On completion of treatment period, HPGS Q and HPGS 200C significantly reduced the blood glucose levels in diabetic rats (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Current research findings showed that HPGS mother tincture and HPGS 200C have the ability to lower blood glucose levels in diabetic rats, suggesting its efficacy in vivo.

A Comparative Study on Nutritional Composition and Biological Activities of the Leafand Flower of Ocimum sanctum Linn

Various parts of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Such as leaves, seeds, roots, fruits, barks, flowers etc., were widely used in traditional medicine to cure a wide range of diseases over the decades. Although several studies include phytochemical screening, antibacterial, antifungal and hyperglycemic activity of Ocimum sanctum. Some parts of Ocimum sanctum remain to be elucidated. The present study includes nutritional analysis, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity and antidiabetic effect of Ocimum sanctum leaves and flowers. From nutritional investigation, the proximate composition moisture, ash, lipid, total sugar, crude fiber, starch, total phenols, vitamin C, vitamin B1 and vitamin B2 contents of leaves were 84.78%, 12.72%, 0.5%, 60%, 14.8%, 13.90%, 0.37%, 14%, 0.48%, 0.24% respectively. On the other hand, moisture, ash, lipid, total sugar, crude fiber, starch, total phenols, vitamin C, vitamin B1, and vitamin B2 contents of flowers were 71.56%, 25.56%, 0.02%, 77%, 5.38%, 16.10%, 0.25%, 42%, 0.27%, 0.33%, respectively. The leaves and flowers also contain significant amounts of Ca, Zn, P, and iron. Ocimum sanctum showed activity against both gram negative bacteria and pathogenic fungi. Leaves and stem extracts showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These extracts also showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both leaves and flowers showed significant weight gains in Steptozotocin-induced diabetic rats compared to vehicle control rats. Finally, the extract treatment remarkably reduced blood glucose level in diabetic rats compared to vehicle control rats. Therefore, Ocimum sanctum could be considered as an effective and alternative treatment for bacterial, fungal infections and diabetes.

Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum TKSN041 on improving streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats.

With the increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes, it is imperative to identify how to effectively prevent or treat this disease. Studies have shown that some lactic acid bacteria can improve type 2 diabetes with almost no side effects. Therefore, in this experimental study, we explored the preventive and therapeutic effects of Lactobacillus fermentum TKSN041 (L. fermentum TKSN041) on streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats. The results showed that L. fermentum TKSN041 could reduce the amount of water intake, reduce weight loss, and control the increase in the fasting blood glucose level of diabetic rats. The organ index and tissue section results showed that L. fermentum TKSN041 could reduce the damage caused by diabetes to the liver, kidney, spleen, pancreatic, and brain tissue. Furthermore, L. fermentum TKSN041 decreased the levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glycated serum proteins (GSP), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and endothelin 1 (ET-1) in serum and increased the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and interleukin 10 (IL-10). Finally, L. fermentum TKSN041 up-regulated the mRNA and protein expressions of NF-kappa-B inhibitor-α (IκB-α), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), liver kinase B1 (LKB1), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and down-regulated those of nuclear factor-κBp65 (NFκB-p65) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Furthermore, LF-TKSN041 up-regulated the mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and down-regulated neuropeptide Y (NPY), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These results suggest that L. fermentum TKSN041 may be a useful intervention factor for the prevention or treatment of type 2 diabetes induced by STZ. Clinical trials are needed to further demonstrate its effectiveness.

Streblus asper attenuates alloxan-induced diabetes in rats and demonstrates antioxidant and cytotoxic effects

Context Streblus asper Lour. (Moraceae) is used for the treatment of different ailments, including diabetes, and requires scientific validation. Objective The study evaluates antidiabetic effects, antioxidant potential, and cytotoxicity of leaf and bark extracts of S. asper. Materials and methods Antidiabetic effects were assessed by inducing diabetes in Wistar albino rats (n = 5, six groups included 30 rats) by injecting alloxan [0.25 mg/kg body weight (bw)] intraperitoneally, and efficacy of methanol extracts of leaf and bark, and aqueous extract of leaves were evaluated by oral administration of 300 mg/kg bw of extracts for 3 weeks. Glibenclamide (Dibenol™) was used as a control (10 mg/kg bw). Antioxidant properties were examined by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and cytotoxicity was investigated using a brine shrimp lethality assay. Results Methanol extracts of leaves and bark, and the aqueous extract of leaves of S. asper, caused significant reductions in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats of 36.83, 70.33, and 52.71%, respectively, after 21 days of treatment. IC50 values in DPPH radical scavenging assessment for those extracts were 58.92, 88.54, and 111.36 µg/mL, respectively. LC50 values for brine shrimp lethality for the extracts were 173.80, 32.36, and 3235.9 µg/mL, respectively. Discussion and conclusions The methanol bark extract of S. asper showed significant antidiabetic activity. This study will significantly contribute to establishing the plant as an alternative medicinal resource for rural populations of Bangladesh and provides an opportunity for further research to identify the primary active compound(s) and establish new drug candidates.

Effect of Afghan Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and Carum Carvi L. Hydro-alcoholic Extracts Either Alone or in Combination on Blood Glucose Level in Diabetic Rats

Combination therapy is considered as a new and effective therapeutic strategy for control of hyperglycemia. The present study aimed to determine the hypoglycemic effect of Afghan Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and Carum Carvi L. hydro-alcoholic extracts either alone or in combination on diabetic rats. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were administered intraperitoneally with hydro-alcoholic extracts of H. sabdariffa (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg), C. carvi (150, 300 and 500 mg/kg) and their combinations for 21 days. The Fasting blood glucose and body weight of rats were determined on 0, 7, 14 and 21st days. The results showed a significant (P&lt;0.0001) hypoglycemic effect of H. sabdariffa extract (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg) on 7, 14 and 21th days, C. carvi extract (500 mg/kg), and their effective doses combination (75:25), especially on 7th day. Only 75 mg/kg of H. sabdariffa had positive effect on body weight loss of diabetic rats (P&lt;0.05). One can conclude that Afghan H. sabdariffa and C. carvi hydro-alcoholic extracts and their combination have a hypoglycemic effect. However, their combinations do not have any synergic effects, so the hypoglycemic effect of H. sabdariffa was much greater and even normalized the blood glucose level.

Anti-diabetic Effect of Acridocarpus Orientalis

Background: Acridocarpus orientalis (AO) is a medicinal herb indigenous to tropical and subtropical Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and New Caledonia with reported anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Objective: To determine whether AO has any beneficial effects on diabetes-induced metabolic parameters in rats. Materials and Methods: Diabetes mellitus was induced in male Wistar rats by streptozotocin. Diabetic rats were treated with three doses of AO extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW) for 30 days. Kidney, liver, and pancreatic tissue samples were processed for histopathology to determine the effect of AO on the cells of these organs. The effect of AO on pancreatic islet cells and serum insulin levels was also examined using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques, respectively. Results: AO (100 mg/kg BW) caused a marked reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats compared to diabetic control on day 10 of the study. Moreover, AO (200 mg/kg BW) increased the number of insulin-positive cells with a concomitant reduction in the number of glucagon-immunoreactive cells in pancreatic islets. AO (100 mg/kg) also increased the serum level of superoxide dismutase significantly. Although the administration of AO was able to significantly decrease the diabetes-associated increases in serum creatinine and bilirubin levels, it had no effect on blood urea nitrogen, serum aspartate, or alanine aminotransferase levels. Histopathological examination showed that AO has no toxic effect on the structure of the pancreas, liver, and kidney. Conclusion: Our findings showed that AO could alleviate some complications of diabetes mellitus.

Development and Characterization of Glimepiride Novel Solid Nanodispersion for Improving Its Oral Bioavailability

Glimepiride is an antidiabetic drug which is one of the third generation sulfonylureas. It belongs to class II, according to the BCS (Biopharmaceutical Classification System), which is characterized by low solubility and high permeability. The aim of this work was to formulate glimepiride as solid dispersion using water-soluble carriers to enhance its aqueous solubility and thus enhance its bioavailability. Nine formulations of glimepiride solid dispersion were prepared by a solvent evaporation technique using three different carriers (mannitol, polyethylene glycol 6000, and β-cyclodextrin) with three different drug carrier ratio (1:1, 1:3, and 1:6). Formulation variables were optimized using 32 full factorial design. The prepared formulations were evaluated for production yield, drug content, micromeritic properties, thermal analysis, in-vitro release, and in-vivo hypoglycemic effect. All prepared formulations showed high production yield ranged from 98.4 ± 2.8 to 99.8 ± 2.2% and high drug content in the range of 97.2 ± 3.2 to 99.6 ± 2.1%. The micromeritic properties revealed that all prepared glimepiride formulations showed good flowability. The differential scanning calorimetry study revealed the presence of the drug in the more soluble amorphous form. In accordance with the results of in vitro release study, it was found that the solubility of glimepiride was increased by increasing the drug carrier ratio, compared with the pure form of the drug. It was found that F9 showed a high and rapid reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats, which indicated the success of a solid dispersion technique in improving the solubility and hence the bioavailability of glimepiride.

Silymarin Attenuates Hepatic and Pancreatic Redox Imbalance Independent of Glycemic Regulation in the Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rat Model

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficiency of silymarin (SMN) in modulating metabolic parameters and redox status in rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). MethodsDiabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. The diabetic rats were administered with SMN at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight/d for 30 consecutive days. The rats were divided into the following four groups: vehicle control, diabetic (alloxan-treated), DS50 (alloxan + 50 mg/kg body weight/d of SMN), and DS100 (alloxan + 100 mg/kg body weight/d of SMN) groups. The bodyweight and food and water intake were evaluated. After 30 d, the animals were euthanized and the blood was collected for measuring the serum levels of glucose, triacylglycerol (TAG), urea, and creatinine. The liver and pancreas were collected for measuring the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the levels of carbonylated protein (PC). The pancreas sample was also used for histological analysis. ResultsSMN reduced hepatic (P < 0.001) and pancreatic (P < 0.001) protein damage and creatinine levels (P = 0.0141) in addition to decreasing food (P < 0.001) and water intake (P < 0.001). However, treatment with SMN did not improve beta-cell function or decrease blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. ConclusionSMN improved polyphagia and polydipsia, renal function, and protected the liver and pancreas against protein damage without affecting hyperglycemia in diabetic animals.

Nanoparticles integrating natural and synthetic polymers for in vivo insulin delivery

The aims of the current study were to develop insulin-loaded nanoparticles comprised of various polymers at different compositions, and to evaluate their ability to lower blood glucose levels in diabetic rats following subcutaneous and oral administrations. Several combinations of natural and synthetic polymers have been utilized for preparation of nanoparticles including, chitosan, alginate, albumin and Pluronic. Nanosized (170 nm–800 nm) spherical particles of high encapsulation efficiency (15–52%) have been prepared. Composition and ratios between the integrated polymers played a pivotal role in determining size, zeta potential, and in vivo hypoglycemic activity of particles. After subcutaneous and oral administration in diabetic rats, some of the insulin-loaded nanoparticles were able to induce much higher hypoglycemic effect as compared to the unloaded free insulin. For instance, subcutaneous injection of nanoparticles comprised of chitosan combined with sodium tripolyphosphate, Pluronic or alginate/calcium chloride, resulted in comparable hypoglycemic effects to free insulin, at two-fold lower dose. Nanoparticles were well-tolerated after oral administration in rats, as evidenced by by measuring levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferases, albumin, creatinine and urea. This study indicates that characteristics and delivery efficiency of nanomaterials can be controlled via utilizing several natural/synthetic polymers and by fine-tuning of combination ratio between polymers.

Effect of bilateral needling at an acupuncture point, ST-36 (Zusanli) on blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A pilot randomized placebo controlled trial.

Background Diabetes mellitus is one of the major current public health problems. Electro-acupuncture at ST-36 showed a significant reduction in plasma glucose levels in diabetic rats. There are lacks of studies reporting its hypoglycemic effect in humans and thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of needling at ST-36 (Zusanli) on blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods Sixty T2DM participants were recruited and randomized into acupuncture group (n=30) and placebo control group (n=30). The participants of the acupuncture group received needling at ST-36 (one finger breadth lateral to the inferior border of the tibial tuberosity), and the participants those in the placebo control group received needling at placebo point (midpoint between the apex of the patella and tibial tuberosity). For both the groups, needles were retained for 30 min. Baseline and post-test assessments were performed prior to and after each intervention. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Results The present study showed a significant reduction in random blood glucose levels in the acupuncture group compared to the placebo control group. Conclusion This study suggests that 30 min of bilateral acupuncture needling at ST-36 with manual stimulation is effective in reducing blood glucose levels in T2DM patients.

Antihyperglycemic Activity and Safety Assessment of the Aqueous Extract of Aerial Parts of Scorzonera undulata ssp deliciosa in Rat.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Scorzonera undulata. Scorzonera undulata ssp deliciosa, locally known as "Guiz", is used as a phytomedicine in Morocco and Algeria to treat different health problems. Interestingly, it is used in the Moroccan pharmacopeia to treat diabetes. To our knowledge, this medicinal herb has never been investigated for any pharmacological activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of the aqueous extract of the aerial part of Scorzonera undulata (SUAP) in normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats and to assess the acute toxicity of this extract in Wistar rats. This study investigated the effects of SUAP at a dose of 20 mg/kg on blood glucose levels in normal and streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The acute toxicity of SUAP was examined according to the OECD test guideline; rats were divided into four groups of each sex and orally received the SUAP (1000, 2000, or 3000 mg/kg BW). Post-treatment, body weight, signs of toxicity, and/or mortality were observed during 14 days. Other assays such as histopathological examination, preliminary phytochemical investigation, determination of glycogen content and evaluation of α-amylase were performed according to standard protocols. The findings of the current study depicted that both single and repeated oral administration of SUAP (20 mg/kg) generated a significant fall in the blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. A single oral administration of SUAP (at the highest dose of 3000 mg/kg BW) had no significant acute toxicological effects, and oral LD50 of SUAP was greater than 3000 mg/kg. Furthermore, repeated oral administration of SUAP during 15 days led to an increase in the liver glycogen content in diabetic rats to improve the histopathological structure of the liver and pancreas in SUAPtreated diabetic rats and to ameliorate some biochemical parameters such as ALT and creatinine. SUAP had no effect on α-amylase activity. In addition, the preliminary phytochemical investigation showed the richness of the roots of SUAP in some phytochemicals, particularly the polyphenols. The present study demonstrates the antihyperglycemic effect of Scorzonera undulata in diabetic rats which could be involved through the improvement of liver structure and function. In addition, the dose used is not toxic. Finally, the extract contains large amounts of bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols.

Antihyperglycemic Activity of Micromeria graeca Aqueous Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Micromeria graeca on blood glucose levels and lipid parameters in an experimental model of diabetes. Micromeria graeca (L.) Benth. ex Rchb is a medicinal plant used in Morocco for the treatment of several pathologies including diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of the aqueous extract of Micromeria graeca (M. graeca) aerial parts (AEMG) under physiological (normal rats) and pathological (STZ-induced diabetic rats) conditions. Additionally, we analyzed the phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity. The effects of the acute and sub-chronic administration of AEMG (20 mg/kg) on blood glucose levels and lipid profiles were evaluated in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Moreover, the phytochemical analysis was carried with standard tests and estimation of total phenolics compounds by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant activity was realized by the DPPH method. Single oral administration of M. graeca aqueous extract decreased blood glucose levels 4 and 6 hours (p<0.01) after treatment in diabetic rats. In accordance, the repeated oral administration of M. graeca showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats since the second day to the end of the period experiment (p<0.0001). In addition, two weeks of treatment with M. graeca reduced total cholesterol levels (p<0.05) with a significant increase of HDL-c level (p<0.01) in diabetic rats. Moreover, M. graeca scavenged DPPH radical in a dose-dependent manner (IC50=0.48 mg/ml), whereas IC50 was 0.55 mg/ml for BHT. Phytochemical analysis showed the richness of Micromeria graeca on polyphenols (281.94±4.61 mg GAE/1 g), flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, sterols, sesquiterpenes, and terpenoids. AEMG exhibits antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities in STZ-induced diabetic rats and a potent antioxidant capacity.

Antidiabetic and Hypolipidaemic Action of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana)-Enriched Probiotic Fermented Milk: An in vivo Rat Study.

SUMMARYResearch backgroundDiabetes is a chronic multi-system disease having long term consequences to the health of people suffering from it. This study investigates the role of finger millet (Eleusine coracana)-enriched probiotic fermented milk in alleviating the diabetic complications in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Experimental approachThe probiotic strain used in the study was Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463. Study comprised six groups each containing 6 Sprague Dawley rats: two controls (nondiabetic and diabetic), and four diabetic groups fed finger millet-enriched probiotic fermented milk, probiotic fermented milk, finger millet flour or metformin (standard drug). Samples were administered orally for four weeks, and parameters associated with diabetic disorders were studied.Results and conclusionsOral administration of finger millet-enriched milk significantly (p<0.001) decreased (64.26%) the fasting blood glucose level of diabetic rats compared to metformin (56.43%) and diabetic groups receiving the probiotic fermented milk (18.88%) and finger millet flour (47.14%) after four weeks of treatment. The finger millet-enriched milk significantly ameliorated the diabetic symptoms polyphagia and polydipsia and improved body mass. In diabetic control group, body mass was reduced up to 15.60% at the end of experiment, while in the group receiving the probiotic fermented milk, body mass significantly (p<0.0001) increased by about 5-30%. Significant (p<0.0001) reduction in total cholesterol, triglyceride levels in the groups treated with finger millet flour, finger millet-enriched probiotic fermented milk and probiotic fermented milk was observed compared to diabetic control rats. The probiotic fermented milk enriched with finger millet caused significant (p<0.05) decrease in low-density lipoprotein and very-low-density lipoprotein levels (p<0.0001) and insignificant increase in high-density lipoprotein level. A reversal of altered activities of hepatic marker enzymes aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase was observed in the group receiving the probiotic milk enriched with finger millet. Histological observations of pancreatic tissues and liver showed that the enriched milk prevents more severe changes in the acinar cells and ameliorated the inflammation and alteration in the liver structure to some extent. Therefore, the finger millet-enriched probiotic fermented milk can be a potential functional food in the management of diabetes.Novelty and scientific contributionThis is the only paper reporting about the antidiabetic potential of finger millet-enriched milk fermented using probiotic Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463 and Streptococcus thermophilus MTCC 5460. It also shows the synergistic antidiabetic effect of milk and finger millet used in combination, thus offering a novel functional food.

Enhanced oral delivery of insulin via the colon-targeted nanocomposite system of organoclay/glycol chitosan/Eudragit\xaeS100

This study aimed to develop a ternary nanocomposite system of organoclay, glycol-chitosan, and Eudragit®S100 as an effective colon targeted drug delivery carrier to enhance the oral absorption of insulin. A nanocomplex of insulin and aminoclay was prepared via spontaneous co-assembly, which was then coated with glycol-chitosan and Eudragit S®100 (EGAC-Ins). The double coated nanocomplex, EGAC-Ins demonstrated a high entrapment efficiency of greater than 90% and a pH-dependent drug release. The conformational stability of insulin entrapped in EGAC-Ins was effectively maintained in the presence of proteolytic enzymes. When compared to a free insulin solution, EGAC-Ins enhanced drug permeability by approximately sevenfold in Caco-2 cells and enhanced colonic drug absorption in rats. Accordingly, oral EGAC-Ins significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats while the hypoglycemic effect of an oral insulin solution was negligible. In conclusion, EGAC-Ins should be a promising colonic delivery system for improving the oral absorption of insulin.

Glutamine: Fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT) inhibitory activity of the anthocyanins present in black rice bran: a probable mechanism for the anti diabetic effect

Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which plays an important role in type 2 diabetes. GFAT controls the flux of glucose into the hexosamine pathway and catalyzes the formation of glucosamine 6-phosphate. Recent findings indicate that the flux through the hexosamine pathway, regulated by GFAT, is responsible for the development of diabetic vascular diseases, particularly diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, this enzyme is a therapeutic target for control of type 2 diabetes and the complications caused by the disease. Black rice bran contains many bioactive compounds and previous studies have shown that the black rice bran extract (BRBE) can decrease glucose levels in diabetic rats. Among the phenolic compounds, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (COG) is the major anthocyanin in black rice. To elucidate the mechanism of antidiabetic effect of BRBE, the present study was designed to evaluate molecular interactions existing between six bioactive compounds extracted from black rice (Oryza sativa L.) viz. Cyanadin-3-O-Glucoside (COG), 6´-O-Feruloylsucrose (FLS), p-Coumaric acid (pCmA), Syringic acid (SYA), Sinapic acid (SPA) and Protocatechuic acid (PCA) with GFAT enzyme. The results indicated that of all the compounds extracted from black rice, COG and FLS show greater binding affinity than the native ligand glucose-6-phosphate. The other components of black rice also show a comparable binding affinity with the receptor. Thus the compounds extracted from black rice may produce significant antidiabetic effect by binding with GFAT.

Loranthus micranthus nanoparticles abates streptozotocin-instigated testicular dysfunction in Wistar rats: Involvement of glucose metabolism enzymes, oxido-inflammatory stress, steroidogenic enzymes/protein and Nrf2 pathway.

Loranthus micranthus (African mistletoe)-Loranthaceae family, is used in Nigerian traditional medicine for treating male infertility and lowering diabetic blood sugar levels. We investigated possible mechanism(s) involved in mitigation of L.micranthus leaves nanoparticles (LMLNPs) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced testicular alterations. Type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced in male rats following 2weeks feeding with fructose and single intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Control (nondiabetic) and (diabetic) rats received buffer only. Diabetic rats were treated with metformin or LMLNPs (two different doses) for 28days. Hormonal profile, oxido-inflammatory stress parameters, glucose metabolism and steroidogenic enzymes/regulatory protein (StAR) and Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein in testes and sperm parameters were evaluated. Metformin and LMLNPs treatment significantly reduced blood glucose level in diabetic rats. Furthermore, LMLNPs enhanced glucose metabolism and testicular steroidogenic enzymes/protein, increased reproductive hormone levels and sperm functional parameters in diabetic rats. Additionally, LMLNPs suppressed testicular oxido-inflammatory stress biomarkers and inhibited lipid peroxidation in diabetic rats while augmenting Nrf2 pathway. Conclusively, LMLNPs potently reversed adverse effects of T2DM testicular dysfunction of rats. Use of LMLNPs in abating diabetic consequences proves an acceptable alternative to traditional crude extract preparations, as a result of better packaging and preservation.

In vivo antidiabetic evaluation of nanoparticles encompass dual bioflavonoid

Out of all the illness, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is that the leading cause for morbidity and mortality worldwide. The overall international incidence of Diabetes mellitus is a rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030 as a result of various genetic level, fashionable life vogue factors like fatness, nutrition physical inactivity, ageing &amp; stress. Hence hyperglycemic circumstance of diabetes patient is untreatable; however, the blood sugar level is controlled by daily administration of a dose of medicinal drug and medicine. At this juncture the isolates of the plant are used, within the gift study to use and make sure the possible medicinal drug and inhibitor activity mistreatment numerous in vivo models. Throughout this study, the associate initiative has been taken to check the activity of novelized preparation in addition to a pure drug to determine the efficiency of preparation. The work additionally designed to comprise a comparative illustration of activity of pure bioflavonoid, single loaded isolate nanoparticles and dual loaded nanoparticles. Therefore the primary aim of the analysis is to arrange Apigenin (Ap NP), Hesperidin (Hs NP) associated Apigenin -Hesperidin (Ap-Hs NP) twin loaded flavonol compound nanoparticles to beat the restrictions of Apigenin and Hesperidin synergistically augment of the therapeutic worth. Efficacy antidiabetic study was observed slightly decrease blood glucose level in diabetic rats treated with pure compound and with Ap and Hs loaded polymeric nanoparticles as compared to diabetic control rats.

Design, synthesis and anti-diabetic activity of novel 1, 2, 3-triazole-5-carboximidamide derivatives as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

The inhibitors of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase type 4 (DPP-4), as a potent stimulator of insulin secretion and an inhibitor of glucagon secretion from the pancreas, have been considered as promising agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, a novel series of 1, 2, 3-triazole-5-carboximidamide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and inhibitory activity evaluated against the DPP-4 enzyme. All of the compounds represented inhibitory activity, and among them, compounds 6a, 6b, and 6c showed desirable inhibitory activity of DPP-4 with IC50 values of 14.75 nM, 6.75 nM, and 6.57 nM, respectively. Compound 6a with a dose of 10 mg/kg showed glucose tolerance enhancement during OGTT in NMRI mice. Moreover, chronic treatment of Wistar rats for 14 days with compound 6a showed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels of diabetic rats, which was similar to sitagliptin as a standard.

P0995EVALUATION OF ANTIDIABETIC, ANTIOXIDANT AND NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF FLAVONOID RICH FRACTION OF HYBANTHUS ENNEASPERMUS IN DIABETIC RATS: IN-SILICO MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES FOR SOD, CATALASE, GPX, XANTHINE OXIDASE AND NF-KB

Abstract Background and Aims Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease affected a wide range of population all over the world and leads to development of secondary complications. Enzymes play key role in the development of secondary complication. Method The flavonoid rich fraction was prepared using ethyl acetate. Oral glucose tolerance test normoglycemic effect of flavonoid rich fraction of Hybanthus enneaspermus (EHE) was evaluated at a dose of 45 and 90 mg/kg, p.o. Further effect of EHE on blood glucose, body weight, enzymes such as super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lipid parameters were estimated out at 45 and 90 mg/kg p.o. per day for 21 days in streptozotocin-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Molecular docking technique was also performed against Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase (Gpx), xanthine oxidase and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) for selected phytoconstituents. Results EHE contain significant amount of phenolic, tannin, flavonoid and saponin. EHE significantly decreased blood glucose level in diabetic rats. All the tested lipid parameters and enzyme level of SOD, Catalase and Gpx were significantly restored to the normal level in the EHE treated rats. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the body weight in the EHE treated rats. Docking study showed the best binding affinity and interaction of phytoconstituents with xanthine oxidase and NF-κB signified their role in kidney disorders. Conclusion EHE has very impressive profile as an antidiabetic, antioxidant and nephroprotective activity via enzymes modulation and it may prove to be effective treatment for kidney disorders in hyperglycemia.