Glucose Dialysis Retardation Index Research Articles

Effect of three modification methods on physical and functional properties of flaxseed cake dietary fiber

Flaxseed cake dietary fiber (FCDF) is an important by-product of the oil manufacturing industry, but the low bioactivity limits its application. To improve the physical and functional properties of FCDF, it was separately treated using acidic (AC), cellulase (CE), and acrylate-grafting (AG) methods. Compared with the untreated FCDF, FCDF modified by AC (FCDF-AC), CE (FCDF-CE), and AG (FCDF-AG) had looser surface structures and greater flow characteristics. The hydration capacities were higher for FCDF-AC and FCDF-AG than for FCDF-CE. After modifications, FCDF showed high adsorption capacities to lipids, cholesterol, and nitrite ions. Moreover, the hypoglycemic properties of FCDF-CE and FCDF-AG, including glucose absorption capacity (GAC), glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI), and α-amylase inhibition activity (AIA), were higher than those of untreated FCDF. In contrast, the GAC, GDRI, and AIA were not significantly different between FCDF-AC and FCDF (p > 0.05). Therefore, these results suggest that modified FCDF can be used as an additive in hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic foods.

Fermentation of millet bran with Bacillus natto: enhancement of bioactivity levels and the bioactivity of bran extract.

Millet bran (MB), a byproduct of millet production, is rich in functional components but it is underutilized. In recent years, researchers have shown that fermentation can improve the biological activity of cereals and their byproducts. This study used Bacillus natto to ferment millet bran to improve its added value and broaden the application of MB. The bioactive component content, physicochemical properties, and functional activity of millet bran extract (MBE) from fermented millet bran were determined. After fermentation, the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) content increased by 92.0%, the β-glucan content by 164.4%, the polypeptide content by 111.4%, the polyphenol content by 32.5%, the flavone content by 16.4%, and the total amino acid content by 95.4%. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the microscopic morphology of MBE changed from complete and dense blocks to loosely porous shapes after fermentation. After fermentation, the solubility, water-holding capacity, and viscosity significantly increased and the particle size decreased. Moreover, the glucose adsorption capacity (2.1 mmol g-1), glucose dialysis retardation index (75.3%), and α-glucosidase inhibitory (71.4%, mixed reversible inhibition) activity of the fermented MBE (FMBE) were greater than those of the unfermented MBE (0.99 mmol g-1, 32.1%, and 35.1%, respectively). The FMBE presented better cholesterol and sodium cholate (SC) adsorption properties and the adsorption was considered inhomogeneous surface adsorption. Fermentation increased the bioactive component content and improved the physicochemical properties of MBE, thereby improving its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. This study not only resolves the problem of millet bran waste but also encourages the development of higher value-added application methods for millet bran. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effects of ultrasonic-enzymatic-assisted ethanol precipitation method on the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides

This investigation involved the extraction of a novel polysaccharide from the spore fermentation broth of Tremella fuciformis using a method that combined ultrasonic and enzymatic assistance with ethanol precipitation. It was then compared with enzymatic and ultrasonic extraction methods. The objective of this research is to offer a reference point for expanding the application of ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction technology in T. fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPs). Based on single-factor experiments, Box-Behnken was used to optimize the extraction conditions of TFPs by ultrasonic-enzymatic-assisted ethanol precipitation extraction. The results revealed an optimal combination of enzymes, with a cellulase-to-papain ratio of 2:1, an enzyme addition of 4000U/100 mL, an enzymolysis temperature of 49 °C, ultrasonicpower at 3 W/mL and an ultrasonictime of 20 min. The extraction rate of TFPs and α- amylase inhibition rates were 23.94 % and 61.44 %, respectively. Comparing the physicochemical properties, structural characterization and in vitro activity of TFPs extracted through different methods, the results showed that ultrasonic treatment significantly influences the apparent morphology of polysaccharide and could enhance its in vitro biological activity. However, different extraction techniques exhibit insubstantial impact on the chemical composition, glycosidic bonds or glycosidic ring configurations within the polysaccharides. Among them, ultrasonic-enzymatic-assisted ethanol precipitation extraction of polysaccharide has the highest extraction rate and the lowest viscosity. It has significant effects on ABTS+ scavenging activity, α- amylase inhibition rate and glucose dialysis retardation index, polysaccharide treated with ultrasonic-enzymatic showed the best performance. These findings suggest that ultrasonic-enzymatic-assisted ethanol precipitation extraction can enhance the activities of TFPs, thereby providing a valuable insight for their future development and application.

Effects of Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide and Cellulase Modifications on the Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Forsythia suspensa Dietary Fiber.

Besides active substances, Forsythia suspensa is rich in dietary fiber (DF), but it is often wasted or discarded and not put to good use. In order to improve the function of Forsythia DF, it was modified using alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) and cellulase (EM). Compared to the control DF (ODF), the DF modified using AHP (AHDF) and EM (EMDF) had a looser microstructure, lower crystallinity, and higher oil holding capacity (OHC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The AHP treatment significantly increased the water holding capacity (WHC) and water swelling ability (WSA) of the DF, while the EM treatment achieved just the opposite. Moreover, the functional properties of AHDF and EMDF, including their cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC), nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NAC), glucose adsorption capacity (GAC), glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI), α-amylase inhibitory activity, and DPPH radical scavenging activity, were far better than those of ODF. Together, the results revealed that AHP and EM modifications could effectively improve or enhance the physicochemical and functional properties of Forsythia suspensa DF.

Screening of in-vitro Antidiabetic Potentials from the Protein Extracts of Stomopneustes variolaris

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the serious endocrine disorders caused by insufficient production or inefficacy of the insulin and it is the immense cause of death throughout the world. However, finding for novel antidiabetic drugs from natural resources is still fascinating, because of their safe effect on DM. The marine environment provides a pool of unique and novel bioactive compounds due to its extremely diverse environmental conditions and biota. Stomopneustes variolaris is a marine echinoderm, belongs to family Stomopneustidae and they have toxins in their bodies as a defence mechanism which often has medicinal value. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic potentials of protein extracts from the spines, shell, and tissue of Stomopneustes variolaris. The spine, shell, tissue shows significant variation in protein content and the highest concentration of protein was found in tissue extract. The studies of haemoglobin glycation reveal that the haemoglobin glycation was increased with increasing concentration of the glucose. The highest haemoglobin glycation was reported in 20mg/ml glucose concentration at 24hr incubation period. The Glucose Adsorption Capacity of spine, shell and tissue extracts shows a strong positive correlation such as r = 0.9930, r = 0.9931 and r = 0.9969 corresponding to increased glucose concentration. The inhibition percentage of physiological haemoglobin glycation was depended on the glucose concentration. The protein extract of Stomopneustes variolaris spine (86.19 ± 0.28) showed the highest percentage of physiological haemoglobin glycation inhibition at 40mg/ml glucose concentration. The % of Glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI) was decreased with increasing time incubation in all the tested protein extracts. The spine extract of Stomopneustes variolaris (37.26 ± 0.4) showed the highest percentage of GDRI at 30min incubation period. The maximum percentage of glucose uptake by yeast was observed with the spine extract (46.4±0.25) of Stomopneustes variolaris. The in-vitro α-amylase inhibitory activities of Stomopneustes variolaris spine, shell, and tissue were found as 51.11±0.79%, 41.81±0.31% respectively.

Study of the acetylation-induced changes in the physicochemical and functional characteristics of insoluble dietary fiber from wheat bran.

Wheat bran is rich in dietary fiber (DF), particularly insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). Although it was documented the benefits for human health following the consumption of these DFs, its lower water retention capacity and other property still limited their applications. Therefore, the current research investigated the impact of acetylation on the changes in their corresponding physicochemical and functional properties. The current results indicated the acetylated group restricted the alignment of the molecular chains, which led to an increased amorphous phase in the fiber structure, followed by an enhanced thermal sensitivity and a reduced crystallinity as evidenced by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Moreover, the acetylation of the IDFs enhanced the cholesterol absorption capacity, but their corresponding antioxidant capacity and cation exchange capacity were reduced, which might be due to the partial loss of the phenolic compounds onto the polysaccharides during the modification. Interestingly, a lower degree of substitution (DS) of the IDF achieved from water-acetic anhydride modification led to a higher water retention capacity (WRC) and water swelling capacity (WSC). In contrast, a higher DS from acetic anhydride modification demonstrated a greatly improved in vitro hypoglycemic performance of the IDF, including α-amylase inhibitory activity and glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI), compared to the other samples. This study might highlight a new approach to modify the functionality of the IDFs via the acetylation and it was of great value for designing a novel IDF with hypoglycemic activity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Effects of cellulose-degrading fungus Penicillium griseofulvum on the structure characteristics and adsorption properties of soluble dietary fiber from Citrus aurantium L

Citrus aurantium L. (CAL) was a potential low-cost source of soluble dietary fiber (SDF). To make full use of this resource, a considerable efficiency cellulose degrading strain (Penicillium griseofulvum) was screened from soil humus and used in the modification of CAL-SDF. After fermentation by Penicillium griseofulvum, the structure characteristics and adsorption properties of CAL-SDF were improved. Under the optimum fermentation conditions, the yield of SDF enlarged from 5.47% to 20.0%. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that the microstructure became loose and porous after fermentation, unfermented SDF (U-SDF) and fermented SDF (F-SDF) had characteristic intake peaks of polysaccharide. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the crystallization degree (from 16.50% to 23.15%) of SDF was improved by fermentation, which increased the thermal stability of SDF. The monosaccharide composition and average molecular weight (Mw) results showed that fermentation altered the monosaccharide percentage of SDF as well as significantly reduced the molecular weight (from 576,914 to 112,977 Da). Together, these alterations reduced the water holding capacity (from 11.31 to 1.31 g/g) and oil holding capacity (from 14.24 to 12.86 g/g) of SDF, but significant (P < 0.05) increased water solubility (from 89.35% to 92.09%), the glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI), cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) and nitrite adsorption capacity (NIAC). In summary, Penicillium griseofulvum could be used as a potential strain for the modification of the CAL-SDF. Moreover, F-SDF may be used as a functional food component, which will increase CAL's value proposition.

A novel soluble powder containing high Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide and its in vitro hypoglycemic activities evaluation

Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide possesses a variety of biologic activities, but their high viscosity leads to poor water solubility which limit their industrialized production and practical application. In this study, two granulation techniques, spray drying and wet granulation were used to prepare the powders containing high Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide. The yield, polysaccharides content and solubility were investigated. The results showed that the powders containing high Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide prepared by wet granulation (DHP-WG) were more suitable for industrialized production and practical application. The optimal product was DHP-WG-70 with a granulation yield of 78.54 ± 1.02%, polysaccharides content of 70.85 ± 1.67% and dissolution time of 60.05 ± 5.02s. The hypoglycemic activity of DHP-WG and DHP was compared by in vitro experiments including inhibition assay for α-glucosidase, kinetics of inhibition on α-glucosidase, glucose adsorption capacity, glucose dialysis retardation index and inhibition assay for α-amylase activity. In general, DHP had better hypoglycemic activity than DHP-WG. In DHP-WGs, DHP-WG-50 and DHP-WG-70 showed better hypoglycemic activity than DHP-WG-30 and DHP-WG-90. This study provided a theoretical basis for the development and production of powders with high polysaccharides content of Dendrobium huoshanense and hypoglycemic effect in the food industry.

Composition of Powdered Freeze-Dried Orange Juice Co-Product as Related to Glucose Absorption In Vitro.

The reuse of food by-products is crucial for the well-being of the planet. Considering the high content of nutrients and other bioactive compounds in many of them, investigating their suitability for use as human food ingredients is an interesting challenge. In this study, in addition to the proximate composition, phenol content and antioxidant activity (AOA = 3.2 mmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g, db) of orange juice powder by-product (CoP), different in vitro properties related to carbohydrate metabolism have been characterised. Specifically, the glycaemic index (GI), the glycaemic load (GL), the glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI = 13.6%), the glucose adsorption capacity (GAC = 22.5 mM) and the inhibition capacity of α-amylase (α-A = 46.9%) and α-glucosidase (α-G = 93.3%) of powdered orange juice waste have been determined and related to fibre and phenolics composition. Taking advantage of the high fibre content of the by-product (36.67%), its GL was calculated for a CoP dose that allows labelling the food to which it is added as a source of fibre. The low GI value (24.4%) and the low GL (0.918 g available carbohydrates per serving) allowed us to conclude that the product studied could be an interesting opportunity for the food industry to offer it as a healthy food ingredient to be included in the diet, especially for those suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. Of the total phenolic compounds (TP = 509 mg equivalent of gallic acid (GAE)/100 g, db), 68% were found in free fraction (FP), and their contribution to the total AOA was 40.6%, while this was 54.9% for the 32% of phenols bound to plant tissues (BP).

Physicochemical, structure properties and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of soluble dietary fiber from adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) bran treated by steam explosion.

To enhance the content of adlay bran soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and improve its functionality, we investigated the influences of steam explosion (SE) on the physicochemical, structural properties, and in vitro hypoglycemic activities of adlay bran SDF. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of adlay bran decreased significantly after SE treatment. When the SE strength was 0.8 MPa for 3 min, the SDF content was 9.37%, which was a significant increase of 27.48% compared to the control. Under these conditions, SDF showed the highest oil-holding capacity (OHC) (2.18 g/g), cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) (27.29 mg/g), glucose adsorption capacity (GAC) (15.54 mg/g), glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI) (36.57%), and α-Amylase activity inhibition ratio (α-AAIR) (74.14%). Compared with SDF from untreated adlay bran, SDF from SE-treated adlay bran showed lower weight molecular. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement showed that the peak temperature of SDF from adlay bran treated by SE increased by 4.19°C compared to the untreated SDF sample. The structure of SDF from adlay bran treated by SE showed that the SDF surface was rough and poriferous and the specific surface areas increased. In conclusion, SE pretreatment increases the content of SDF in adlay bran and improves its physicochemical, structural properties, and biological activities, which will be beneficial for the further exploitation of adlay bran.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of tamarind xyloglucan: an effective approach to reduce the viscosity and improve the α-amylase inhibition of xyloglucan.

Water extraction (WE) is the classical extraction method for tamarind xyloglucan (XyG), but its low yield, high viscosity and poor dispersion in aqueous solution are not conducive to the industrial applications. To promote the industrial application of tamarind XyG, an ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method for extracting low-viscosity XyG from tamarind kernel powder was proposed. The yield of UAE-XyG was higher (502.33 ± 0.036 g kg-1 ) than that of WE-XyG (163.43 ± 0.085 g kg-1 ). UAE reduced the molecular weight, monosaccharide content and apparent viscosity of XyG. The hypoglycemic experiment in vitro showed that UAE-XyG had a stronger inhibitory effect on α-amylase activity than WE-XyG, but its glucose dialysis retardation index was lower. In sum, UAE is a type of extraction method that could effectively improve the yield of XyG and reduce its viscosity to expand its application without reducing its physiological activity. UAE exhibits an excellent potential in the extraction of XyG. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of ultrasound‐assisted extraction of dietary fiber from the sweetest variety Queen pineapple waste of Tripura (India)

AbstractThe study aimed to assess the functional attributes of dietary fiber (DF) from the sweetest variety of Queen pineapple of Tripura Region (India) having high pleasant aroma and flavor. Queen pineapple peel waste was used to extract DF, which is one of the important bioactive compounds in the human diet and health. The ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) method was used to compare the traditional alkali extraction method for extracting DF from Queen pineapple peel waste. The extracted DF was further examined for its functional attributes. The parameters used for UAE of DF were optimized using response surface methodology. The results showed that Queen pineapple peel waste was having a significant amount of DF and had a high potential in food processing. The conventional alkaline extraction yielded 64.43% DF, whereas the UAE method yielded 86.67% after 22.35 min of sonication with a solid: liquid ratio of 27.5 g/ml and a 46.9% ultrasonic amplitude. UAE improved the functional attributes of DF by significantly increasing the water holding and swelling capacities while decreasing the oil holding capacity. The cation exchange capacity, glucose adsorption capacity, and glucose dialysis retardation index were enhanced considerably by UAE, whereas the emulsifying capacity decreased. Results of the present investigation corroborate that Queen pineapple waste extracted DF could be used as a potential hypoglycemic agent for functional food ingredients in bread and bakery‐based products, meat‐based products, dairy‐based beverages, and other products of food application.

Qualitative and Quantitative Correlation of Microstructural Properties and In Vitro Glucose Adsorption and Diffusion Behaviors of Pea Insoluble Dietary Fiber Induced by Ultrafine Grinding.

Ultrafine grinding is an important pretreatment to achieve the physical modification of dietary fiber. In this study, ultrafine grinding treatments were performed for different times to give pea insoluble dietary fiber (PIDF) samples with varied particle sizes (D50). The correlations and quantitative relationships between the microstructures of multi-scales PIDF and its in vitro glucose adsorption and diffusion behaviors were comprehensively evaluated. The results indicated that the specific surface area (SSA), pore volume (PV) and oxygen-to-carbon surface ratio (O/C) of PIDF were significantly increased by ultrafine grinding at the cellular scale, while D50 and cellulose crystallinity (CrI) were significantly decreased. These changes significantly improved the glucose adsorption capacity (GAC) of PIDF. The order of importance of microstructural changes on GAC was O/C > PV > SSA > CrI > D50. GAC showed positive exponential relationships with SSA, PV, and O/C and showed a negative linear relationship with CrI. The ability to retard glucose diffusion increased significantly with decreased fiber particle size because of improved adsorption and interception of glucose and the dense physical barrier effect of PIDF. The quantitative equation of maximum glucose dialysis retardation index was GDRImax = −1.65 ln(D50) + 16.82 ln(GAC) − 68.22 (R2 = 0.99). The results could provide theoretical support for quantitative and targeted intervention of dietary fiber structure for blood glucose control.

Effect of extrusion and enzyme modification on functional and structural properties of pea peel (Pisum sativum L.) insoluble dietary fibre and its effect on yogurt rheology

SummaryThe enzyme and extrusion modifications of insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) of green pea peel were done to improve the functional and structural properties. The effect of the modified IDF on the yogurt rheology was also examined. The enzyme treatment was done with different concentrations of cellulase and xylanase, while the extrusion modification was done with different cooking temperatures. The typical honeycomb morphology of control IDF got changed after both modifications. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area ranged from 11.892 to 15.358 m2 g−1 for enzyme‐modified sample. Enzyme‐modified IDF (M2) sample showed higher water retention capacity (3.25 g g−1), swelling capacity (8.89 mL g−1), oil absorption capacity (3.25 g g−1), cation exchange capacity (0.86 mmol g−1) and glucose adsorption capacity (4.73 mM) as compared to the extrusion‐modified samples. The glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI) was significantly higher for enzyme‐modified samples (P &lt; 0.05). The addition of modified IDF to yogurt changed oscillatory rheological and viscoelastic behaviour, which was linear and enhanced supramolecular interaction during gel formation. The results of the present investigation exhibited a method of customising IDF for food fortification.

Insight into the physicochemical, structural, and in vitro hypoglycemic properties of bamboo shoot dietary fibre: comparison of physical modification methods

SummaryThe effects of high‐temperature cooking (HTC), high‐pressure homogenisation (HPH), ultrasonic treatment (UT), and their combination (i.e., UT–HTC, HPH–HTC, and UT–HPH) on the physicochemical, structural, and in vitro hypoglycemic properties of bamboo shoot dietary fibres (BSDF) were investigated and compared. The soluble dietary fibre, arabinose, and glucose contents increased in all modified samples. The BSDF obtained by UT had a loose structure with a honeycomb appearance on the surface. UT–HTC resulted in the highest water‐holding capacity (8.38 g g−1) and α‐amylase activity inhibition ratio (56.14%). The BSDF modified by HPH–HTC had the lowest relative crystallinity (27.96%). Compared with those of control check (CK), the oil‐holding and swelling capacities of samples treated by UT–HPH increased by 55.35% and 91.47%, respectively. The glucose adsorption capacity of samples followed the order: UT–HTC &gt; UT–HPH &gt; HPH–HTC &gt; HPH &gt; UT ≈ HTC. Furthermore, the maximum glucose dialysis retardation index values of BSDF treated by UT–HPH, HPH, and HPH–HTC increased by 44.51%, 30.61%, and 27.20%, respectively, in comparison with CK. This study indicated that UT–HTC, HPH–HTC, and UT–HPH are innovative and promising modification methods to obtain BSDF with excellent physicochemical and functional properties.

Effects of high-hydrostatic pressure and high-pressure homogenization on the biological activity of cabbage dietary fiber.

Cabbage is one of the most economical cooked vegetables in terms of its relatively low price and high nutritional value. It is rich in dietary fiber, multivitamins, and a variety of anti-oxidants. In this study, we compared the effects of high-hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and high-pressure homogenization (HPH) treatments on changes in composition and physiological functions of cabbage dietary fiber. The total dietary fiber content (36.06 ± 1.65%) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (2.37 ± 0.01 μmol·g-1 ) of HHP-treated cabbage powder were higher than those of untreated cabbage powder. The soluble dietary fiber content (36.18 ± 0.89%) and the emulsifying activity (36.18 ± 0.89%) and emulsifying stability (47.88 ± 4.35%) of HPH-treated cabbage powder were higher than those of untreated cabbage powders. The significant reduction in particle size induced by the high-pressure treatments caused differences in the properties of the treated and untreated cabbage powder samples. Scanning electronic microscopy analysis revealed that the microstructure of the HPH-treated cabbage powder changed from patches to fine granules with concave-convex markings on the surface, and that the surface area was significantly higher than that of the untreated cabbage powder. The high-pressure-treated cabbage powder has good homogeneity sensory properties after rehydration. Moreover, the changes in the properties of cabbage powder induced by the high-pressure treatments caused the cholesterol adsorption capacity and glucose dialysis retardation index of the treated cabbage powders to be higher than those of the untreated cabbage powder. In summary, high-pressure processing and micronization of cabbage can render it a multifunctional source of dietary fiber. We believe that this study provides a new method for processing and using leftover vegetables. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Structure, physicochemical, and in vitro functional properties of insoluble dietary fiber from bamboo culm: A potential functional ingredient

Bamboo culm contains abundant hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, which was a high-quality insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) raw material. In this paper, the effects of alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) and enzymatic hydrolysis on physicochemical and functional of bamboo IDF (named BIDF and OIDF, respectively) were reported. SEM, FT-IR, and XRD analysis suggested that both BIDF and OIDF had the functional groups of insoluble cellulose and crystal structure of cellulose. AHP treatment effectively improved the water-holding capacity (WHC), water swelling capacity (SC), and glucose absorption capacity (GAC). Enzymatic hydrolysis effectively improved the glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI), bile acid salt absorption capacity (BAC), cholesterol-adsorption capacity (CAC), and nitrite ion absorption capacity (NIAC). In addition, they all exhibited great toxic ions adsorption (Cd2+, Pb2+). The above results showed that bamboo culm IDF could be used as an ideal functional ingredient in food processing. Practical applications Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) provides various beneficial functions, such as hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic. We used alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment (AHP) and complex enzymatic hydrolysis to improve the physicochemical and functional properties of bamboo IDF and help to the further research on its application value in food and other industry. The bamboo culm IDF could be incorporated into other food products for enhancing textural properties and promoting a favorable mouthfeel and it was an ideal functional ingredient in food processing.

Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic potential of Theobroma cacao Linn. husk aqueous extracts

BackgroundTheobroma cacao Linn. husks are considered agricultural wastes, but studies show that they exhibit natural compounds that may be used in alternative medicine. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic potential of T. cacao husk aqueous extracts (TCE).ResultsA significantly higher glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI) was shown by 10% TCE than the rest of the concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%) (P<0.05), and its activity is comparable with 5% Metformin (positive control) after 30 min, 60 min, 120 min and 180 min of incubation. The 7% TCE also showed significantly higher GDRI than the 5%, 3%, and 1% concentrations (P<0.05), and its activity is comparable with 5% Metformin after 60 min and 180 min of incubation. Moreover, 10% TCE exhibited a significantly higher glucose uptake percentage than the rest of the samples (P<0.05) and has activity comparable with 5% Metformin. The anti-inflammatory assay showed a significantly higher inhibition rate of 10% TCE than the rest of the concentrations (P<0.05), and its activity is comparable with 5% Diclofenac (positive control). The cytotoxicity assay showed that the percentage mortality of brine shrimps after 24 h of exposure to the different TCE samples is less than 50%.ConclusionThis study concludes that T. cacao husk aqueous extract has potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties without being toxic to cells.

The difference among structure, physicochemical and functional properties of dietary fiber extracted from triticale and hull-less barley

The dietary fiber (DF) composition, physicochemical and functional properties of triticale dietary fiber (TRDF) and hull-less barley dietary fiber (HUDF) were investigated and compared in this study. Results revealed that triticale soluble dietary fiber (TRSDF) had higher arabinose and xylose contents but lower glucose content than that of hull-less barley soluble dietary fiber (HUSDF). Compared with hull-less barley insoluble dietary fiber (HUIDF), triticale insoluble dietary fiber (TRIDF) had more arabinose and xylose. HUSDF exhibited a smaller particle size and lower viscosity than TRSDF. HUSDF had greater hydroxyl scavenging activity, whereas TRSDF showed higher DPPH radicals scavenging activity. Glucose adsorption capacity, glucose dialysis retardation index, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of TRSDF were all higher than those of HUSDF. TRIDF and its bound polyphenols demonstrated higher α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities than those of HUIDF and its polyphenols. In conclusion, TRDF had better hypoglycemic activities than that of HUDF and the antioxidant activity of TRIDF was lower than that of HUIDF.

Effect of Grinding on the Physicochemical and Functional Properties of the Passion Fruit Peel Residue

In the food industry, different particle size of dietary fiber will directly affect the quality of products. To study the physicochemical properties and functional activities of dietary fiber with different particle size could expand its application. Pigments were removed from passion fruit peel by 70% ethanol, and the passion fruit peel residue(PFPR) were prepared. The physicochemical properties and functional activities of PFPR were studied by 6 kinds of powder with particle sizes ranging from 217.00 to 20.23 μm. With the decreasing of powder particle size, the volume density, bulk density and the physical and swelling capacity, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, water combining capacity, cation exchange capacity and viscosity of different fractions of PFER powder, increased first and then decreased, while the angle of repose increased gradually. The particle size of 145.67 μm powder at the dialysis time of 30 min was the best effect and the glucose dialysis retardation index value was 30.55%. Antioxidant results showed that 20.23 μm powder at the concentration of 80 mg/mL, had the best DPPH·(60.28%) and ABTS+·(23.04%) scavenging effects. There was a significant correlation between polyphenol content of PFER and antioxidant capacity. The theoretical reference for the application of PFPR was provided.