Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) belong to the carbon quantum dot family, with low toxicity, high biocompatibility, and excellent colloidal stability. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are recognized as effective drug delivery systems due to their high drug-loading capacity, while glucosamine sulfate (GS) exhibits immunemodulatory properties. In this study, to maximize the immune effect of GS, a graphene quantum dot-coated mesoporous silica loaded with glucosamine sulfate (MSN-G-Q) is synthesized, and its immunoactivation effects are evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, MSN-G-Q enhances macrophage uptake activity, stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production, and upregulates CD80+ and CD86+ expression. In vivo, MSN-G-Q/OVA increases immune organ index, facilitates dendritic cell (DC) maturation, promotes T lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, elevates antigen-specific IgG antibodies and cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-1β, and prolongs ovalbumin (OVA) residence in immune organs and lymph nodes. The results show that MSN-G-Q/OVA is a promising immunostimulatory antigen delivery system.

Oral joint supplements (OJSs), specifically those containing glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, are some of the most popular feed additives fed by horse owners. However, evidence of the efficacy of these nutraceuticals in vivo is lacking. To investigate the impacts of an OJS on equine lameness, 40 geldings (18 ± 7 yr) with chronic lameness and AAEP lameness grades between 2 and 4 (as scored by a veterinary sports medicine and rehabilitation specialist) were enrolled in the study. Horses were stratified by lameness grade, BCS, and weight, and then randomly assigned to receive a placebo powder or an OJS daily for 6 wks. Stride length measurements and lameness evaluations were performed every 2 wk. There was no effect of treatment or treatment-by-day interaction for stride length, though day affected both walk (p = 0.04) and trot (p < 0.01). Only day affected lameness grade, with the lowest average score on d28 (p = 0.04). There was no evidence of supplementation improving gait symmetry over time. As such, there is no evidence to support efficacy of the tested OJS when fed for 6 wk. These results emphasize the importance of well-controlled studies and support continued development of evidence-based management strategies for equine joint health.

Osteoarthritis is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders, characterized by chronic pain, impaired joint function, and a significant impact on quality of life. In the context of wartime conditions in Ukraine, this issue is exacerbated by a high incidence of traumatic injuries, contributing to the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis and requiring long-term rehabilitation. This article reviews the composition, mechanisms of action, and potential clinical efficacy of the комплекс product “Remobius,” which contains glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, L-lysine, avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU), and Alpinia officinarum extract. Glucosamine and chondroitin belong to the SYSADOA group and contribute to pain reduction, improvement of joint function, and support of cartilage matrix metabolism. L-lysine plays an important role in collagen synthesis and bone metabolism. ASU and the plant extract provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The combined action of these components ensures a multifactorial influence on the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, including reduction of inflammation, slowing cartilage degradation, and support of bone remodeling. “Remobius” may be considered as an adjunct in комплекс therapy and prevention of degenerative joint disorders when used over a prolonged period.

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have emerged as important bioimaging tools because of their biocompatibility and the ability of some to perform deep-penetration near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging. The development of NIR-fluorescent GQDs from various precursors can enhance their use in multiplex imaging, multi-analyte sensing, and combination therapy delivery. Herein, we present the synthesis of an unprecedented set of 11 distinct GQD structures capable of NIR fluorescence, achieved through microwave-assisted bottom-up carbonization of 11 precursors: ascorbic acid, chitosan, citric acid-urea, dextran, glucose, glucosamine hydrochloride, hyaluronic acid, L-glutamic acid, polyethylene glycol, sodium cholate, or sodium citrate. All GQDs exhibit biocompatibility at up to 2.20 mg ml-1 and can be tracked in vitro by their NIR fluorescence, while demonstrating effective internalization in human embryonic kidney-293 cells. This work provides a unique, comprehensive study, offering versatility in synthesis and physical/chemical properties of biocompatible NIR-emitting GQDs suited for a range of bioimaging applications.

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of Acetyl Glucosamine, Glucosamine, Glucosamine HCl, and Glucosamine Sulfate. Two of the ingredients, Acetyl Glucosamine and Glucosamine Sulfate, are reported to function in cosmetics as skin-conditioning agents, Glucosamine HCl is reported to function as a pH adjustor, and the function of Glucosamine in cosmetics is not reported. The Panel reviewed the available data and concluded that these glucosamine ingredients are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment when formulated to be non-irritating.

BackgroundCurcuma longa L. (turmeric) is a widely used medicinal plant with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been traditionally employed to manage inflammatory diseases such as osteoarthritis. This study explored the therapeutic potential of turmeric fermentation liquid (TF) in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and cartilage degradation in a monosodium iodoacetate-induced rat model of knee osteoarthritis (KOA).MethodsFresh turmeric was washed, sliced, and fermented using Lactobacillus strains under controlled conditions to enhance its bioavailability and produce TF. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control, MIA, MIA+glucosamine hydrochloride, and MIA+TF. TF was administered orally for four weeks, and its effects were assessed through ELISA, histological staining, and immunohistochemistry to measure oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines, and cartilage integrity.ResultsTF enhanced antioxidant capacity and significantly reduced lipid peroxidation. It suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels. Histological analysis revealed cartilage preservation, reduced proteoglycan loss, and decreased synovitis severity. Safranin O staining confirmed higher proteoglycan retention in TF-treated cartilage, while immunohistochemistry showed reduced IL-6 and IL-1β expression. Furthermore, TF improved synovial fluid quality and decreased chondrocyte apoptosis, resulting in better joint mobility and reduced pain behavior in KOA rats.ConclusionTurmeric fermentation liquid exhibits potential as a natural therapy for KOA by addressing oxidative stress and inflammation. The fermentation process enhances bioavailability, providing a novel approach for preserving joint health and function. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety in humans.

This study evaluated the effects of in ovo feeding with glycosaminoglycans and vitamins, combined with amphotericin and gentamicin, on incubation traits, intestinal morphometry, organ development, and cadherin-1 gene relative abundance in broilers. Fertile Ross 308 breeder eggs were randomly assigned to the following five treatments: uninjected eggs; eggs injected with a solution containing amphotericin, gentamicin, ascorbic acid, and pyridoxine; the same solution supplemented with chondroitin sulfate; glucosamine sulfate; or both glycosaminoglycans. Hatching rate, embryo mortality, and total mortality were not affected by treatments (p > 0.05). Broilers from the solution-based treatment showed higher relative heart weight at 1 day of age (p < 0.05). Intestinal morphometric parameters increased with age in both the jejunum and ileum. In ovo feeding modulated villus height, crypt depth, and villus height-crypt depth ratio, particularly in the ileum during early posthatch development. The relative abundance of the cadherin-1 (CDH1) gene was influenced by the interaction between in ovo feeding and age, with higher values observed in broilers receiving glycosaminoglycan-supplemented solutions at specific posthatch periods. In conclusion, in ovo feeding with glycosaminoglycans and vitamins modulated early intestinal development and relative heart weight without impairing hatchability in broilers.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage degradation, inflammation, and impaired joint function. This in vitro study evaluates the effects of Bifidobacterium longum CBi0703 lysate, alone and in combination with clinically used OA nutraceuticals, on viability, apoptosis and cartilage related gene expression in human SW1353 chondrocytes exposed to hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress, an OA like condition. SW1353 chondrocytes were exposed to H₂O₂ (50 µM, 2 h) to induce an OA-like state, followed by a 22-h treatment with B. longum CBi0703 lysate individual nutraceuticals (vitamin C, collagen, chondroitin sulphate, glucosamine sulphate, Chondro Mix, natural eggshell membrane (NEM)), or their combinations. Cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of catabolic and anabolic genes were assessed.B. longum CBi0703 and selected combinations enhanced chondrocyte proliferation, reduced caspase activation and modulated key catabolic (MMP1, MMP13, ECM1, GBL1) and anabolic (COL2A1, SOX9, AGC1, TIMP1) markers compared with the OA-induced vehicle. The combination with vitamin C upregulated SOX9 and TIMP1 while downregulating COL1A1 and ECM1; the combination with chondroitin sulphate increased COL2A1 expression; and the combination with glucosamine sulphate reduced late apoptosis. These results provide mechanistic insight into the potential chondroprotective actions of B. longum CBi0703 in an OA like in vitro model and support further preclinical and clinical studies to assess its role as an adjunct to established OA treatments.

Chitin valorization through microbial bioprocessing relies on efficient utilization of its monomeric units as fermentation substrates. In this study, the effects of salt concentration and the mixing ratio of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to glucosamine hydrochloride (GlcN·HCl) on the specific growth rate of our previously isolated V. natriegens N5.3 was investigated in the shake-flask. Batch and fed-batch fermentations using chitin-derived amino sugars were further performed to assess high-cell-density cultivation potential.Although the maximum specific growth rate ( ) at 60 g/L NaCl was nearly two-fold lower than that at the optimal concentration of 15 g/L, strain N5.3 retained robust growth with values of 0.37 h-1 on GlcN·HCl and 0.66 h-1 on GlcNAc. Fed-batch cultivation yielded a maximum cell dry weight (CDW) of 42.3 g/L within 9 h on GlcNAc, with of 0.53 h-1, but with a low biomass yield ( = 0.16 g/g). In contrast, a substrate mixture containing 5% (w/w) GlcNAc and 95% (w/w) GlcN·HCl maintained a high (0.49 h-1) while substantially improving (0.29 g/g), resulting in a CDW of 35.5 g/L after 9 h. Due to low solubility of both amino sugars, exponential feeding with non-sterilized powders was successfully applied. The absence of contamination demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. These results demonstrate that the mixture of GlcNAc:GlcN·HCl (1:19 ratio) is effective substrate for cultivation of V. natriegens N5.3. This provides a promising foundation for the microbial conversion of chitin-derived feedstocks into high-value products.

IntroductionOsteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage deterioration, leading to chronic pain and impaired immobility particularly in older dogs.AimThis study investigated the protective effects of a turmerosaccharides-rich extract of Curcuma longa L. in the management of canine OA.MethodologyTwenty dogs with OA were randomized into two treatment groups. One group received the C. longa extract orally at 300 mg/20 kg body weight once daily for 42 days. The second group received glucosamine hydrochloride with chondroitin sulfate (Glu/CS), administered orally for the same duration, according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Therapeutic response was evaluated using laboratory parameters, veterinarian, owner reported assessments, and radiological examination of the affected joints. Dogs were re-evaluated on days 49 and 56 following treatment withdrawal.Results and discussionBoth veterinarian and owner assessments demonstrated that the C. longa extract produced a significant reduction in pain and clinical signs associated with OA. The extract was palatable and well tolerated, with no adverse events observed throughout the study. Radiographic evaluation revealed no substantial changes in joint space or structural integrity. Collectively, these findings demonstrate turmerosaccharide-rich C. longa extract is a safe, well-accepted and clinically effective therapeutic option for the management of OA in dogs.

Joint disorders, including osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are increasingly prevalent and pose a significant public health burden, particularly among older adults and populations in regions with higher socio-demographic indices. Lifestyle factors such as sedentary behaviour, smoking, and environmental exposures further contribute to disease onset and progression, underscoring the need for multimodal therapeutic strategies. This phase I pilot study assessed the safety and preliminary efficacy of a nutraceutical combination of glucosamine sulphate (GS), chondroitin sulphate (CS), and Methyl Sulfonyl Methane (MSM) in individuals with OA, RA, and related musculoskeletal pain syndromes. The formulation is hypothesized to support joint health by modulating inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, and maintaining cartilage and extracellular matrix integrity. Participants showed improvements in waist pain, backache, and sciatic pain, with 60% reporting significant relief. Older adults (56–70 years) exhibited slightly stronger response trends. The combination was well tolerated, with minimal adverse effects, suggesting its potential as a complementary intervention for joint health.

The full-scale war in Ukraine has led to a humanitarian crisis and has placed a significant burden on the healthcare system, particularly in the fields of traumatology, rehabilitation, and medical support for disabled people. From 2022 to 2024, more than 90,000 amputations were documented in Ukraine, most amputations are of the lower limbs, which created an increased demand for modern healthcare and rehabilitation products. Particularly important became ensuring proper stump care – a key component of the amputation recovery process, which is often underestimated. The aim of this study was the scientific substantiation, development, and testing of the composition of a semisolid medicinal formulation based on modern excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredients (glucosamine hydrochloride, miramistin, dexpanthenol, vitamin D) for stump care after amputation. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive study of the physico-chemical and structure-mechanical properties of the developed samples was carried out, as well as an evaluation of their pharmacological (reparative) effectiveness using scar tensile strength as a parameter in a linear incision wound model. It was established that the emulsifier content significantly affects the structure-mechanical and adhesive properties of creams intended for stump care. The best ratio of parameters was observed in the sample containing 5% emulsifier. The bioadhesion of creams decreases under the influence of electrolytes. The most pharmacologically effective were prototype formulations with glucosamine hydrochloride alone and in combination with miramistin, which outperformed the comparison drug (gel Pantestin-Darnitsa) in a model of a linear cut wound in rats. These formulations produced a statistically significant increase in scar tensile strength, while gel Pantestin-Darnitsa was at the trend level. It was shown that variations in the content of emulsifier, glycerin, and silicone components significantly influence the structural-mechanical, microstructural, and bioadhesive properties of the formulation. Samples with the optimal ratio of these components demonstrated high stability, uniform microstructure, and a sufficient level of skin adhesion, for instance, under conditions that simulate skin perspiration. Thus, a promising formulation has been obtained, which can be further used in preclinical and clinical studies and implemented into stump care practice for patients after lower limb amputations.

The development of medicinal products requires the use of selective and reproducible analytical methods that ensure reliable determination of active ingredients. The analysis of glucosamine hydrochloride as a medicinal product in the form of a cream has specific challenges due to its high polarity and lack of a chromophore; therefore, its determination within the dosage form requires a specially adapted analytical approach. The aim. To develop and validate a liquid chromatographic method for the determination of glucosamine hydrochloride in a medicinal product in the form of a cream in accordance with the requirements of ICH Q2(R2), the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPhU), and the European Pharmacopoeia (EP). Materials and methods. The object of the study was an experimental batch of a cream containing glucosamine hydrochloride (1%). The analysis was performed using a KNAUER Smartline chromatograph equipped with a UV detector and a Zorbax SB-C8 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). Phenyl isothiocyanate was used for derivatization, resulting in the formation of a UV-active glucosamine derivative. Validation was carried out with respect to specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, system suitability, and robustness. Results. Optimal chromatographic conditions were established (mobile phase: acetonitrile–water, 40:60, acidified with phosphoric acid to pH 3.0; detection wavelength 230 nm; flow rate 1.0 mL/min; column thermostat temperature 25°C), ensuring complete separation of the glucosamine derivative (retention time 2.21 min) from sodium benzoate (retention time 3.55 min) and other excipients in the cream formulation. The minimum required concentration of the derivatization reagent was determined to be 0.008–0.01 g/mL. Evaluation of validation parameters confirmed the specificity of the method, its linearity within the 80–120% range (r = 0.9991), precision (ΔZ = 0.61%), accuracy (δ = 0.31%), repeatability (≤ 2%), and robustness (analytical solutions stable for 1 hour). Metrological assessment (n = 6) demonstrated that the systematic error was statistically insignificant, while the relative uncertainty of a single determination was 7.88% at a confidence level of P = 0.95. The detection limit of glucosamine hydrochloride is 0.23 μg/ml. Conclusions. An HPLC method for the determination of glucosamine hydrochloride in a cream formulation after derivatization with phenyl isothiocyanate has been proposed and experimentally substantiated. The method complies with the requirements of international guidelines and can be applied in quality control for the identification and quantitative determination of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the investigated medicinal product

Background. Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and/or hip is a chronic degenerative disease that severely impacts quality of life. Current treatments, such as NSAIDs, provide only symptomatic relief and are associated with significant side effects. This study evaluates whether short-term supplementation with a glucosamine complex (glucosamine, chondroitin, hyaluronic acid, omega-3, type II collagen) can improve OA symptoms. Materials and methods. A prospective observational study recruited 200 OA patients from family physician practices in Latvia. Patients were divided into 1) Study group (n=100) receiving Artroveron® 5in1 COMPLEX WITH OMEGA-3 (Glucosamine hydrochloride 300 mg, Omega-3 fatty acids 100 mg, Chondroitin sulfate 50 mg, Hyaluronic acid 20 mg, Type II collagen 20 mg); 2) Control group (n=100) receiving no chondroprotectors. Pain levels were assessed at baseline and after 30 days using: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results. Study group (glucosamine complex) had a statistically significant reduction in pain scores compared to the control group (p0.001). WOMAC pain score decreased from 7.3±3.8 to 6.0±3.6 (p0.001). WOMAC stiffness score improved from 3.4±1.7 to 2.6±1.8 (p0.001). WOMAC difficulty score reduced from 26.6±11.3 to 21.0±11.5 (p0.001). VAS pain score decreased from 5.8±1.6 to 4.9±1.5 in the study group, compared to 4.8±1.8 to 4.2±2.0 in controls (p0.001). Conclusion. Shortterm supplementation with Artroveron® 5in1 COMPLEX WITH OMEGA-3 significantly reduced OA pain and stiffness compared to untreated control group. These findings suggest that glucosamine supplementation may serve as an effective alternative for OA symptom management. This article is published in the journal Consilium Medicum in Russian with the permission of the copyright holders. The original article: Puce M, Medne-Simsone A, Sprudza K. Prospective Short-Term Observational Study of Glucosamine Complex with Chondroprotectors Effect in Adults with Diagnosed Knee and/or Hip Osteoarthritis. Health 2025;17:405-424. doi: 10.4236/health.2025.174027 is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Alloying platinum (Pt) with 3d-transition metals like cobalt has been identified as an effective method to boost the catalyst's intrinsic activity while reducing platinum usage.1 However, under the acidic environment of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), transition metal atoms in Pt-M alloy catalysts are prone to rapid leaching, which leads to catalyst structure degradation and raises significant stability concerns.2 This degradation severely impacts the catalyst's mass activity (MA) and shortens its operational lifespan. In that context, considerable research has focused on enhancing the durability of Pt-M alloys, by forming an ordered intermetallic structure. However, the high-temperature annealing process required to achieve these ordered structures often results in particle growth and diminished stability. To address aggregation issues, various solutions, including core-shell designs and coatings with various oxides and polymers, have been investigated, though they have not fully solved the problem. On the other hand, nitrogen-doped carbon coatings enhance stability, resist sintering, and increase activity by introducing defects and promoting charge polarization. However, precise control over particle size to achieve optimal oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity remains challenging. In this study, we aimed to improve both the activity and longevity of PEMFC cathode catalysts by synthesizing an ordered intermetallic PtCo catalyst coated with nitrogen-doped carbon, with an average particle size of approximately 3-5 nm. In our synthesis, melamine acted as the nitrogen source, while glucosamine hydrochloride (GAH) served as the carbon scaffold. During the thermal condensation of melamine at low temperature, layered graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was formed, while GAH underwent condensation to create a carbon skeleton within the interlayer of g-C3N4. This sandwich-like structure effectively prevented particle agglomeration. Various ordered intermetallic catalysts were synthesized by adjusting the thermal treatment temperature and the melamine to glucosamine hydrochloride (GAH) ratio. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed the formation of an ordered structure after treatment at 700 °C. Ex-situ X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) studies showed notable changes in the electronic environment of platinum (Pt), which varied significantly with the melamine to GAH ratio. Electrochemical performance tests for various catalysts indicated improved catalytic activity with increasing temperature, attributed to a higher degree of ordering. Furthermore, performance improved with a higher melamine content, up to a certain point. However, excessive nitrogen doping resulted in a decline in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance, due to the disruption of the local carbon structure. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was employed to elucidate the reasons behind the enhanced performance of the catalysts. The operando XAS measurements showed a significant increase in Pt oxidation states in less ordered PtCo alloys, and an even greater increase in PtCo alloys with higher melamine content. Additionally, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements revealed an increased Pt−Pt bond distance, a greater number of Pt−O coordination numbers, and substantial structural changes during polarization for the less ordered PtCo alloys without carbon-nitrogen or those with excessive melamine. Our study emphasizes the importance of melamine content and demonstrates why excessive melamine leads to poor ORR activity. Acknowledgment This work is supported by the PEFC and the NEDO FC-Platform commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) Reference: C. Li, K. Yu, A. Bird, F. Guo, J. Ilavsky, Y. Liu, D. A. Cullen, A. Kusoglu, A. Z. Weber and P. J. Ferreira, Energy Environ. Sci., 2023,16, 2977-2990.X. Zhao, H. Cheng, L. Song, L. Han, R. Zhang, G. Kwon, L. Ma, S. N. Ehrlich, A. I. Frenkel and J. Yang, ACS Catal., 2020, 11, 184-192. Figure 1

Thefabrication of Zn and N co-doped carbon nanodots was achievedby a facile and reproducible hydrothermal route utilizing glucosamine hydrochloride (GA) and zinc acetate as precursors. The nanodots offer strong green emission (Gr-CDs), with an λex/λem of 360/515 nm. The fluorescence of the Gr-CDs is dropped by phosphate ions (PIs), attributed to the design of a non-luminescent ternary Zn-phosphate-N complex as a result of two arms binding issued from PIs, one associates with the Zn ion of the nanodots shell, and the other binds to the amine moiety of the same nanodots. The obtained results were employed to construct a quenched fluorescence assay for the sensitive detection of PIs, demonstrating a linear relationship between the quenching of luminescence intensity and the PIs concentration in the range 0.6-22 μM. The proposed Gr-CDs nanoprobe was utilized to recognize PIs in environmental water without tedious extraction steps. Thenanosensor is also generally applicable and can be suitably extended to detect phosphate-containing compounds for logic gate applications.

The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, poses a significant threat to global health. The ability of S. aureus to form biofilms reduces the efficacy of antibiotics. Therefore, the need for innovative anti-biofilm strategies to improve the efficacy of antibiotic therapy is crucial, particularly when biofilms cause treatment failure. In this study, we investigated the effects of glucosamine (GAM) and its acetylated derivative, N-acetylglucosamine (NGAM), on the biofilm formation of the multidrug-resistant S. aureus strain Wood 46. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) assay was used to evaluate the inhibition of biofilm formation. The results indicated that 2–8% of GAM significantly inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation. However, only a high concentration of NGAM (8%) showed partial inhibition of biofilm formation. The RNA sequencing analysis of the treated biofilms indicated that, compared to NGAM, GAM leads to a more pronounced downregulation of S. aureus adhesion genes (eno, ebps, and sraP) and genes involved in arginine biosynthesis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) pathways, which are essential for biofilm proteinaceous structure. The decreased pH in the biofilm environment treated with higher GAM concentrations supports its observed anti-biofilm activity and is likely linked to impaired pH homeostasis resulting from the downregulation of ureABC genes and disruption of urea metabolism, a process interconnected with arginine biosynthesis. In conclusion, unlike its acetylated form (NGAM), GAM is a potent anti-biofilm agent that effectively inhibits the biofilm formation of S. aureus Wood 46 and significantly alters the gene expression profile associated with biofilm formation.

This study investigated the effects of graded dietary levels of glucosamine sulfate (GS) on growth performance, hematological and biochemical parameters, carcass features, mineral profile, and economic efficiency in broiler chickens reared under Egyptian conditions. A total of 300 one-day-old, unsexed Cobb 500 chicks (average weight 41.8 ± 0.2 g) were randomly distributed into four groups: a control group receiving a basal diet without GS (GS0), and three treatment groups supplemented with 0.1 % (GS1), 0.2 % (GS2), or 0.3 % (GS3) GS. Each group had five replicates of 15 birds and was monitored for 42 days. Final body weight and total weight gain increased linearly (P < 0.001) with GS level, while feed intake decreased (P = 0.002) and feed conversion ratio improved (P < 0.001). Carcass yields, including breast, thigh, fillet, and internal organs, improved significantly (P < 0.05), while abdominal fat was unaffected (P = 0.093). GS supplementation also enhanced hematological indices, notably white blood cell count, lymphocyte and heterophil percentages, phagocytic activity, and phagocytic index. Serum biochemical analysis showed reduced levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), uric acid, and creatinine, and increased gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity (P < 0.01), indicating improved liver and kidney function. Additionally, GS increased serum globulin, ionized calcium, and phosphorus levels while reducing albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, sodium, and chloride. No significant changes (P > 0.01) were observed in total protein, total calcium, potassium, or alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Economically, although feed costs increased, the highest net profit and economic efficiency were achieved in the GS3 group. These findings support the use of 0.3 % GS as a beneficial additive to enhance performance, health, and profitability in broiler production.

Sustainable electrochemical depolymerization of chitosan into glucosamine hydrochloride using N-hydroxyphthalimide as a redox catalyst.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting is the cornerstone of revascularization in ischemic heart disease. However, in-stent restenosis (ISR), a pathobiological response to vascular injury, remains a significant limitation, affecting a substantial subset of patients and necessitating repeat interventions. This review aims to critically analyze the multifactorial pathogenesis of ISR, focusing on the pivotal roles of inflammation, smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype switching, and extracellular matrix (ECM) dysregulation. Moving beyond conventional anti-proliferative strategies, we explore a novel pathogenetic approach centered on the pleiotropic properties of specific sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)—chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine sulfate (GS). Traditionally used in osteoarthritis management, these molecules exhibit potent anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and ECM-modulating effects relevant to vascular pathophysiology. We synthesize evidence from molecular, experimental, and early clinical studies suggesting that CS/GS can inhibit key drivers of ISR, such as versican-CD44-mediated signaling and NF-κB activation. The review also discusses the importance of pharmaceutical-grade purity for clinical translation and positions this approach within the evolving landscape of adjunctive pharmacotherapy for PCI, highlighting its potential to improve long-term vascular patency and patient outcomes.