Acetobacter Xylinum Research Articles

CHARACTERISTICS OF NATA FROM CARICA (Carica Pubescens) EXTRACT WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF ACETOBACTER XYLINUM AND FERMENTATION TIME

Nata de carica is a product of the innovation of fermentation of carica fruit (Carica pubescens) with the use of Acetobacter xylinum as a culture. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of Acetobacter xylinum starter concentrations and fermentation time on the physical characteristics (chewiness, color, thickness, yield), chemical (crude fiber content, water content) and organoleptic (descriptive test) of nata de carica. The experimental design was used factorial design with two factors, Acetobacter xylinum starter concentration (10%, 15% and 20%) and fermentation time (7 days and 14 days). The results showed that there was a relationship between thickness, yield, chewiness and crude fiber, the thicker the nata, the greater the yield, chewiness and crude fiber. The best results of nata de carica treatment was treatment with 20% Acetobacter xylinum concentration and 14 days of fermentation time with a thickness value of 6.29 mm, a yield value of 41.04%, a texture value (efficiency) of 521.27 g/mm, crude fiber value of 1.05%, a color value of L* 50.36, a value of a*-1.87, a b* -3.93 and water content of 98.86%. The results of the research can be concluded that the starter concentration and the fermentation time influence the physical and chemical properties of the nata de carica produced.

Designed Microbial Biosynthesis of Hierarchical Bone-Mimetic Biocomposites in 3D-Printed Soft Bioreactors.

The creation of 3D biomimetic composite structures has important applications in tissue engineering, lightweight structures, drug delivery, and sensing. Previous approaches in fabricating 3D biomimetic composites have relied on blending or assembling chemically synthesized molecules or structures, making it challenging to achieve precise control of the size, geometry, and internal structure of the biomimetic composites. Here, we present a new approach for the creation of 3D bone-mimetic biocomposites with precisely controlled shape, hierarchical structure, and functionalities. Our approach is based on the integration of programmable microbial biosynthesis with 3D printing of gas-permeable and customizable bioreactors. The organic and inorganic components are bacterial cellulose and calcium hydroxyapatite via a mineral precursor, which are generated by Komagataeibacter xylinus and Bacillus simplex P6A, respectively, in 3D-printed silicone bioreactors in consecutive culturing cycles. This study is of high significance to biocomposites, biofabrication, and tissue engineering as it paves the way for the synergistic integration of microbial biosynthesis and additive manufacturing.

Identification of Gluconacetobacter xylinus LYP25 and application to bacterial cellulose production in biomass hydrolysate with acetic acid

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a remarkable biomacromolecule with potential applications in food, biomedical, and other industries. However, the low economic feasibility of BC production processes hinders its industrialization. In our previous work, we obtained candidate strains with improved BC production through random mutations in Gluconacetobacter. In this study, the molecular identification of LYP25 strain with significantly improved productivity, the development of chestnut pericarp (CP) hydrolysate medium, and its application in BC fermentation were performed for cost-effective BC production process. As a result, the mutant strain was identified as Gluconacetobacter xylinus. The CP hydrolysate (CPH) medium contained 30 g/L glucose with 0.4 g/L acetic acid, whereas other candidates known to inhibit fermentation were not detected. Although acetic acid is generally known as a fermentation inhibitor, it improves the BC production by G. xylinus when present within about 5 g/L in the medium. Fermentation of G. xylinus LYP25 in CPH medium resulted in 17.3 g/L BC, a 33 % improvement in production compared to the control medium, and BC from the experimental and control groups had similar physicochemical properties. Finally, the overall process of BC production from biomass was evaluated and our proposed platform showed the highest yield (17.9 g BC/100 g biomass).

Production, Optimization, and Characterization of Bio-cellulose Produced from Komagataeibacter (Acetobacter aceti MTCC 3347) Usage of Food Sources as Media.

Bio-cellulose is a type of cellulose that is produced by some particular group of bacteria, for example, Komagataeibacter (previously known as Acetobacter), due to their natural ability to synthesize exopolysaccharide as a byproduct. Gluconacetobacter xylinus is mostly employed for the production of bio-cellulose throughout the world. Therefore, exploring other commonly available strains, such as Komagataeibacter aceti (Acetobacter aceti), is needed for cellulose production. Bio-cellulose is one of the most reliable biomaterials in the limelight because it is highly pure, crystalline, and biocompatible. Hence, it is necessary to enhance the industrial manufacture of bio-cellulose with low costs. Different media such as fruit waste, milk whey, coconut water, sugarcane juice, mannitol broth, and H&S (Hestrin and Schramm's) broth were utilized as a medium for culture growth. Other factors like temperature, pH, and time were also optimized to achieve the highest yield of bio-cellulose. Moreover, after the synthesis of bio-cellulose, its physicochemical and structural properties were evaluated. The results depicted that the highest yield of bio-cellulose (45.735 mg/mL) was found at 30 °C, pH 5, and on the 7th day of incubation. Though every culture media experimented with synthesized bio-cellulose, the maximum production (90.25 mg/mL) was reported in fruit waste media. The results also indicated that bio-cellulose has high water-holding capacity and moisture content. XRD results showed that bio-cellulose is highly crystalline in nature (54.825% crystallinity). SEM micrograph demonstrated that bio-cellulose exhibited rod-shaped, highly porous fibers. The FTIR results demonstrated characteristic and broad peaks for O-H at 3336.25 cm-1, which indicated stronger O-H bonding. The thermal tests, such as DSC and TGA, indicated that bio-cellulose is a thermally stable material that can withstand temperatures even beyond 500 °C.</p>.

Enhanced bacterial cellulose production in Gluconacetobacter xylinus by overexpression of two genes (bscC and bcsD) and a modified static culture

Bacterial cellulose (BC), a nanostructured material, is renowned for its excellent properties. However, its production by bacteria is costly due to low medium utilization and conversion rates. To enhance the yield of BC, this study aimed to increase BC yield through genetic modification, specifically by overexpressing bcsC and bcsD in Gluconacetobacter xylinus, and by developing a modified culture method to reduce medium viscosity by adding water during fermentation. As a result, BC yields of 5.4, 6.2, and 6.8 g/L were achieved from strains overexpressing genes bcsC, bcsD, and bcsCD, significantly surpassing the yield of 2.2 g/L from wild-type (WT) strains. In the modified culture, the BC yields of all four strains increased by >1 g/L with the addition of 20 mL of water during fermentation. Upon comparing the properties of BC, minimal differences were observed between the WT and pbcsC strains, as well as between the static and modified cultures. In contrast, BC produced by strains overexpressing bcsD had a denser microstructural network and exhibited demonstrated higher tensile strength and elongation-to-break. Compared to WT, BC from bcsD overexpressed strains also displayed enhanced crystallinity, higher degree of polymerization and improved thermal stability.

Exploring Bacterial Cellulose and a Biosurfactant as Eco-Friendly Strategies for Addressing Pharmaceutical Contaminants.

Aquatic environments face contamination by pharmaceuticals, prompting concerns due to their toxicity even at low concentrations. To combat this, we developed an ecologically sustainable biosurfactant derived from a microorganism and integrated it into bacterial cellulose (BC). This study aimed to evaluate BC's efficacy, with and without the biosurfactant, as a sorbent for paracetamol and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in water. We cultivated BC membranes using Gluconacetobacter xylinus ATCC 53582 and synthesized the biosurfactant through pre-inoculation of Bacillus subtilis in a synthetic medium. Subsequently, BC membranes were immersed in the biosurfactant solution for incorporation. Experiments were conducted using contaminated water, analyzing paracetamol concentrations via spectrophotometry and EE2 levels through high-performance liquid chromatography. Results indicated BC's superior adsorption for EE2 over paracetamol. Incorporating the biosurfactant reduced hormone adsorption but enhanced paracetamol sorption. Notably, original and freeze-dried BC exhibited better adsorption efficacy than biosurfactant-infused BC. In conclusion, BC showed promise in mitigating EE2 contamination, suggesting its potential for environmental remediation. Future research could focus on optimizing biosurfactant concentrations to enhance sorption capabilities without compromising BC's inherent effectiveness.

Lignin content analysis in oil palm frond juice base medium: effect on bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum 0416

Lignin content analysis in oil palm frond juice base medium: effect on bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum 0416

Medium modification for the growth of Rhizopus oligosporus and Acetobacter xylinum as starter cultures in the production of biofoam, environmentally friendly packaging

Acetobacter xylinum was injected to reduce the porosity value and water absorption of biofoam which was made using bagasse and Rhizopus oligosporus. However, data interpretation of the total counts of both microbes could be misleading. Therefore, the aim of this research was to create a specific medium for the growth of both microbes. The research was conducted in three stages. In the first stage, soybean flour was added into bagasse to produce depithed bagasse at different ratios (1:1 and 1:1.5) for use in the growth of Rhizopus oligosporus. In the second stage, urea and bean sprouts extract were used to grow Acetobacter xylinum. Finally, modified media was used to grow both starters. The results showed that the total plate counts of Rhizopus oligosporus on bagasse medium was quite similar with the depithed bagasse ranging from 4.58 to 4.87 log cfu/gram. The addition of bean sprouts extract had an absorbance yield of 0.162 while the addition of urea had an absorbance value of 0.085. Therefore, bagasse and soybean flour (in the ratio of 1:1.5) and bean sprouts extract are recommended to grow both starters because of the efficiency process and the highest absorbance yield.

Production and Characterization of bacterial cellulose from Komagataeibacter xylinus S4 strain

Production and Characterization of bacterial cellulose from Komagataeibacter xylinus S4 strain

Development of Fed-Batch Strategy to Produce Bacteria Cellulose

Bacteria Cellulose (BC) is a type of biopolymer widely used in areas such as biomedicine and paper manufacturing industries. The batch fermentation mode of BC is less cost-effective as the yield is low. This study aims to determine the best fed-batch cultivation strategy to produce BC of high yield and quality. First, batch fermentation mode was carried out to determine the glucose consumption profile of Gluconacetobacter xylinus using Yeast Extract Glucose Chloramphenicol Medium (YGC). By using the information, the fed-batch strategies with feeding frequencies of 1 time and 3 times per 14-day total fermentation period and varied feed composition (YGC medium and pure glucose solution) were set up. The yield, water holding capacity, morphology, and strength of BC were monitored. It is found that BC produced from fed-batch modes has a higher yield (3.75 g/L for low feed frequency and 4.79 g/L for high feed frequency) compared to batch mode (2.24 g/L). The BC produced with pure glucose solution has the highest water holding capacity (87.34 g water/g sample) among the different modes. The FE-SEM micrographs showed that BC produced in the high feeding frequency with YGC medium fed-batch mode has the highest microfibril density and, thus, the best mechanical strength from this mode. To conclude, the fed-batch mode with higher feeding frequency(3 days intervals for a total of 14 days) using YGC medium has the best BC yield and quality.

In situ production of bacterial nanocellulose-activated carbon composites from pear juice industry wastewater by two new Komagataeibacter intermedius and Komagataeibacter xylinus isolates for heavy metal removal

Fruit juice industry generates a large amount of wastewater, which contains substantial waste activated carbon for juice turbidity removal. Due to the low concentrations of useful compounds in the wastewater, the cost for the extraction is extremely high. Two new bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) producing strains were isolated and identified. These strains produced 6.11 and 1.38 folds BNC from pear juice wastewater than from a conventional medium, respectively. BNC spontaneously encapsulated the suspended waste activated carbon particles during the fermentation, flocculating and collecting the particles without additional filtration or centrifugation processes. FE-SEM, FT-IR, TGA and XRD showed that the fiber diameters, chemical structure, thermal stability and crystallinity of BNC produced from the pear juice wastewater supernatant was similar to that from the conventional medium. FE-SEM revealed the three-dimensional package structure of the BNC-activated carbon composite, and XRD showed that the crystallinity of the composite was improved up to 86%. The BNC-activated carbon composite exhibited excellent adsorption performance towards heavy metals, and the maximum adsorption capacities for Cu2+ and Zn2+ were 20.71 mg/g and 76.92 mg/g within 60 min, respectively. Especially, compared to activated carbon, the adsorption capacity of the composite for Zn2+ was improved for 25.01%. This study utilized pear juice wastewater as an alternative medium to produce BNC at lower cost, and reduced BOD and wastewater treatment costs. Additionally, BNC encapsulated residual activated carbon left over in the wastewater, preventing dust pollution and enabling recycling of the waste activated carbon, and formed a composite with excellent heavy metal absorption capacity.

Synthesis of Extract-Bacterial Cellulose Composite Using Ageratum conyzoides L. and Chromolaena odorata L., Its Antibacterial Activities, and Biodegradability Properties.

Bacterial cellulose is a natural polymer produced by fermentation of coconut water using Acetobacter xylinum bacteria. This study aimed to synthesize a novel composite of bacterial cellulose impregnated with plant extracts that had an antibacterial activity that have the potential to be used as a food packaging material to maintain food quality. Pure bacterial cellulose (pure BC) was impregnated using Ageratum conyzoides L. leaf extract (AC-BC) and Chromolaena odorata L. leaf extract (CO-BC), which contain secondary metabolites with potential as antibacterial. The study began with the synthesis of pure BC, AC-BC, and CO-BC composites then characterized by SEM-EDX and FTIR, continued with antibacterial activity tests against S. aureus, S. typhimurium, E. coli, and their biodegradability tests. The results of SEM and FTIR characterization showed the success of the impregnation process for antibacterial compounds. The results of the antibacterial activity of AC-BC disc diffusion against S. typhimurium and E. coli showed good antibacterial activity of 9.82 mm and 8.41 mm, respectively. The similar result showed with the antibacterial activity of CO-BC disc diffusion against S. typhimurium and E. coli that showed good activity of 9.73 mm and 6.82 mm, respectively. On the other hand, the biodegradability test showed that the impregnation of bacterial cellulose slowed down the degradation process in the soil. This study confirmed the potential application of bacterial cellulose-plant extracts as an active and biodegradable food packaging.

Nata de durio: the utilization of durian seeds as a glucose source in the production of bacterial cellulose gel

Durian seeds are a waste product from durian fruit. Durian seeds are often used by people as the main ingredient in making bread and cakes. However, the use of durian seeds as the main ingredient in making nata has never been done. Nata is extracellular cellulose obtained from the activity of the bacteria Acetobacter xylinum. The nata that is often found is nata de coco made from coconut water as the main ingredient. This research aims to look at the formation of nata de durio from durian seeds.&#x0D; The results showed that different dry weights of durian seeds did not affect the thickness of the Nata De Durio formed. The thickness of Nata De Durio on days 7 and 14 was highest at a dry weight of 250 grams of durian seeds with an average of 0.4 and 0.5 cm and the lowest was at a dry weight of 100 grams of durian seeds with an average of 0. 3 and 04 cm.&#x0D; Conclusion: The difference in dry weight of durian seeds does not affect the thickness of Nata De Durio. However, the dry weight of 250 gram durian seeds has a better Nata De Durio thickness compared to the dry weight of 100 grams and 200 grams of durian seeds.&#x0D; Keywords: Durian seeds, thickness, Nata De Durio

Process of Bacterial Cellulose Production from Tofu Wastewater Without Pretreatment Using Acetobacter xylinum

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an alternative cellulose source that warrants more investigation due to its limited efficiency and high production costs. This research aims to investigate the generation of bacterial cellulose from tofu wastewater using Acetobacter xylinum without pretreatment. The experiment was run on two media: tofu wastewater with and without additional sugar. The fermentation was run in a dark cabinet using a static batch method in numerous fermenter trays, each with a working volume of 1000 mL. Each experiment used 900 mL of tofu wastewater medium plus an extra 100 mL inoculum (equal to 10% v/v), which was then cultured at room temperature and harvested on days 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30. The weight of nata de soya, BC, and residual sugar were all measured from the samples. The results of the experiments revealed that the best incubation time was 18 days. The fermentation employing tofu wastewater medium with added sugar yielded nata de soya of 227.3 g/L and BC of 32.2 g/L, while the medium without added sugar yielded 103.9 g/L and BC of 9.3 g/L. The medium with added sugar yielded higher BC productivity, 1.79 g/L.day, compared to 0.57 g/L.day in the medium without added sugar. On the other hand, the BC results per sugar consumption were 0.62 g BC/g sugar and 0.36 g BC/g sugar, respectively, for the medium with and without added sugar.

Using Static Culture Method to Increase the Production of Acetobacter Xylinum Bacterial Cellulose

ABSTRACT Bacterial cellulose is a natural polymer, usually produced through synthetic (chemically defined) or natural media. However, the current methods of bacterial cellulose production are not ideal because of their low productivity and large number of byproducts. In order to improve the yield of bacterial cellulose, the influence of medium composition, culture time, culture temperature and culture pH on the production of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum ATCC 23,767 was studied by single factor method. The optimal medium composition for Acetobacter xylinum can be analyzed by Thermal field emission scanning electron microscopy (TF-SEM) as glucose (20 g/L), yeast extract (5 g/L), peptone (5 g/L), citric acid (2 g/L). Using the logarithmic calculation method, we can determine that the optimal culture conditions are controlled by initial pH of the culture medium of 6 and constant static culture at 28°C for 9 days. Using TF-SEM, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and water contact angle test, the best post-treatment solution can be selected as sodium hydroxide (1%). The results showed that the yield of bacterial cellulose could reach up to 8.5 g/L under the above conditions, and the obtained product exhibited a dense three-dimensional network structure.

Evaluasi Sifat Kimia dan Sensoris Nata De Coco dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Buah Naga (Hylocereus polyrhizus)

Nata de coco is a product resulting from a fermentation process from coconut water with the help of Acetobacter xylinum. To increase the functional value and taste of nata de coco, you can add red dragon fruit extract. This study aims to evaluate the chemical and sensory properties of nata de coco which did not have dragon fruit extract added (P0) and nata de coco which had dragon fruit extract added (P1). Parameters for observing chemical properties include water content, protein, vitamin C and fiber. Sensory evaluation was carried out using a hedonic test using 30 panelists, the parameters observed were aroma, texture, taste and color. Based on the results of the evaluation of the chemical and sensory properties of nata de coco to which dragon fruit extract was added, it can be concluded that the addition of dragon fruit extract can increase protein levels (1.57%) and vitamin C (0.25%), and reduce water content (93.16%) and fiber content (1.20%). Meanwhile, the hedonic test showed that the panelists preferred the texture, aroma and taste parameters of nata de coco without adding dragon fruit extract. In terms of color parameters, panelists preferred nata de coco with added dragon fruit extract.

Nanoemulsion-integrated gelatin/bacterial cellulose nanofibril-based multifunctional film: Fabrication, characterization, and application

The current requirements of food safety regulations and the environmental impact stemming from plastic packaging can only be addressed by developing suitable bio-nanocomposite films. Therefore, this study is dedicated to the fabrication of multifunctional film composed of gelatin, bacterial cellulose nanofibrils (BCNF), and black pepper essential oil nanoemulsion (BPEONE) and application for duck meat preservation. BCNF was prepared through ultrasonication of cellulose derived from Komagataeibacter xylinus. BPEONE observed spherical morphology with a diameter ranging from 83.7 to 118 nm. A film matrix containing a higher gelatin proportion than BCNF was more effective in trapping BPEONE. However, increasing the BPEONE fraction showed more surface abrasion and voids in the film morphology. A flexible film with good interaction, crystallinity, and greater thermal stability (421 °C) was developed. Nevertheless, film hydrophobicity (118.89°) declined, resulting in a notable effect on water solubility, swelling, and water vapor permeability. Moreover, the film had improved antibacterial and antioxidant activities, coupled with controlled release characteristics. Consequently, the developed film effectively retarded the lipid oxidation, inhibited microbial growth, and extended the shelf life of duck meat at refrigeration (4 °C) by 3 days, and made the film a promising alternative in the realm of bio-active packaging technology.

Optimation of Green Synthesis Biopolymer Cellulose Using Acetobacter xylinum From Whey as Media of Bacteria

Utilizing waste into a more valuable commodity was one of the objectives of that research. Waste which initially became an environmental pollutant factor could be processed into more useful products. Tofu liquid waste was referred to whey was a by-product of tofu production. Whey was waste that still contains organic materials such as protein, fat, carbohydrates and minerals. That whey was used as a growth medium for Acetobacter xylinum bacteria and produces cellulose biopolymer as a result of carbohydrate fermentation. The process of optimizing carbohydrate fermentation by Acetobacter xylinum bacteria was carried out by varying the ratio of the amount of whey to coconut water, the acidity level of the media, and the fermentation time. The research results showed that the biosynthesis of cellulose biopolymer was obtained from a ratio of whey concentration to coconut water of 1:1, variations in acidity levels showed that the optimum fermentation conditions occurred at pH 4, and the optimal amount of cellulose biopolymer was obtained on day 21, namely with the highest percent yield value. The resulting biocellulose was characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM. The characterization results show that biocellulose is well formed with a fiber surface shape and particle size in the range of 50-200 nm

Biopolymer and polymer precursor production by microorganisms: applications and future prospects

AbstractPolymers have been used in various industries over the past few decades due to their tremendous applications. Among these, polyhydroxyalkanoates and poly(lactic acid) are easily biodegradable biopolymers derived from bacteria, including recombinant Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes eutrophus, Alcaligenes latus, Azotobacter vinelandii, methylotrophs and Pseudomonas. Conventional petroleum‐derived polymers have become potentially harmful to the environment due to their complex degradation process. The nonbiodegradability of synthetic polymers has become a global issue of concern. There is an urgent need for a substitute to tackle the increasing environmental stress. Microorganisms are small factories for producing different types of polymers during their growth cycle. Various features like biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity and wide substrate spectrum make such microbial polymers highly reliable. Biopolymers such as alginate, cellulose, cyanophycin, levan, polyhydroxyalkanoates, xanthan, poly(lactic acid) and poly(γ‐glutamic acid) can be obtained from different microorganisms like Aureobasdium pullulans, Acetobacter xylinum, Bacillus thermoamylovorans and Cupriavidusnecator. These are extensively used in various fields like food, medicine, wastewater treatment, biofuel production, packaging and cosmetics. Despite being advantageous in several ways, the biopolymer market still faces several hurdles. This review mainly emphasizes the different types of biopolymers, production by microorganisms and various applications of these biopolymers in different fields. The main drawback limiting the development of these polymers is the high production cost and low efficiency of the microbial strains. Genetic recombination is an efficient technique to enhance the microbial yield and to expand the biopolymer market size. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Pineapple core from the canning industrial waste for bacterial cellulose production by Komagataeibacter xylinus

To address the high production cost associated with bacterial cellulose (BC) production using the Hestrin-Schramm (HS) medium, alternative agricultural wastes have been investigated as potential low-cost resources. This study aims to utilize pineapple core from pineapple canning industry waste as a carbon source to enhance the bacterial growth of Komagataeibacter xylinus and to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting BC. To assess growth performance, commercial sugar at concentrations of 0, 2.5, and 5.0 % (w/v) was incorporated into the medium. Fermentation was conducted under static conditions at room temperature for 5, 10, and 15 days. The structural and physical properties of BC were characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRD, and DSC. With the exception of crystallinity, BC produced from the pineapple core medium exhibited comparable characteristics to BC produced in the HS medium. These findings highlight the potential of utilizing pineapple core, a byproduct of the canning industry, as an economically viable nutrient source for BC production.