Globulin Values Research Articles

Haemato-biochemical variations in estuarine crabs from a lagoon ecosystem

Haematological profiles are often applied as an index of physiological condition of various organisms and thus provide information about the health status of local populations. The haematological and biochemical parameters of the estuarine crabs, Callinectes amnicola, Goniopsis pelii, Sersama huzardii and Uca tangerii from the polluted creek of Lagos Lagoon were examined using standard methods. C. amnicola (121.7±0.21) were significantly heavier than G. pelli (24±2.11 g), S. huzardii (16.15±15.19 g) and U. tangeri (8.8±0.5 g). Mean haematological values of the crabs revealed significant variations in total haemocyte count (THC), haemocyte sedimentation rate (HSR) and haemocyte subpopulation. THC in the circulating haemocytes of the crabs was similar for both G. pelli (2150±56.69 mL) and S. huzardii (1975.00±74.46 mL). HSR was lowest in G. pelli (1.50±0.71 mm/hr) and highest in U. tangeri (5.70±0.82 mm/hr). Haemocyte sub-population variables showed that eosinophil and basophil did not differ considerably among the crabs. Significant differences were however recorded for granulocyte, agranulocyte and monocyte with G. pelli having the highest sub-population of granulocyte (33.00±1.41 %) but lowest agranulocyte (67.00±1.41 %). Non-significantly higher sub-population of monocytes was recorded for C. amnicola (3.3±0.03). In the mean values of the serum biochemicals, U. tangeri showed lowest values for all except aspartate aminotransferase (22.8 U/L) and Urea (32.48 mg/dl). G. pelli showed highest values for serum protein (14.36mg/dl), Globulin (67.49 mg/dl) and phosphatase alkaline phosphatase (34.50 U/L). The study gave an indication of stress on the health status of the estuarine crabs, hence the need for periodic monitoring of the ecosystem.Keywords: Haematology, serum biochemistry, crab, Lagos Lagoon

Dietary administration of probiotics modulates non-specific immunity and gut microbiota of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in low input ponds

ABSTRACTPoor culture conditions in low input ponds make fish highly susceptible to infectious pathogens which lead to diseases and mortalities yet the effects of probiotics on immunity, gut microbiota and microbiological quality of fish in low input ponds are unknown. Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings (40 g) were randomly stocked at 50 fish m−3 in 1.25 m3 cages in low input ponds. The fish were fed on diets supplemented with either Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1 × 1010 CFU g−1) or Bacillus subtilis (1 × 109 CFU g−1) at six levels: Diet 0 (No probiotic); S. cerevisiae at 2 g kg−1 (Diet 1); 4 g kg−1 (Diet 2) and 6 g kg−1 (Diet 3) and B. subtilis at 5 g kg−1 (Diet 4); 10 g kg−1 (Diet 5) and 15 g kg−1 (Diet 6) for 180 days. Results indicate that hemato-immunological parameters (hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) serum protein, albumin, globulin and lysozyme activity) were significantly higher in fish fed on probiotic treated diets compared to the control (P < 0.05). On the contrary, fish fed on Diet 6 presented significantly similar Hb and globulin values compared to the control (P > 0.05). Additionally, fish fed on probiotic treated diets retained the probiotics in their guts and lower microbial load was realized in their muscle (P < 0.05). In conclusion, B. subtilis and S. cerevisiae supplementation in diets of Nile tilapia reared in low input ponds improves immunity, manipulates gut microbiota and enhances fish flesh quality.

Effect of Tick and Lice on Some Blood Constitute and Trace elements of Local Black Goat in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

In this study isolated 100 adult female of local black goat (Capra hircus) examined in spring and fall season for Tick and Lice investigations, then divided into two groups: 50 infested goats with ectoparasite and 50 non-infested goats. Three species of ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguinus, R. turanicus and R. bursa) and one species of lice (Bovicola caprae) were observed. Biochemical values (serum proteins and some trace elements) analyzed, in infested goats emerges decline in serum protein value 7.12±0.08 µg/dl, albumin value 4.12±0.03 µg/dl and increase of globulin value 3.04±0.09 µg/dl, in serum protein and globulin values shows not significance differences, while described highly significance differences in albumin value at p?0.01, when compared to control goats. In trace elements decline of zinc level 48.97±1.20 µg/dl and copper level 114.15±3.75 µg/dl levels with a highly significant differences at p?0.01 in infested goats when compare to control goats. It is observed that mixed infestation has much effects than tick or lice infestation on goats, which led to reduction in serum protein value 6.89±0.20 µg/dl, albumin value 4.11±0.09 µg/dl and raise in globulin value 3.10±0.11 µg/dl without any significance differences, also noticed insignificant declines in zinc level 45.67±2.40 µg/dl, while decrease in copper level 99.33±9.86 µg/dl significantly at p?0.05.

Effect of probiotics mix supplementation on haemato-biochemical parameters and bacterial faecal shedding in Corriedale lambs fed paddy straw based complete feed

Growth trial of 90 days was conducted on 12 male Corriedale lambs, divided in two groups of six lambs each, to study the effect of feeding of paddy straw based complete feed supplemented of probiotic mix (Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2×1010cfu/g + Lactobacillus acidophilus 6×109cfu/g) in equal ratio @ 3 % of DM, as per the in vitro studies, while complete feed without probiotics served as control. There was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher haemoglobin concentration, RBC, WBC and monocyte count in animals fed probiotic mix than control, with no significant effect on PCV, lymphocyte, eosinophill and neutrophill count. Blood glucose, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, BUN and serum creatinine values were statistically higher in probiotic mix supplemented animals. Lambs fed with probiotics show significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides with increment of HDL-cholesterol than animals fed unsupplemented diet, with no effect on enzyme activities of liver enzymes. The lambs fed on probiotic mix shows significant reduction in faecal shedding of E. coli and total coliform with firm pellets faecal consistency. Probiotic mix has great potential to beneficially affect the haemato-biochemical parameters and gut micro-flora and hence improve physiological health status of animals.

Observations on the Activities of Certain Serum Enzymes and Levels of Some Biochemical Parameters in Spent Horses with Liver Damage

Clinical biochemistry tests are one of the tests designed to assess the functional status of the liver in domestic animals and man. This study evaluated the activities of some serum enzymes and the level of some biochemical parameters in horses with acute and chronic liver damage. This study was carried out in Nigerian horses presented for sale at the Obollo Afor horse depot, Udenu Local Government Area, Enugu State Nigeria. A total of 100 adult Nigerian horses of either sex were studied once a week for a period of 24 weeks. Serum biochemistry parameters indicated for the assessment of liver function were evaluated following standard procedures. These parameters include: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total proteins, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol, total bilirubin and urea. Based on the outcome of the serum biochemistry evaluation, the horses were assigned into 3 groups namely: apparently healthy horses (Group 1), horses with biochemical markers of acute liver damage (Group 2) and horses with biochemical markers of chronic liver damage (Group 3). The mean serum ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin values of group 2 horses were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher than those of groups 1 and 3 horses. The mean serum albumin value of group 2 horses was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower than that of groups 1 and 3 horses. There was no significant (p &gt; 0.05) difference in the mean serum urea value of group 2 and 3. A significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower serum creatinine value was observed in group 2 horses. There were no significant (p &gt; 0.05) differences in the mean serum total protein, globulin and cholesterol values across the groups. In the spent horses, acute liver damage was characterized by increased serum ALT, AST and ALP activities, and decrease in creatinine level, hyperbilirubinemia, slight hypoalbuminemia, normal total protein, globulin and cholesterol levels while chronic liver damage was characterized by decreased serum ALT activity, normal serum AST and ALP activities, decreased serum urea level, normal total protein, albumin, globulin, total bilirubin and cholesterol levels.

Implementation of different feed withdrawal times and water temperatures in managing turkeys during heat stress.

This investigation studied the effects of different feed withdrawal times, water temperatures, and their interaction on growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, and health aspects of native turkeys (Egyptian local breed). We distributed native turkey poults (n = 180; 4 wk old) into 3 groups according to feed withdrawal time (ad libitum; feed withdrawal from 800 to 1,400h, FW8 to 14; and feed withdrawal from 1,400 to 2,000h, FW14 to 20). Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups corresponding to water temperature (ordinary and chilled water). Our results indicated that birds of FW14 to 20 exhibited the highest (P = 0.0001) body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG), whereas turkeys that drank chilled water displayed a higher BW than those that drank ordinary water. Turkeys that were kept under FW8 to 14 and drank chilled water displayed the highest BW at marketing and ADG from 4 to 16 wk of age. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was exhibited in turkeys kept off feed under the FW14 to 20 regime. Birds that were kept under FW14 to 20 and received chilled water showed the lowest FCR. The meat color scores of the birds that drank chilled water were higher than those that drank ordinary water, whereas birds kept off feed under the FW14 to 20 regime displayed the highest tenderness and juiciness, followed by those fed ad libitum. Turkeys reared under FW14 to 20 exhibited the highest albumin/globulin ratio and glucose content but the lowest globulin and aspartate transaminase (AST) values. Birds that were kept under FW14 to 20 and drank chilled water displayed the lowest corticosterone concentration. Turkeys reared under FW14 to 20 presented the lowest body temperature. Birds that drank chilled water exhibited a lower body temperature than those that drank ordinary water. Turkeys that were fed ad libitum and drank chilled water displayed the lowest body temperature. Conclusively, applying feed withdrawal and cold water had benefits in turkeys during heat stress. Applying these treatments as managerial alternatives for raising native turkeys during the summer season is highly recommended.

Hematology and serum biochemistry of growing New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits administered Panax ginseng extracts

This study was conducted to evaluate the hematological and serum biochemical parameters of growing New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits administered Panax ginseng extracts (PGEs). A total of 48 NZW growing male (M) and female (F) rabbits (24 each) were used and the experiment lasted for 28 days. It was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), made up of T1 (0.0 mg/ml of PGEs), T2 (200.0 mg/ml of PGEs), and T3 (400.0 mg/ml of PGEs) which was replicated thrice and sex served as the block. Packed cell volume (PCV) (34.03%), red blood cell (RBC) (5.52 × 106/μl), white blood cell (WBC) (7.60 × 103/μl), and heterophil (34.00%) counts of the growing male NZW rabbits were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in MT3 rabbits. PGEs positively affected mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of the male rabbits which recorded a significantly (P < 0.05) higher value in MT3 (400.0 mg/ml of PGEs), but negatively affected the female rabbits which recorded a significantly (P < 0.05) higher value in FT1 (0.0 mg/ml of PGEs). Total protein values were significantly (P < 0.05) different among the experimental rabbits, with the lowest value obtained from FT3 (4.58 g/dl) rabbits. Globulin values of the rabbits were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in MT3 and FT3 rabbits. Serum cholesterol of the experimental rabbits were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in PGE-treated rabbits (MT2, MT3, FT2, and FT3). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) values of the growing female NZW rabbits were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in PGE-treated female rabbits. The result of this study suggests improved PCV, RBC, and cellular immunity in growing male NZW rabbits. It also suggests that PGEs have an anti-cholesterolemic effect on both male and female growing NZW rabbits.

USING DRIED LEFTOVER FOODS AS UNTRADITIONAL FEED IN MUSCOVY DUCK DIETS

The current work was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary leftover food inclusion on growth performance, carcass traits and some blood biochemical parameters of Muscovy ducks. Thirty six (36) two-week old ducks (average weight 393.2 g) were obtained from local commercial source and randomly distributed into 4 groups (9ducks/each). In the first group, ducklings were fed ad-libitum on grower-finisher control diet (diet 1), while birds in the second, third and fourth groups fed on diets containing 10%, 20% and 30% leftover food, respectively (diets 2, 3, 4). The experimental diets were formulated in a mash form (yellow corn, soybean meal, wheat bran and sunflower oil) to meet the minimum nutrient requirements cited by NRC (1994) for ducks. Ducklings were fed according to one phase feeding program (grower- finisher, 14- 70 days). Growth performance, carcass traits and some blood biochemical parameters were assessed. The results showed that, ducks fed on diets containing 10, 20, 30% leftover food achieved significantly (p < 0.05) higher body weight gain (3084.2±30.3, 3141.5±30.8, 3169.0±29.1 g), respectively compared with the control (2945.2±22.3g) with lower feed intake. Highest weight gain averages with best feed conversion (3.22, 3.14, and 3.11) respectively compared with the control. The highest dressing percentage was recorded in ducks fed on diet containing 30% leftover food (79.3%), while the lowest was observed in control group (75.6%). Addition of leftover food to duck diets had no significant effect (p < 0.05) on the weights of internal organ. Total serum protein, albumin and globulin values were decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by increasing the level of dietary leftover food. Inclusion of leftover food to duck diets increase significantly (p < 0.05) triglycerides and had no significant effect on serum cholesterol. Results of the current study concluded that, the best growth performance and economical feed efficiency was observed in ducks fed on diet containing 30% leftover food which surpassing all treated groups and achieved the best body weight gain.

Serum biochemical profile of Pêga breed donkeys in the state of Minas Gerais

ABSTRACT: For the evaluation of serum biochemical parameters of Pêga breed donkeys (Equus asinus), for the different age groups and sex, blood samples of 123 animals were analyzed, of 29 males aged from 8 days to 10 years and of 94 females (15 lactating) aged from 2 days to 12 years, from two farms in the central-southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The donkeys were divided by age into 5 groups: Group 1 (≤6 months), Group 2 (7-12 months), Group 3 (13-48 months), Group 4 (49-72 months), and Group 5 (≥73 months). According to the sex, they were divided into two groups, males and females. Serum biochemical elements: total protein, albumin, globulin, the A:G ratio, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, creatinine, urea, phosphorus, calcium, Ca:P ratio, magnesium, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and creatine kinase (CK), were evaluated in all animals. No significant differences were found for globulins, uric acid, urea and A:G ratio between age groups. Group 4 showed the highest values for total protein when compared with animals in Group 1 and 2. In Goup 2, the donkeys showed albumin levels lower than Group 3 and 4. Group 1 they had cholesterol levels higher than those in Group 2 and 4, and similar of the other groups. Higher phosphorus serum concentration was observed in Group 1. Calcium was significantly lower in Group 2. The Ca:P ratio was higher for Group 5. The magnesium values were significantly higher in donkeys older than 49 months (Group 4 and 5). The value of AST was lower for group 1. The ALP enzyme was significantly higher in younger animals up to 12 months, followed by gradual decrease with advancing age. The values of GGT were higher in donkeys up to 6 months, followed by decreasing values for subsequent groups. No differences were found between genders for albumin, cholesterol, creatinine, urea, uric acid, Ca:P ratio, magnesium, ALT, AST, and alkaline phosphatase. Females had higher values for total protein, globulin and triglycerides. Males showed higher values for A:G ratio, phosphorus, calcium and CK. The results showed that age and sex can influence serum biochemical values of Pêga breed donkeys.

Trans-cinnamic acid application for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): I. Effects on haematological, serum biochemical, non-specific immune and head kidney gene expression responses

The present study investigated the effects of dietary trans-cinnamic acid (CA) on pre- and post-challenge haematological, serum biochemical, non-specific immune and head kidney gene expression responses of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss juveniles. In this regard, fish with an average weight of 17.01 ± 0.05 g were divided into five groups, and fed daily with an additive free basal diet (control); 250, 500, 750 or 1500 mg kg−1 CA for a 60-day period. Fish were sampled every 20 days during the experiment. On days 20, 40 and 60 (the pre-challenge period), the dietary CA especially at 250 and/or 500 mg kg−1 significantly increased blood granulocyte percentage, and serum total protein, globulin, lysozyme and total immunoglobulin values. Furthermore, dietary CA increased activities of phagocytic activity, respiratory burst and potential killing, and increased the expression levels of immune related genes [serum amyloid A (SAA), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 1, beta (IL-1β), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and immunoglobulin T (IgT)] in the head kidney of fish fed with 250 and/or 500 mg kg−1 CA. Following 60 days of feeding, fish were challenged with Yersinia ruckeri and mortality was recorded for 20 days. Highest percentage survival (%) rate was found in the 250 and/or 500 mg kg−1 CA-supplemented feeding groups. During the post-challenge period, red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit (%), respiratory burst activity, and total antiprotease activity increased in fish fed with feed containing 500 mg kg−1 content. Moreover, markedly up-regulated the expression of related genes (SAA, IL-8, IL-1β, TGF-β, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IgM) in fish fed 250, 500 and/or 750 mg kg−1 CA. Therefore, feeding O. mykiss for 60 days with dietary CA at 250–500 mg kg−1 CA incorporation levels can be suggested as optimal to enhance the immunity and disease resistance against Y. ruckeri.

Hypergammaglobulinemia is a strong predictor of disease progression, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death in patients with compensated cirrhosis.

The outcome of compensated cirrhosis may vary considerably and cannot be predicted by routinely performed tests at present. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible predictors of clinical evolution in patients with Child-Pugh (C-P) class A cirrhosis because of untreatable causes by analysing clinical/biochemical/instrumental parameters evaluated at the time of diagnosis and during the subsequent long-lasting follow-up. Two hundred and seventy-two consecutive C-P class A cirrhotic patients (155 males; median age 63years, range 34-81) were analysed. All patients were followed up for a median time of 96months (range 21-144) through periodically performed clinical/biochemical/ultrasonographic and esophagogastroduodenoscopic examinations. During the follow-up, 97 individuals (36%) were clinically stable, 104 (38%) developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 71 (26%) progressed towards C-P class B/C without developing cancer. One hundred and thirty-one patients (48%) died or underwent liver transplantation. Multivariate regression analysis showed that clinical stability was significantly associated with older age (P<.001), the absence of diabetes (P=.04) and of oesophageal varices (P<.001), serum albumin >3.5 gr/dL (P=.01) and gamma globulin <1.8gr/dL (P=.01). HCC development was significantly associated with younger age (P=.01) and serum gamma globulin values ≥1.8 gr/dL (P<.001). C-P score progression was associated with oesophageal varices (P<.001), lower serum albumin (P=.03) and cholesterol (P=.01) values, and hypergammaglobulinemia (P=.02). Death was associated with younger age (P<.001) and hypergammaglobulinemia (P=.01). Multivariate Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier's survival test confirmed that gammaglobulinemia ≥1.8 g/dL was a significant predictor of death (P<.02, and P<.01 respectively). Hypergammaglobulinemia identifies C-P class A cirrhotic patients at higher risk of disease progression, HCC development and death.

Role of Silymarin in Restoring the Deleterious Effects induced by Dexamethasone in Male Rats

Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of Silymarin on deleterious effects of dexamethasone on hepatic and renal functions tests, hematological parameters and histopathological changes of some organs in male rats. Twenty four mature male rats were used and divided equally into 4 groups .The first group was daily administered with distilled water (2ml/kg. b.wt) orally by stomach tube and saline (2ml/kg. b.wt) i/m twice weekly with 72 hrs interval .The second group was daily administered with silymarin ( 50mg/kg b.wt.), given orally by stomach tube. The third group was treated with dexamethasone sodium phosphate (0.25mg/kg. b.wt) intramuscularly twice weekly with 72 hrs interval .The fourth group was treated with dexamethasone sodium phosphate by the same dose concomitantly with daily administration of silymarin .The treatment was done for one month .The obtained results showed that i.m. injection of dexamethasone induced a significant (P≤ 0.05) increase in serum levels of alanine amino transfers (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ,triglycerides , malondaldahyde (MDA), urea and creatinine .While, it induced a significant (P≤ 0.05) decrease in serum total protein , globulin values, total cholesterol, total antioxidant capacity ,Red blood corpuscles count (RBCs ), white blood cell count (WBCs), packed cell volume (PCV%) , also, it induced eosinopenia ,lymphocytopenia and neutrophilia .Moreover, dexamethasone induced histopathological changes on liver , kidney , spleen and lymph node . While, administration of silymarin concomitantly with dexamethasone induced marked improvement in all previous biochemical and hematogical parameters induced by dexamethasone in male albino rats. It could be concluded that dexamethasone induced hazard effects on blood picture, hepatic and renal function testes .While, silymarin could be successed to ameliorate these effects in male albino rats.

Efficacy of Herbal Liver Tonic (Superliv) in Improving Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization, Carcass Traits and Economics of Broiler Chicken

The investigation was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of herbal liver tonic (Superliv in improving growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass qualities and economics of broilers. The study was carried out on 375 one day-old commercial Vencobb400 broiler straight run chicks. The chicks were weighed and distributed randomly into three treatment groups viz, A, B, and C with five replications of 25 chicks in each replicate. For treatment group A ration was prepared as per BIS (2007) and for treatment group B ration was formulated with reduced energy (2.5%) with supplementation of Superliv @ 500gm/tonne. Similarly, for treatment group C ration was formulated with reduced energy (5%) with supplementation of Superliv. @500gm/tonne. The findings with cumulative body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR and mortality for different treatments groups were found to be non-significant. There were non-significant differences among the treatment groups with respect to edible carcass yield, breast yield, heart, liver, gizzard, giblet weight. There were significant decrease in the values of SGOT and SGPT in Superliv supplemented groups at 42nd day. Significantly higher values for total serum protein and globulin at 42nd day for Superliv supplemented groups were noticed, however, the values for albumin for different groups were found to be non-significant. Significant improvement in the percent metabolizable energy and protein retention values in 2.5% energy reduction and supplementation of Superliv were recorded. An improvement in the percentage (%) retention of phosphorus was noticed in herbal liver tonic (Superliv) supplemented groups. It was concluded that Superliv @ 500 gm/tonne of feed was used efficiently for compensating the negative impact of decreased energy values in feed of broiler thereby improving the growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass traits and economics of broiler production without any adverse effect on health of broilers.

IMPACT OF NANO-ZINC OXIDE SUPPLEMENTATION ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF EWES AND OFFSPRING

ABSTRACTThis study conducted to evaluate the effect of zinc element, either in Large particles (LP-Zn) or Nano particles (NP-Zn)] forms, as a feed supplement in rations of Ossimi ewes on feed intake, digestibility, feeding value, milk yield and offspring performance. Fifteen ewes used before lambing. They averaged 39.37±0.64 kg live body weight and aged 3-4 years. Animal allotted randomly into three similar groups (5 animals each) to receive one of the experimental diets. The control ration (CR) consisted of concentrate feed mixture (CFM), Berseem hegazi hay (BHH) and rice straw (RS). The two tested groups fed the same control ration supplemented either with 10 mg large size particles of zinc (LP-Zn) or 5 mg nano particles of zinc (NP-Zn) per kg CFM, G2 and G3 respectively.Results indicated that digestibility of most nutrients (DM, OM, CF and NFE) were significantly the highest with NP-Zn ration in comparison with other treatments. Similar trends observed with TDN and DCP values among treatments. Percentage of body weight changes during experimental period increased (P<0.05) by 4.96 and 12.54 % for ewes treated by LP-Zn and NP-Zn, respectively. In addition, the feed intake calculated as DMI, TDN and DCP were significantly higher with NP-Zn ration than other ones. Actual daily milk yield (ADMY) and 6% fat corrected milk yield (FCMY) were higher for both tested rations (LP-Zn & NP-Zn) than control, with superiority of NP-Zn ration. Data indicated that supplementation of diet with NP-Zn affected positively (P<0.01) the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, prolactin, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxin (T4) concentrations at 15, 45 and 75 days post-lambing in comparison to control group for ewes and their lambs. Also, concentration of immunoglobulin (IgG) in serum samples of ewes and their lambs recorded the highest values with NP-Zn group. Serum total protein, albumin, globulin and glucose values in NP-Zn group recorded the highest values, followed by LP-Zn group, while control group had the lowest, either for ewes or suckling lambs. Serum AST, ALT and urea measurements were within the normal range for healthy sheep.It conclude that small amount of zinc in nano size, could replace zinc in normal size without any side effects on animal performance. In addition, zinc supplementation could improve nutrients digestibility, feed conversion, milk production and some related serum biochemical indicators.

Effect of Replacement of Maize with Dry Bakery Waste in Broiler Diet

An experiment was conducted on 240 day-old broiler chicks for a period of six weeks in which the chicks were randomly divided into four equal groups viz Control (C), T1, T2 and T3 comprising of 60 birds each with three replicates of 20 birds in each group.The birds from group C received Corn- Soybean meal based diet, the birds from group T1, T2 and T3 received diet in which maize was replaced with dry bakery waste (DBW) at 20, 40 and 60% level, respectively. The final live body weight, total gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, average dressing percentage, giblet weight, serum albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL values for group C, T1, T2 and T3were comparable, however, average serum HDL values were significantly lower in T1 and T2 than Control. Highest net profit per kg of bird were recorded in Group T3 .

Chest HRCT findings in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome.

Pulmonary manifestations (PMs) in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) are among the most frequent extraglandular complications, with reported prevalence varying widely (9-75%), depending on the methods of detection. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of PMs in pSS and to determine the factors predisposing to the occurrence of this complication. The study group consisted of 68 patients with pSS. Among the patients who were possibly affected by PMs, chest High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) was performed. In the group of all patients afflicted with pSS, 30 people indicated the need to expand medical imaging via chest HRCT scan. (The most frequent reason, in 80%, was persistent, dry cough periodically waking up patients at night). The chest HRCT scan revealed lung tissue changes in the course of 29% of all examined patients (of 68). No correlation was found between the occurrence of HRCT changes and the age of patients (p = 0.8), increased CRP > 5 mg/1 (p = 0.1) or ESR > 20 mm/h (p = 0.9), focus score (p = 0.8), leucopenia (p = 0.5), RF value (p = 0.3), gamma globulin value (p = 0.5), intensity of eye and oral cavity dryness (p = 0.6; 0.3) and smoking cigarettes. Additionally, no correlation was found between more frequent occurrences of antibodies anti-SSA, anti-SSB or anti-Ro52 and HRCT changes (p = 0.3; 0.07; 0.4). Pertaining to the clinical signs, HRCT changes occurred more often only in patients suffering from peripheral arthritis (p < 0.01). PM is a frequent symptom of pSS. A factor predisposing to the development of changes in the respiratory system was not found. Changes in HRCT occur more frequently in patients with peripheral arthritis.

Nutriceutical effects of fermented &lt;em&gt;Parkia biglobosa&lt;/em&gt; seeds on recovery of malnourished rats

Parkia biglobosa seeds or African locust beans (ALB) were evaluated in the recovery of malnourished rats. Thirty apparently healthy rats of weight range (120-150g) were experimented after dividing them into five groups, A to E. The animals in Group A which served as control were placed on a balanced diet; group B placed on protein deficient diet by the reducing the daily average diet with no supplements while the animals in groups C, D and E were placed on protein deficient diet by the decrease reducing the average daily required diet supplemented with 10, 20 and 30% ALB respectively. The ALB proximate analysis showed high percentage of total protein and crude lipid. It also consisted of vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, C, D, E and lycopene. Other biochemical parameters analyzed were glucose, total protein, globulin, albumin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, urea and Na2+, Cl-, K+ and HCO3- respectively. The results showed that rats in group D and E had significantly higher (P<0.05) total protein and globulin values when compared to the non-supplemented (control) B. The animals in group D and E also showed higher percentage weight gains (P<0.05) when compared to the group B (control). The phytochemical analysis of fermented ALB showed the presence of alkaloids, cardenolides and saponins. The proximate and nutritional compositions of ALB could be the reason for its nutriceutical effects. Conclusively, the fermented Parkia biglobosa seeds when properly processed could serve as a supplement for treating malnutrition.

Extraction technique influences the physico-chemical characteristics and functional properties of edible crickets (Acheta domesticus) protein concentrate

Protein extracts from edible insects have not been exploited fully in product development due to limited information on extraction and functionality of the protein extracts. Therefore there was a need to evaluate the effect of selected protein extraction methods on the physico-chemical characteristics and functional properties of extracted proteins. Farmed edible crickets were obtained from JKUAT farm in Kenya, freeze dried and ground to powder. The proteins were extracted using two methods namely; hexane and aqueous extraction. Yield was determined gravimetrically and colour by colourimetric method. The crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, crude ash and available carbohydrates were determined using standard analytical methods. Protein digestibility was determined using enzymatic digestion methods while protein fractions were extracted and quantified gravimetrically. The water holding capacity was determined using standard AACC procedure. Emulsion capacity and stability, foaming capacity and foam stability were also investigated. HE recorded the highest yield. Lightness and hue angle were significantly affected by the extraction method with hexane extraction recording higher values compared to aqueous extraction (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0003). The proximate components except crude fiber were affected by the extraction method. Aqueous extraction recorded significantly higher values for globulin (19.42%), prolamin (6.26%) and glutelin (10.10%) (P < 0.0001). There was no significance difference in water holding capacity and oil adsorption capacity. However AE precipitate recorded higher values for emulsion capacity (41.70%), emulsion stability (33.61%), foaming capacity (11.11%) and foam stability (10.15%). Extraction methods had an effect on physio- chemical and functional characteristics of the protein concentrates.

Performance and serum chemistry profile of lambs fed on rations with increasing levels of urea

Feed intake and efficiency, animal performance, and protein and energy metabolism were studied in lambs that were fed on increasing levels of urea (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of dry matter [DM]). A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments (urea levels) and six replicates. The lambs were fed ad libitum for 56 days until they reached an average body weight of 35 kg. The rations were composed of 34% Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.) and 66% concentrate. Crude protein (CP) constituted 17% of the diet on a dry matter basis, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) accounted for 65%, on average. The dry matter intake (DMI) and crude protein intake (CPI) were not influenced by the urea levels in the diet, presenting average values of 1.175 and 0.206 kg animal-1 day-1, respectively. The average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and gross feed efficiency (GFE) were also not influenced by urea levels (0.225 kg day-1, 5.33 kg DM kg gain-1 and 0.195 kg gain kg DM-1, respectively). Except for urea and glucose concentrations, blood parameters did not change with increasing urea in the diets. The mean values for total protein, albumin, globulin and creatinine in the serum were 7.11 g dL-1, 3.36 g dL-1, 3.75 g dL-1 and 0.91 mg dL-1, respectively. Serum urea decreased linearly and serum glucose increased linearly with urea levels in the diet. The addition of 1.5% of urea to the diets did not change feed intake and efficiency or animal performance, and did not cause metabolic disorders in feedlot lambs in the finishing phase.

The Haematology and Serum Biochemistry Profile of Adult Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The present study established the reference values and sex differences in the erythrocytic and serum biochemistry parameters of domestic adult quails (Coturnix coturnix). Ninety five adult birds, comprising of 42 males and 53 female Japanese quails were sampled using a simple random sampling technique. Standard procedures were carried out in all haematology and serum biochemistry determinations. The overall mean for the erythrocytic and serum biochemistry parameters were as follows: packed cell volume (PCV) 43.11%, red blood cell count (RBC) 4.31 × 106/µl, haemoglobin concentration (Hbc) 16.21 g/dl, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 100.69 fl, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) 39.17 pg, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 39.35 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 59.99 IU/L, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 20.85 IU/L, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 107.54 IU/L, total proteins (TP) 5.19 g/dl, albumin (ALB) 3.25 g/dl, globulin (GLB) 1.94 g/dl, albumin: globulin 1.73, total cholesterol (TCHOL) 146.69 mg/dl, total bilirubin (TBIL) 2.37 mg/dl, uric acid (UA) 16.02 mg/dl and creatinine (CREAT) 0.44 mg/dl. The PCV of the males were significantly higher than that of the females, while the MCH and MCHC of the females were significantly higher than those of the males. The serum total proteins, albumin, globulin, uric acid, creatinine, and total cholesterol values of the female quails were higher than those of the male quails. The present data might be useful to avian specialists and veterinary clinicians, but more research works should be carried out on quails to increase the information data base, especially in the tropics.