Global Warming Conditions Research Articles

Carbonate factories and their critical control on the geometry of carbonate platforms (mid-Cretaceous, southern Iran)

Tropical rimmed platforms represent a much more efficient protection from coastal erosion than carbonate ramps. Understanding the controlling factors of platform geometry is therefore crucial to predict the fate of rimmed platforms under global-warming conditions. Here, we present detailed biostratigraphic, sedimentological, geochemical, and high-resolution carbon-isotope analyses of mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) carbonate rocks well exposed in the Khormoj section located in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran. Sixteen microfacies were identified, allowing us to define the superposition of different platform geometries, a carbonate ramp in the Albian and a rimmed platform in the Cenomanian. Biostratigraphic and carbon-isotope analyses allowed us to identify the OAE1b, OAE1d, and Middle Cenomanian events in the Khormoj section. The paleodepth changes documented by carbonate microfacies testify to two transgressive events that can be correlated with long-term eustatic curves during the ramp stage. The Albian ramp was formed by orbitolinids under high siliciclastic input whereas the Cenomanian rimmed platform was built by rudists during clear water conditions. These two carbonate factories have drastic different carbonate sedimentation modes. The orbitolinid factory is characterized by a low carbonate production rate and fine carbonate grains resulting in ramp geometry, whereas the rudist factory is characterized by a high carbonate production rate and coarse carbonate grains leading to a rimmed platform geometry.

კატასტროფული წყალმოვარდნები ქ. თბილისის მიდამოებში

Catastrophic floods of the river are described. Kura and its tributaries, which caused enormous damage and casualties. It is noted that the increase in damage is caused by an increase in the frequency of high rains, strong anthropogenic changes in the underlying surface, as well as a decrease in the infiltration capacity of the soil and the water permeability of river channels. Under the conditions of global warming, the expected increase in the intensity of precipitation will cause more frequent catastrophic floods. In order to ensure safety and reduce losses, appropriate preventive measures should be taken.

Impacts of weather conditions on the US commodity markets systemic interdependence across multi-timescales

This study analyses the role of weather conditions in driving the interdependence of the US commodities system comprising energy, agricultural, and metal markets from January 2000 to October 2021. By measuring the commodity markets systemic interdependence through dynamic equicorrelation (DECO), total returns spillover (TRS), upside and downside tail risk spillover (UTRS/DTRS), we investigate the co-vary dynamics between weather conditions and interdependence of commodity system in time-frequency domains. We discover that low temperature level plays a significant role in leading the commodities DECO at 32–64 months time scale. It is shown that high temperature level, global horizontal irradiance, and wind speed acts as an important part in driving TRS at around 64-month time scale. We also find that high temperature level and global warming conditions have a negative leading influence on UTRS at 32–64 months time scale whilst cloud coverage, precipitation and runoff have a positive leading impact on the UTRS at the same time scale. Moreover, temperature is found to lead the change of DTRS at around 64-month time scale persistently throughout the sample period. Through incorporating heterogeneous investment horizons, our findings provide practical implications for commodity investors in adapting to climate change.

Theoretical and Experimental Studies of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Methanesulfonate Ionic Liquid

The intimidating level of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere responsible for global warming and erratic weather conditions needs to be addressed on a priority basis. Different kinds of materials were used to capture CO2 to curtail the alarming and drastic effects of global warming. An ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate [C4mim][CH3SO3] was chosen, owing to its unique and efficient characteristics required for CO2 capture. Thermos-physical characteristics such as sigma surface, sigma profile, and sigma potential are calculated from the COSMO-RS model independent of any kind of experimental or coefficient data as an input. The mandatory information required for the interaction of IL with CO2 was obtained from this model. The COSMO-RS model depends upon unimolecular quantum chemical analysis associated with statistical thermodynamics, molecular structure, and conformation. The structural confirmation of [C4mim][CH3SO3] IL was performed by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopic methods. Spectrochemical properties are calculated by FTIR, NMR, UV-visible, and fluorescence. Maximum CO2 solubility performed at room temperature (RT) and 45 bar was found to be ~2.7 mmol/g. The uptake of CO2 indicates the presence of sulphur-functionalized anions and bulky alkyl groups in IL’s significant affinity towards CO2. According to hysteresis-based classification, CO2 sorption and desorption follows type H3 classification, which indicates the presence of microporous and mesoporous in the IL sample. The effect of functionalized anions and alkyl groups on CO2 capture is highlighted in this study. The present study is aimed at providing a detailed overview related to theoretical and experimental study and application in terms of CO2 capture of IL.

Soil cooling can improve maize root-shoot growth and grain yield in warm climate

Global warming causes topsoil temperatures to increase, which potentially leads to maize yield loss. We explored the effects of soil warming/cooling on root-shoot growth and maize grain yields by performing pot experiments with a heat-sensitive maize hybrid (HS208) and a normal maize hybrid (SD609) in warm temperate climate in 2019 and 2020. Our results reveal, for the first time, differences in root characteristics, leaf photosynthetic physiology, and yield responses to soil warming and cooling between normal and heat-sensitive maize varieties under a warm temperate climate. Soil warming (+2 and 4 °C) inhibited whole root growth by decreasing root length, volume, and dry mass weight, which indirectly reduced leaf photosynthetic capacity and decreased grain yield/plant by 15.10–24.10% versus control plants exposed to ambient temperature. Soil cooling (−2 °C) promoted root growth and leaf photosynthesis, and significantly increased grain yield of HS208 by 12.61%, although no significant change was found with SD609. It can be seen that under unfavorable conditions of global warming, selection of excellent stress-resistant hybrids plays an important role in alleviating the soil heat stress of maize in warm temperate climate regions.

A novel fine-resolution snow depth retrieval model to reveal detailed spatiotemporal patterns of snow cover in Northeast China

ABSTRACT Seasonal snow cover is a key component of the global climate and hydrological system, it has drawn considerable attention under global warming conditions. Although several passive microwave (PMW) snow depth (SD) products have been developed since the 1970s, they inherit noticeable errors and uncertainties when representing spatial distributions and temporal changes of SD, especially in complex mountainous regions. In this paper, we developed a fine-resolution SD retrieval model (FSDM) using machine learning to improve SD estimation quality for Northeast China and produced a long-term, fine-resolution, daily SD dataset. The accuracies of the FSDM dataset were evaluated against in-situ SD data along with existing SD products. The results showed the FSDM dataset provided satisfactory inversion accuracy in spatiotemporal evaluation, with the root-mean-square error (RMSE), bias, and correlation coefficient (R) of 7.10 cm, −0.13 cm, and 0.60. Additionally, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variations of SD in Northeast China and found that snow cover was mainly distributed in the Greater Khingan Range, Lesser Khingan Mountains, and Changbai Mountain regions. The SD exhibited high-low distribution patterns with the increased latitude. The annual mean SD slightly increased at the rate of 0.029 cm/year during 1987-2018.

Geochemical Records of the Late Glacial and Holocene Paleoenvironmental Changes from the Lake Kaskadnoe-1 Sediments (East Sayan Mountains, South Siberia)

Long-term and continuous lake sedimentary records offer enormous potential for interpreting paleoenvironmental histories and for understanding how terrestrial environments might respond to current global warming conditions. However, sedimentary records that contain the Late Glacial and Holocene epochs are scarce in deep continental high-mountain regions. A 150 cm sediment core was obtained from Lake Kaskadnoe-1 in the East Sayan Mountains (South Siberia, Russia, 2080 m above sea level), containing a unique record of the last 13,200 calibrated years (cal yr). Chronological control was obtained by AMS 14C dating. Here, we show the first detailed X-ray fluorescence (XRF) geochemical record, with the goal of broadening our knowledge of the paleoenvironmental history of the East Sayan Mountains in the past. The determination of major compounds and trace elements (Sr, Zr) was performed from each centimeter of the Lake Kaskadnoe-1 sediment core. The inorganic geochemistry indicates significant variations in elemental composition between two major lithological units of the sediment core: the Late Glacial dense grey silty clay (150–144 cm), and the upper interval (0–143 cm) mostly consisted of dark biogenic-terrigenous silt, accumulated during the Holocene. The Late Glacial sediments accumulated 13,200–12,800 cal yr BP are characterized by high values of CIA, Mg/Al, K/Al, and Mn/Fe, and are depleted in Si/Al, Fe/Al, and Ca/Al. During the Younger Dryas cold episode, LOI enrichment was probably caused by the presence of less oxic conditions, as seen in lower Mn/Fe values, due to a longer period of lake ice-cover. The Early Holocene (12,000–7500 cal yr BP) is associated with a decreasing trend of mineral matter with fluvial transport to Lake Kaskadnoe-1 (low K/Al, Mg/Al) and stronger chemical weathering in the lake basin. The increase in Ti/Al, K/Al and CIA values over the last 7500 years suggests an increase in the terrigenous input into the lake. Low LOI values can be possibly explained by the presence of less dense vegetation cover in the basin. In summary, our data indicate that the geochemical indices and selected elemental ratios mirror the sedimentation conditions that were triggered by environmental and climate changes during the Late Glacial and Holocene.

Classification and Causes of East Asian Marine Heatwaves during Boreal Summer

Abstract Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are among the most severe climatic events under global warming conditions; they damage marine ecosystems and result in socioeconomic losses. In East Asia, the sea surface temperature (SST) has increased significantly and is projected to increase further. Considering such increases in SST over East Asia, studies on MHWs are needed to minimize the damage caused. In this study, we classified the spatiotemporal characteristics of East Asian MHWs during boreal summer with a self-organizing map for 39 years (1982–2020) and determined their unexplored possible mechanisms. Four dominant modes of MHWs across East Asia were identified: the 1) Subtropical Gyre, 2) East China Sea, 3) East Sea/Japan Sea, and 4) Yellow Sea modes. The total annual number of MHW days has increased by about 1.23 days yr−1. The significant trend is mainly determined by the Subtropical Gyre mode, whereas other modes do not exhibit significant trends. We found that the East China Sea mode could be attributed to a strong East Asian summer monsoon via ocean stratification by the low-salinity water from the Yangtze (Changjiang) River. The East Sea/Japan Sea and Yellow Sea modes could be linked to remote forcings over the subtropics, leading to persistent anticyclonic circulation over East Asia. The anomalous anticyclone contributed to the MHW occurrences by enhancing downward shortwave radiation and reducing entrainment cooling caused by Ekman downwelling. These findings have important implications for distinguishing the characteristics of East Asian MHWs and reveal the possibility of predicting them by identifying their precursors. Significance Statement This study aimed to better understand East Asian marine heatwaves (MHWs) and their causes. We utilized a self-organizing map to classify four patterns of MHWs during boreal summer across East Asia—the Subtropical Gyre, East China Sea, East Sea/Japan Sea, and Yellow Sea modes. We found that enhanced shortwave radiation and latent heat flux play an important role in modulating MHWs in East Asia. A reduced vertical-mixing-amplified ocean warming, and the ocean dynamics drove different temporal evolutions of the MHWs among the four modes. We also identified the potential precursors, which would help in improving the future prediction of MHWs in East Asia.

An Autonomous Marine Mucilage Monitoring System

Mucilage bloom is a current issue, especially for countries in the Mediterranean Basin, due to economic activities and ecological effects. The main causes are increased nutrient load due to organic and industrial pollution in the sea, global warming, and meteorological conditions at a level that can trigger mucilage bloom. It is important to take permanent measures to combat the increased nutrient load causing mucilage. However, there are various actions that can be performed during the mucilage bloom period, especially the collection of mucilage on the sea surface. Surface vehicles can be used to monitor and collect mucilage on the sea surface. The aim of this study is to design an autonomous marine mucilage monitoring system for systems such as unmanned surface vehicles (USV). We suggest monitoring the risky Marmara Sea continuously and recording some of the key parameters using a USV. The onboard solution proposed in this study has an architect based on a three-tier mucilage monitoring system. In the first tier, the sea surface is scanned with camera(s) in a certain radius in real time. When mucilage-candidate areas are determined, the vehicle is directed to this region autonomously. In the second tier, seawater in the region is measured in real time with some onboard sensors, pH level, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen level. The third tier is where real samples at three different depths are collected (if possible) for detailed posterior lab analysis. We have compared image processing, CNN (ResNet50), kNN, SVM, and FFNN approaches and have shown that the accuracy of our proposed mucilage classification method offers better and more promising performance.

Assessing the detectability of European spruce bark beetle green attack in multispectral drone images with high spatial- and temporal resolutions

Detecting disease- or insect-infested forests as early as possible is a classic application of remote sensing. Under conditions of climate change and global warming, outbreaks of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus, L.) are threatening spruce forests and the related timber industry across Europe, and early detection of infestations is important for damage control. Infested trees without visible discoloration (green attack) have been identified using multispectral images, but how early green attacks can be detected is still unknown. This study aimed to determine when infested trees start to show an abnormal spectral response compared with healthy trees, and to quantify the detectability of infested trees during the infestation process. Pheromone bags were used to attract bark beetles in a controlled experiment, and subsequent infestations were assessed in the field on a weekly basis. In total, 977 trees were monitored, including 208 attacked trees. Multispectral drone images were obtained before and during the insect attacks, representing different periods of infestation. Individual tree crowns (ITC) were delineated by marker-controlled watershed segmentation, and the average reflectance of ITCs was analyzed based on the duration of infestation. The detectability of green attacks and driving factors were examined. We propose new Multiple Ratio Disease–Water Stress Indices (MR-DSWIs) as vegetation indices (VI) for detecting infestations. We defined a VI range of 5–95% as a healthy tree, and a VI value outside that range as an infested tree. Detection rates using multispectral images were always higher than discoloration rates observed in the field, and the newly proposed MR-DSWIs detected more infested trees than the established VIs. Infestations were detectable at 5 and 10 weeks after an attack at a rate of 15% and 90%, respectively, from the multispectral drone images. Weeks 5–10 of infestation therefore represent a suitable period for using the proposed methodology to map infestation at an early stage.

A heat transfer model for global warming

A heat transfer model for global warming was developed which included radiation transfer to the atmosphere and the earth. The model is based on the principles of heat transfer and well established engineering data and methods. Model results agree well with NASA data. From Hottel data, a method was developed for determining the emissivity of Carbon Dioxide and the emissivity of water vapor in the atmosphere as a function of concentration.The global warming conditions were determine for the Paris Limits, increases of 1.5° and 2 °C. The results show that Carbon Dioxide contributes 25% to the total temperature increase. Accounting for the reported accuracy in the emissivity of earth and the albedo, the most sensitivity solar parameters, the accuracy of the atmospheric temperature is outside the Paris Limits. The lease sensitivity solar parameter is the concentration of Carbon Dioxide. This is because at 300 ppm, the emissivity of CO2 is close to its maximum value. Carbon Dioxide is a major contributor to global temperature. However, since the emissivity of CO2 is close to its limit, additional increase in concentration will produce a small increase in atmospheric temperature.

Mutualisms in a warming world: How increased temperatures affect the outcomes of multi-mutualist interactions.

In nature, plant species simultaneously interact with many different mutualistic partners. These mutualists may influence one another through direct interference or indirectly by competing for shared reward resources or through alteration of plant traits. Together, these mutualists also may combine to affect plant hosts in ways that may not be predictable based on pairwise interactions. Given that the outcome of mutualistic interactions often depends on environmental conditions, multi-mutualist effects on one another, and their plant hosts may be affected by global changes. Here, we grew focal plants under simulated global warming conditions and manipulated the presence of partner mutualists to test how warming affects the outcome of interactions between focal plants and their partners (nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, ant defenders, and pollinators) and interactions among these partner mutualists. We find that warming alters the fitness benefits plants receive from rhizobium resource mutualists but not ant mutualists and that warming altered plant investment in all mutualists. We also find that mutualist partners interact, often by altering the availability of plant-produced rewards that facilitate interactions with other partners. Our work illustrates that global changes may affect some but not all mutualisms, often asymmetrically (e.g., affecting investment in the mutualist partner but not plant host benefits) and also highlights the ubiquity of interactions between the multiple mutualists associating with a shared host.

Evolution of pace-of-life syndrome under conditions of maternal PCB contamination and global warming in early life stages of cold stenothermic fish (Arctic char)

The end of the 20th century was characterised by rapid modifications of ecosystem functioning under different pressures (such as eutrophication and toxic pollution). Increasing temperatures in the context of global warming could have indirect consequences, such as increased bioavailability of hydrophobic organic pollutants amongst aquatic species. According to the “pace-of-life syndrome” (POLS) theory, these stressors could lead to covariations in many life traits. Lake Bourget is the largest natural lake in France and has been highly polluted from the fifties to the eighties both with a high load of nutrients (wastewater discharge) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (industrial effluent discharge). Despite improvements in water quality since the 21st century, PCB levels are still higher than the United States Environmental Protection Agency cut-off for wildlife protection. The population of Arctic char, a cold stenothermic salmonid, has remained low in Lake Bourget for the last ten years despite restocking efforts and complete re-oligotrophication. We hypothesised that PCB pollution can affect the Arctic char population and that the increase in water temperature could magnify the effects of PCB. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal PCB contamination on offspring using a multiparametric and multiscale approach. Female Arctic char were contaminated with PCB before spawning, and each fertilised spawn was incubated at two temperatures (4 and 8.5 °C). The results showed that co-exposure to increased temperature and maternal PCB contamination influenced biodemographic, physiological, and behavioural parameters. The effects were highly dependant on the developmental stage. Based on the POLS theory, a continuum of life traits that may reflect potential physiological and behavioural modifications in response to these concurrent stressors is highlighted

Effects of temperature on the autotrophic and mixotrophic growth rates of the dinoflagellate Biecheleria cincta and its spatiotemporal distributions under current temperature and global warming conditions

Effects of temperature on the autotrophic and mixotrophic growth rates of the dinoflagellate Biecheleria cincta and its spatiotemporal distributions under current temperature and global warming conditions

Dependence of strategic solar climate intervention on background scenario and model physics

Abstract. Model dependence in simulated responses to stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) is a major uncertainty surrounding the potential implementation of this solar climate intervention strategy. We identify and aim to understand the drivers of large differences in the aerosol mass latitudinal distributions between two recently produced climate model SAI large ensembles using two models from the same modeling center despite using similar climate targets and controller algorithms. Using a hierarchy of recently produced simulations, we identify three main contributors to the differences including (1) the rapid adjustment of clouds and rainfall to elevated levels of carbon dioxide, (2) the low-frequency dynamical responses in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, and (3) the contrasts in future background forcing scenarios. Each uncertainty is unlikely to be significantly narrowed over the likely timeframe of a potential SAI deployment if a 1.5 ∘C target of global warming over preindustrial conditions is to be met.

Progress on the Research of Future Projection of Global Ocean Wave and Storm Surge under Global Warming Condition

Progress on the Research of Future Projection of Global Ocean Wave and Storm Surge under Global Warming Condition

Modeled Implications of Global Warming Conditions on Precipitation Totals in Valley and Highland Areas of Nigeria

Modeled Implications of Global Warming Conditions on Precipitation Totals in Valley and Highland Areas of Nigeria

Why Does Arctic Sea Ice Respond More Evidently than Antarctic Sea Ice to Climate Change?

The current climate change episode has impacted sea ice in the 2 polar regions differently. In the Arctic, remarkable sea ice extent and thickness declines have been observed with a stunning depletion rate of old ice. No similar changes have been observed in the Antarctic. In this paper, the question posed in the title is addressed by reviewing findings retrieved from previous publications. The paper starts by identifying key geographic and climatic features and sea ice characteristics in the 2 polar regions and summarizing relevant recent records. It then proceeds by investigating interactions between sea ice and environmental factors, including atmospheric, oceanic, and dynamic aspects in each region, as well as the increasing number of icebergs in Antarctica. It is concluded that peculiarities of each polar region render the response to climate change differently. Researchers should not apply scenarios regarding the impacts of climate change on Arctic sea ice (i.e., retreat) to Antarctic sea ice. Instead of asking why Antarctic sea ice has not responded to climate change in the same way as Arctic ice, a more reasonable question could be why Arctic ice changes are yielding an annual cycle that resembles that of Antarctic ice. Under current global warming conditions, old ice entrapment within the Arctic basin is relaxed. This could result in Arctic sea ice becoming predominantly seasonal during winter and almost completely melted during summer, which is the current state of Antarctic sea ice.

Reproductive health under global warming

Reproductive health problems are attracting the attention of biomedical scientists in connection with changes in the environment. Climate change in the direction of rising temperatures is an urgent threat to human health with negative long-term effects. Under conditions of global warming, the number of negative consequences of pregnancy is increasing, namely idiopathic premature termination of pregnancy with the birth of premature newborns. The priority to reduce the negative health effects of climate change is to identify most sensitive risk groups to the negative impacts of climate change on health, which include pregnant women and newborns. The strategy to prevent and reduce changes in reproductive health is based on the recognition of global warming as a risk factor that contributes to the growth of premature birth and the associated adverse effects of pregnancy.

Examining the spatially varying effects of climatic and environmental pollution factors on the NDVI based on their spatially heterogeneous relationships in Bohai Rim, China

Variations in vegetation patterns can provide a scientific basis for assessing environmental quality and monitoring ecosystem dynamics under environmental pollution and global warming conditions. To evaluate the ecological environment of the Bohai Rim, Theil-Sen trend analysis, the Mann-Kendall (MK) test and the Hurst exponent were applied to analyze the patterns of variation in the vegetation coverage, climate factors (temperature, precipitation, relative humidity) and particulate matter and to assess sustainability in the near future. Fine particulate matter, also known as PM2.5 (PM2.5,μg/m3), refers to atmospheric particles with a diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 μm, also known as respirable particles. These not only lead to a decline in atmospheric visibility but also increase human mortality and respiratory disease rates. Given the spatiotemporal nonstationarity of climate factors and PM2.5, geographically weighted regression (GWR) was applied to confirm the spatially heterogeneous relationship among the vegetation coverage, climate factors and PM2.5. The vegetation coverage in the Bohai Rim was mostly comprised of slightly degraded areas, followed by unchanged areas, improved areas, and severely degraded areas from 2002 to 2017. The slightly degraded area accounted for 30.9 %, while 15.8 % of the area remained at the same level during the period, and 16.8 % improved. Slight degradation was mainly observed on agricultural lands and forests, whereas severely degraded areas were distributed among grasslands and wetlands. Approximately 20.9 % of the improved area, most of which was agricultural lands, forests and grasslands, continued to improve. Seasonal trends indicated that a large proportion of the areas remained unchanged or were slightly degraded from autumn to spring, whereas areas improved from spring to autumn. During the winter, slightly and severely degraded areas continuously expanded. GWR indicated that temperature, PM2.5, and precipitation displayed a significant heterogeneous spatial relationship with the vegetation coverage and had an obvious influence on the medium, high and low vegetation cover areas. When considering the joint influence of climate factors and PM2.5 on the vegetation coverage, the model accuracy was not high for the high and medium vegetation cover areas. In the Bohai region, human activities significantly affect coastal areas. These results can support sustainable coastal ecosystem management, relevant management measures and ecological development plans.