Global Security Architecture Research Articles

Water Diplomacy and Its Strategic Significance for Sustainable Development Goals and Global Security Architecture

This article presents new approaches to water diplomacy connected with the United Nations 2030 Agenda. The research question is what is the role and significance of water diplomacy for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and global security architecture? The paper is based on the theory of interdependence. To illustrate this concept, the author used several case studies to identify the international security role of water diplomacy in the context of SDGs. The case studies point to the greater likelihood that wars in the twenty-first century will be due to freshwater disputes; water diplomacy should be a crucial instrument for the SDGs implementation. Water diplomacy has the potential to become an effective platform for international cooperation in the face of many current and future global water challenges. Water diplomacy combines preventive and reactive measures, as well as the mediation and implementation of solutions. It is crucial for regional and world security. The results of this paper show future research directions on water diplomacy.

Z. Brzezinski’s Strategic Vision of the U.S. Foreign Policy in Late 20th Century and First Two Decades of the 21st Сentury

The study of the influence of Brzezinski (both - as of scientist and politician) on the formation of directions and principles of foreign policy of the United States presidential administrations for almost 50 years allows us to understand the essence of U.S. world leadership and its dynamics in the context of global security and cooperation architecture. The article considers the issue of practical use of elements of Z. Brzezinski's paradigm in the U.S. foreign policy since 1977 until now, yet it is stressed that the advisory and assistance regarding international policy issues was provided by Z.Brzezinski to the US highest level decision-makers and leaders since 1956. The impact of his consultations and recommendations on the foreign policy decisions of the presidential administrations of J. Carter, R. Reagan, G. H. W. Bush, B. Clinton and B. Obama has been analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the incorporation of Z. Brzezinski's concepts during his work on the position of National Security Adviser to President J. Carter (1977-1981) into the field of the U.S. foreign policy of that time. Special focus is made on his role in supporting of anti-communist underground movements, human rights and independence supporters and political dissidents inside the Warsaw Pact countries and USSR itself, including Poland, Baltic countries and Ukraine during the presidencies of J.Carter and R.Reagan. Some international political problems that occurred in the process of implementing the U.S. foreign policy under the presidencies of G. W. Bush Jr and D. Trump in the context of deviations from the concepts proposed by Z. Brzezinski are emphasized especially those that led to the attempts of restoring the Russian neo-empire and violation of the international laws and rules of coexistence. The potential use of the ideas and approaches from Z.Brzezinski’s scientific and political heritage by President J. Biden are considered.

Systematic Mapping Study of Security in Multi-Embedded-Agent Systems

Context: In this paper, we study distributed and decentralized systems in which each part is modeled as an agent in a multi-agent system. Those systems provide more scalable and easier ways to control complex, distributed and interconnected systems of embedded components. We are particularly interested in methods to secure these systems. Objectives: This study aims to identify the main security properties studied, the parts of a multi-agent architecture that are considered most often in security studies and the technical solutions used to secure those systems. Methods: We conducted a systematic mapping study on research works addressing the security of multi-agent systems with embedded agents. We identified which security features were addressed, and their roles in global security architecture. Results: We identified 70 papers published in journals and conferences. We classified the extracted data reporting a tendency to focus on securing the availability of systems under attack by means of trust schemes, sometimes supported by cryptographic primitives. Conclusion: The use of cryptography appears to be limited in decentralized systems. However, solutions should be provided to overcome those limits as other solutions such as trust schemes do not protect the system from the same type of attacks.

Women, Peace, and Security: Mapping the (Re)Production of a Policy Ecosystem

Abstract The Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda is a global peace and security architecture conventionally understood as emerging from a suite of UN Security Council resolutions and accompanying member state action plans over the last twenty years. The agenda serves as a major international gender equality initiative in its own right and as a prominent example of the broadening of security practices in global politics. In this paper, we present the first truly systematic analysis of the agenda, drawing on a novel dataset of 213 WPS policy documents from across the UN system, national government initiatives, and regional and international organizations published between 2000 and 2018. We argue that the degree of variation in the WPS agenda is frequently underestimated in conventional models of norm diffusion and policy transfer, and instead propose an account of the agenda as a dynamic ecosystem shaped by reproduction and contestation. Our empirical mapping runs counter to established narratives about the development of the agenda, producing insights into the pace and location of the growth of WPS; the hierarchy of its key “pillars”; the emergence of new issues; the development of rival versions of the agenda; and the role of domestic institutions in shaping WPS policy. We find support for the claim that the WPS agenda is pluralizing in significant ways and provide illustrations of points of fracture within the agenda at large. Our argument has significant implications for the WPS research agenda and for scholarship on security norms and policy more broadly.

Reshaping U.S. Smart Power: Towards a Post-Pandemic Security Architecture

COVID19 turned out to be one of the deadliest diseases in history. The United States faced a series of new challenges after the Coronavirus spread throughout the world. China is taking advantage of the pandemic to challenge the U.S. global dominance. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the role of the United States in the postpandemic security architecture at a global level. The basic claim of the article is that Washington should reshape U.S. smart power in order to preserve the American global dominance. The article’s claim rests on the assumption that smart power is the most effective instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy in the post-Cold War era. It was U.S. smart power that allowed Washington to maintain its global leadership after the 9/11 attacks. The Coronacrisis will have longterm consequences for the global security architecture. However, this article argues that the Coronavirus pandemic will not change the global order.

The Evolved Security Dynamics of South Asia: Challenges to Pakistan’s Nuclear Threshold

The longstanding unresolved issue of Kashmir serves as a nuclear flashpoint between India and Pakistan. Since 2019, the prevalent security environment of the region has dominated the discourse surrounding the regional and global security architecture. India’s policies during the Pulwama-Balakot crisis and the revocation of Kashmir’s constitutional status demonstrate the country’s intentions of dominating the escalation ladder in the region and marginalizing the muslim community of Kashmir. Because of the conventional disparity in South Asia where India is big interms of size, economy and military build-up, Pakistan has been further threatened by India’s aggressive policies and provocative military modernization. Consequently, Pakistan may be compelled to further revisit its nuclear threshold level to overcome India’s aggression.

Water as a Weapon of War in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin

The paper aims to present water as a weapon of war in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin, as well as the role and significance of water for a new architecture of global security. The main goal of the study is to find an answer to the research question of whether water the Tigris-Euphrates Basin will be still a tool for fighting or cooperation as an effective tool for facing strategic challenges. The research hypothesis is that the issue of challenges related to water in the Euphrates River basin will, first of all, follow the social and political-economic relations between Turkey, Iraq and Syria and external factors. The research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. Moreover, this research is based on the neorealist theory of international relations, and the concept of international constellation analysis, as well as the theory of neo-institutionalism. Future anarchical global security architecture will lead to a hegemonic system of water relations. Therefore, without international coordination and far-reaching strategy in the face of the emerging anarchic global security structure, stable water cooperation in this region cannot be reached.

A survey: Typical security issues of software-defined networking

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has been a hot topic for future network development, which implements the different layers of control plane and data plane respectively. Despite providing high openness and programmability, the three-layer two-interface architecture of SDN changes the traditional network and increases the network attack nodes, which results in new security issues. In this paper, we firstly introduced the background, architecture and working process of SDN. Secondly, we summarized and analyzed the typical security issues from north to south: application layer, northbound interface, control layer, southbound interface and data layer. Another contribution is to review and analyze the existing solutions and latest research progress of each layer, mainly including: authorized authentication module, application isolation, DoS/DDoS defense, multi-controller deployment and flow rule consistency detection. Finally, a conclusion about the future works of SDN security and an idealized global security architecture is proposed.

ASEAN Factor and the Converging South Korea’s ‘New Southern Policy’ with India’s ‘Act East Policy’

Changing geopolitical landscape in the Asia-Pacific has put the regional and global security architecture in the spotlight and extensively transformed. ASEAN, India and South Korea have emerged to become important partners and their relation has become multidimensional and comprehensive. They should work together as a triangular strategic partner in order to contribute to the maintenance of the global security and ensure their centrality in the geopolitical balance between the United States, China as well as other world powers. One of the priorities in Policy Tasks of Moon Jae In’s Administration is to reinforcing international cooperation through diplomacy. He provided an opportunity to impart new momentum to diversify ROK’s diplomatic and economic strategies. The “New Southern Policy (NSP)” with its aims means to leverage ASEAN as key partners like other major players in the region and complements India’s “Act East Policy (AEP).” The article begins by analytical understanding the background of India’s Act East policy and South Korea’s New Southern Policy. Interestingly, both AEP and NSP pivot on ASEAN. Therefore, this article further identifies South East Asia and ASEAN as the driving forces for the compatibility in these policies. Taking stock of South Korea - India traditional bilateral relations and evaluating the outcome of the present administration, the article assesses the possibilities for converging these policies and the prospects of South Korea - India relations.

Review of international efforts to strengthen the global outbreak response system since the 2014-16 West Africa Ebola Epidemic.

The 2014–16 West Africa Ebola epidemic was a watershed moment for global health. The outbreak galvanized global action around strengthening infectious disease prevention, detection and response capabilities. We examined the nascent landscape of international programmes, initiatives and institutions established in the aftermath of the 2014–16 Ebola outbreak with the aim of assessing their progress to date to illustrate the current state of the world’s global health security architecture. We also compare these efforts with shortcomings in epidemic management documented during the epidemic, and underscore remaining gaps in regional and global epidemic response capabilities that might benefit from additional programmatic and financial support. Notably, most of the post-Ebola initiatives considered in this analysis have yet to meet their financial goals. Operational progress has also been limited, revealing a need for continued investments to improve outbreak surveillance and detection capabilities specifically. Furthermore, our review highlighted the dominance of the USA and Europe in leading and financing efforts to coordinate long-term recovery efforts in West Africa, strengthen health systems across the continent, and enhance global preparedness for future epidemics, raising important questions about ownership of global health security efforts in non-Western regions of the world. Finally, the lack of transparency and available data on these initiatives’ activities and budgets also complicate efforts to project their impacts on the global health security landscape.

RISING GEO-STRATEGIC COMPETITION BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND CHINA: A CASE STUDY OF SOUTH ASIA IN THE EMERGING GLOBAL ORDER

The South Asian region is characterized by the versatile nation state system with having greater economic prospects and has a unique rank in the world. United States and China are not only the sheer competitors across the globe but are also the major contenders of South Asian geo-strategic, political and economic affairs. Their intensifying interests in the region are not only due to the emerging global security architecture but also because of the geo-strategic significance of the South Asian region. China seems vulnerable to the United States military presence in the region and China’s rapid economic growth and piling up of military muscle seemingly intent to counter the United States in the region. China, through its economic and military advancements has positioned itself as the principal regional power and further intends to accomplish its national interests by strengthening security and defence requirements. The presence of the other major regional powers like Pakistan and India also amplify the geographical prominence and the US-China interest in South Asia put it in the forefront due to which the South Asian region strategically have become much more interested during the emerging world order for both US and China, United States also regards the rise of China as a vital global participant and invites it to peacefully play its role in the modification of the future world order in this connection this paper will highlight the both super powers policy of context of power transition contentment and counter-contentment either the United States still has the strategy to contain China and if it is so, how China is counter-containing the United States to emerge as a global power politics towards south Asian region.

Improving emergency preparedness and response in the Asia-Pacific

### Summary box The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2002/2003,1 which affected 37 countries and resulted in nearly 800 deaths,2 prompted a critical re-think of the global health...

UN Security Council Resolution 1540 and the importance of regional coordinators

ABSTRACTUnited Nations Security Council resolution (UNSCR) 1540, adopted unanimously under Chapter VII of the UN Charter in 2004, is a key component of the global security architecture, enumerating specific obligations for states, which ultimately aims to reduce the overall risk of weapons-of-mass-destruction proliferation. However, although nearly fifteen years have passed since the adoption of the resolution, many states have still not implemented many of its requirements and obligations—meaning that at least some of the vulnerabilities and risks identified over a decade ago likely still exist, or have changed and expanded over time. This viewpoint discusses the establishment of dedicated UNSCR 1540 coordinators in regional organizations as an example of an effective practice that may contribute toward achieving full implementation of the resolution, fully consistent with established US policy. Since some regional organizations may not have the financial and administrative capacity, or political will, to host such a position, this viewpoint also proposes a variety of ways to address these shortfalls.

Китайско-индийское соперничество в Евразии: возможности и риски для России

In modern world China-India relations become one of the core factors in the context of transformation of the regional and global security architecture. Both countries have colossal economic, demographic and military potential, while relations between them are full of contradictions, rivalries and mutual distrust. If confrontation is unavoidable, then by what means and methods will it be implemented, and if the contradictions are solvable – how and under what circumstances? To outline the possible alternatives and scenarios, assess them from the standpoint of Russia's national interests – is the purpose of the study. Within the framework of this problematic, the author of the article for the first time in domestic scientific discourse turns to the methodology of constructivism, in particular, to the theory of securitization. It is argued that, under conditions of mutual distrust, securitization and historical memory in the Indian-Chinese relations are among the factors of the continuing confrontation between the two countries. However, given to the inevitability of competition, the strategies, forms and variations of such competition are manifold, which implies both new opportunities and risks for Russia. The first part of the paper is devoted to a brief review of the study of Indian-Chinese relations problematic in domestic and foreign discourse, as well as the introduction of the methodological framework of the study. The second part contains the results of analysis of securitization discourses in India and China, as well as the scenarios developed on the basis of the data obtained. In the final part of the study, an author's interpretation of the results of the work is presented; an assessment of each scenario is given from the standpoint of national interests, opportunities and risks for Russia. It is assumed that the constructivist methodology can be effective in the field of future studies and the proposed scenarios may be improved and expanded in the future.

AFRICAN SOLUTIONS TO AFRICA’S PROBLEMS? AFRICAN APPROACHES TO PEACE, SECURITY AND STABILITY

Africa, with its combination of fragile governments and institutions, abject poverty amid great resources, wealth and a legacy of incessant violent conflict, has increasingly become integrated into the global security architecture. With growing globalisation, insecurity anywhere is a threat to security everywhere. Given this context, Africa’s own insecurity is serving as a source of concern for the United States and other global powers. Africa is plagued by a broad spectrum of traditional and non-traditional security threats on the one hand, and yet, as will be seen in this article, home to an emerging regional and international security consciousness and activism on the other. It was the purpose of the study on which this article reports, to examine African approaches to ensure peace, security and stability on the continent at national, sub-regional and regional level. The African Union’s (AU) approach to the promotion of peace and security on the continent can be described as a constructivist-inspired cooperative security approach, and it will be demonstrated that sub-regional organisations are very important security enforcing actors in the African security architecture.

VANET security surveys

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), a subset of Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs), refer to a set of smart vehicles used on the road. These vehicles provide communication services among one another or with Road Side Infrastructure (RSU) based on wireless Local Area Network (LAN) technologies.The main benefits of VANETs are that they enhance road safety and vehicle security while protecting drivers’ privacy from attacks perpetrated by adversaries. Security is one of the most critical issues related to VANETs since the information transmitted is distributed in an open access environment.VANETs face many challenges. This paper presents a survey of the security issues and the challenges they generate. The various categories of applications in VANETs are introduced, as well as some security requirements, threats and certain architectures are proposed to solve the security problem. Finally, global security architecture for VANETs is proposed.

The August 2008 war: main consequences for Georgia and its conflicts

The purpose of this paper is to take stock of the major political consequences that the August 2008 war had (or did not have) for Georgia: how the war affected Georgia's internal political dynamics and its policies toward its separatist conflicts, its neighbors, and the world. I start by briefly summarizing my views on the nature of and reasons for the war, and on its impact (or the lack thereof) on the global security architecture. These constitute the backdrop against which changes in Georgia can be understood.

Influenza preparedness and the bureaucratic reflex: Anticipating and generating the 2009 H1N1 event

This paper draws together work on the event to problematise the generative implications of anticipatory governance in the management of emerging infectious disease. Through concerns for preparedness, the need to anticipate outbreaks of disease has taken on a new urgency. With the identification of the H1N1 virus circulating amongst human populations in 2009, public health measures and security practices at regional, national and international levels were rapidly put into play. However, as the ensuing event demonstrated, the social, political and economic disruptions of emerging infectious diseases can be matched by those of anticipatory actions. I argue that the event-making potential of surveillance practices and the pre-determined arrangements of influenza preparedness planning, when triggered by the H1N1 virus, caused an event acceleration through the hyper-sensitised global health security architecture. In the UK, this led to a bureaucratic reflex, a security response event that overtook the present actualities of the disease. This raises questions about the production of forms of insecurity by the security apparatus itself.

A global security architecture for operated hybrid WLAN mesh networks

Hybrid Wireless Mesh Network (HWMN) is a new wireless networking paradigm. Unlike traditional wireless networks, in HWMNs, hosts may rely on each other to keep the network connected. Operators and wireless internet service providers are choosing HWMNs to offer Internet connectivity, as it allows fast, easy and affordable network deployments. One main challenge in design of these networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. In this paper, we investigate the main security issues focusing on the most vulnerable part of the hybrid WLAN mesh infrastructure which concerns the ad hoc network part. Through our proposed architecture, Security Architecture for Operator's Hybrid WLAN Mesh Network (SATHAME), we identify the new challenges and opportunities posed by this emerging networking environment and explore approaches to secure users, data and communications. From the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of secured routing protocols, we designed a new robust routing structure called MacroGraph (MG). MG structure is extracted from the mesh ad hoc network for each communication to be established between a source and a destination. Especially, MG is a robust structure based on node-disjoint path routing scheme and dynamic trust management that can be adapted to respond to applications' security requirements. We present a performance analysis of our efficient, robust and scalable multipath reactive secured routing protocol. We investigate the behavior of our proposed scheme under two attack scenarios: Packet Dropping and Route Error attacks in dense network configurations.

A global security architecture for intrusion detection on computer networks

Detecting all kinds of intrusions efficiently requires a global view of the monitored network. Built to increase the security of computer networks, traditional IDS's are unfortunately unable to give a global view of the security of a network. To overcome this situation, we are developing a distributed SOC (Security Operation Center) which is able to detect attacks occurring simultaneously on several sites in a network and to give a global view of the security of that network. In this article, we present the global architecture of our system, called DSOC as well as several methods used to test its accuracy and performance.