Global Scale Research Articles

Safe and Effective Restoration of Jawline Definition With Hyaluronic Acid Injectable Gel VYC-25L: Results From a Randomized Controlled Study.

A well-defined jawline improves overall facial aesthetics, thus motivating patients to seek jawline augmentation. This study will evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the hyaluronic acid injectable gel VYC-25L for restoring jawline definition. A US multicenter, evaluator-blinded study randomized adults with grade 2 (moderate) or 3 (severe) Allergan Loss of Jawline Definition Scale (ALJDS) scores. Participants were randomized to VYC-25L treatment group or control group at study onset, with 12 months follow-up. The control group had the option to receive treatment after 6 months (primary endpoint completion). Effectiveness measures included month 6 ALJDS responders rate (proportion of participants with ≥1-grade improvement from baseline on both sides), FACE-Q Satisfaction With Lower Face and Jawline scores, and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) responders (improved/much improved) as assessed by the investigator and participants. Injection site responses (ISRs) and adverse events (AEs) were monitored. At month 6, ALJDS responder rates were 69.0% versus 38.0% in the VYC-25L treatment (n = 157) and control (n = 49) groups, respectively (p = .0001). In the VYC-25L treatment group, FACE-Q scores improved by a mean of 45.9 points versus baseline at month 6 (p < .0001). Furthermore, 88.4% and 89.0% of participants in the VYC-25L treatment group were GAIS responders on month 6 by participant- and investigator-assessment, respectively. Most ISRs were mild or moderate and resolved within 2 weeks. Most treatment-related AEs were mild and resolved within a week. VYC-25L safely and effectively restores jawline definition through 1 year.

Unveiling under-utilized public data on Canadian industrial pollutant transfers and disposals

ABSTRACT Implications statement:Pollutant transfers and disposals data has not previously been widely used in environmental research. Here we demonstrate how it can be, in the context of SDG 12. Doing so can inspire more uptake by researchers and a broad range of other public users, both strengthening the justification for collecting this data, and bolstering public participation in environmental decision-making from a local to global scale. Doing so also provides the foundation for more in-depth analysis on the domestic and international transboundary movement of Canadian industrial pollutants in waste in the lens of SDG 12 – a topic that was beyond scope here but addressed

Unveiling under-utilized public data on Canadian industrial pollutant transfers and disposals

ABSTRACT Implications statement:Pollutant transfers and disposals data has not previously been widely used in environmental research. Here we demonstrate how it can be, in the context of SDG 12. Doing so can inspire more uptake by researchers and a broad range of other public users, both strengthening the justification for collecting this data, and bolstering public participation in environmental decision-making from a local to global scale. Doing so also provides the foundation for more in-depth analysis on the domestic and international transboundary movement of Canadian industrial pollutants in waste in the lens of SDG 12 – a topic that was beyond scope here but addressed

Drought heightens severity of diseases caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea and Cryptostroma corticale and needs to be factored in to properly assess pathogenicity or fulfill Koch’s postulates

AbstractClimate change is driving the emergence of novel tree diseases at the global scale, requiring new approaches for the formal confirmation of the pathogenicity of novel pathogens on novel hosts. At the same time, predictive models need to account for the possible effect of environmental changes and of abiotic stressors on disease severity for all diseases. By wound-inoculating Botryosphaeria dothidea on potted California coast live oaks and Cryptostroma corticale on potted silver maples, simultaneously in well-watered and in water-deprived conditions, I show that drought conditions increase the severity of disease symptoms. I also show that, by including a water-stressed treatment, I can formally prove pathogenicity and fulfill Koch’s postulates for putative pathogens that could not be confirmed in the absence of the stressor. Additionally, I show that the inclusion of data obtained in water stress conditions increases the differentiation between symptoms caused by fungal infection vs. symptoms caused by wound trauma, thus reducing the possible effect of outliers, a significant problem affecting many trials for fulfilling Koch’s postulates conducted with a limited number of replicates. The availability of comparable datasets in the presence and the absence of an abiotic stressor allows for the calculation of an Environmental Disease Component Index. Positive values of the index indicate a significant role of environmental change in disease progression and identify those pathogens that must be modeled factoring in climatic stressors. I suggest that this index may be extremely valuable for identifying pathogens likely to become emergent as climate changes.

Exploring Silicon Valley Imperialism

This book review assesses “Silicon Valley Imperialism: Techno Fantasies and Frictions in Postsocialist Times.” The book is a multisited ethnography that explores Siliconization or the expansion of Silicon Valley imaginaries at a global scale. The review highlights the methodological strategy and the discussions around infrastructures and entrepreneurship, alongside other topics, to connect the book with similar research. A highly critical work on the hegemonic ways to design, construct and promote technology in the context of nation-building, it unravels the possibilities of an antifascist and postsocialist ethnography, setting the grounds for expanding the role of academia in techno-capitalism critique.

Mitigating the deceptive effects of smooth surfaces: subtle surface modifications can eliminate maladaptive drinking attempts by bats

AbstractThe amount of artificial smooth surfaces in the environment increases continuously with urbanization on a global scale. There is growing evidence that smooth surfaces such as windows, solar panels and other objects can serve as sensory traps for many animal species. Artificial smooth surfaces can function as acoustic mirrors, disrupting echolocation of bats and consequently causing maladaptive behaviours such as drinking from and colliding with these surfaces. Therefore, investigating opportunities to mitigate the effects of artificial smooth surfaces is important from a conservation viewpoint. Here, we conducted a field experiment with bats, an ensonification experiment in the laboratory, and a computer simulation, in order to study the effect of mechanical surface modification on the acoustic characteristics of smooth surfaces. In the field experiment, we presented a horizontal smooth plate alone or with strings (diameters between 0.25–2.5 mm) and the behaviour of bats around the plate was video recorded. Bats significantly decreased the frequency of drinking events with increasing diameter of the strings. We also found an indication that a crossed pattern of the strings on the plate may be more effective than a parallel arrangement. The results of the ensonification experiment and the mathematical modelling revealed that a subtle modification of the smooth surfaces with long, linear thin objects can effectively modify the acoustic characteristics of smooth surfaces in general and thereby potentially change the behaviour of bats. Further investigations from sensory, behavioural and ecological viewpoints are proposed to better understand the impact of smooth surfaces on bats and the mitigation solutions that are needed. This research underscores the significance of exploring innovative approaches to minimize the negative impacts of urbanization on wildlife, highlighting the potential of practical interventions to promote coexistence between anthropogenic environments and threatened species.

Cost‐efficiency potential of solar energy on a global scale: Case studies for Si solar modules with PERC and heterojunction structures

AbstractLevelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is a crucial metric for assessing the socio‐economic cost‐efficiency potential of various energy sources including solar photovoltaics. Nevertheless, accurate LCOE estimations for commercialized high‐efficiency Si solar modules with passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) and silicon heterojunction (SHJ) structures have been lacking. In this study, we present the first global LCOE estimates for a PERC module (20% cell efficiency) and a SHJ module (23% cell efficiency), which have been derived by (i) performing rigorous energy‐yield calculations with full‐spectral and temperature‐dependent simulations that incorporate all essential meteorological effects and (ii) considering country‐specific capital costs and discount rates. Moreover, to determine the universal global LCOE, the LCOEs for three distinct installation capacities (100 MW for a utility, 500 kW for a commercial, and 5 kW for a residential system) have been unified by selecting an appropriate system size at each location based on a population density. We find that the LCOEs of both PERC and SHJ systems are below 3 cents/kWh in 2020 US dollar in many areas of China, Saudi Arabia, the United States, Australia, Chile, and Botswana, where the conditions of a high energy yield, low population density, low capital cost, and low country‐risk premium are satisfied simultaneously. In contrast, many European countries exhibit a moderate LCOE of 3~5 cents/kWh. Notably, Japan and Russia exhibit quite high LCOEs (6~10 cents/kWh) primarily due to significantly higher installation costs and moderate energy yields. Importantly, the global LCOEs of the PERC and SHJ modules are quite similar, with the SHJ module showing a slightly better cost performance in the regions near the equator due to its low temperature coefficient. Conversely, the PERC module demonstrates a cost advantage in the Northern Hemisphere due to a lower module cost.

Cost‐efficiency potential of solar energy on a global scale: Case studies for Si solar modules with PERC and heterojunction structures

AbstractLevelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is a crucial metric for assessing the socio‐economic cost‐efficiency potential of various energy sources including solar photovoltaics. Nevertheless, accurate LCOE estimations for commercialized high‐efficiency Si solar modules with passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) and silicon heterojunction (SHJ) structures have been lacking. In this study, we present the first global LCOE estimates for a PERC module (20% cell efficiency) and a SHJ module (23% cell efficiency), which have been derived by (i) performing rigorous energy‐yield calculations with full‐spectral and temperature‐dependent simulations that incorporate all essential meteorological effects and (ii) considering country‐specific capital costs and discount rates. Moreover, to determine the universal global LCOE, the LCOEs for three distinct installation capacities (100 MW for a utility, 500 kW for a commercial, and 5 kW for a residential system) have been unified by selecting an appropriate system size at each location based on a population density. We find that the LCOEs of both PERC and SHJ systems are below 3 cents/kWh in 2020 US dollar in many areas of China, Saudi Arabia, the United States, Australia, Chile, and Botswana, where the conditions of a high energy yield, low population density, low capital cost, and low country‐risk premium are satisfied simultaneously. In contrast, many European countries exhibit a moderate LCOE of 3~5 cents/kWh. Notably, Japan and Russia exhibit quite high LCOEs (6~10 cents/kWh) primarily due to significantly higher installation costs and moderate energy yields. Importantly, the global LCOEs of the PERC and SHJ modules are quite similar, with the SHJ module showing a slightly better cost performance in the regions near the equator due to its low temperature coefficient. Conversely, the PERC module demonstrates a cost advantage in the Northern Hemisphere due to a lower module cost.

A novel Mallocybe species (Inocybaceae, Agaricales) discovered in the Longquan Mountain of Southwestern China

Within the genus Mallocybe, new species have been continuously discovered on a global scale, yet only few species have been reported from China. During surveys of macro-fungi diversity and taxonomy in Sichuan Province, China, two samples were collected in the forests dominated by Quercus glauca and identified as a new member of this genus, namely Mallocybe longquanensis. Morphologically, M. longquanensis is distinguished by its small-sized basidioma, light brown to yellowish-brown pileus covered with tomentose-fibrillose, ellipsoidal or ovoid basidiospores, as well as the utriform, clavate to cylindrical cheilocystidia. Multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of ITS, LSU, and rpb2 also revealed that the new taxon forms a distinct lineage within the genus Mallocybe. The detailed morphological features, color photographs, and comparisons with morphological similar taxa are provided.

Drought heightens severity of diseases caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea and Cryptostroma corticale and needs to be factored in to properly assess pathogenicity or fulfill Koch’s postulates

AbstractClimate change is driving the emergence of novel tree diseases at the global scale, requiring new approaches for the formal confirmation of the pathogenicity of novel pathogens on novel hosts. At the same time, predictive models need to account for the possible effect of environmental changes and of abiotic stressors on disease severity for all diseases. By wound-inoculating Botryosphaeria dothidea on potted California coast live oaks and Cryptostroma corticale on potted silver maples, simultaneously in well-watered and in water-deprived conditions, I show that drought conditions increase the severity of disease symptoms. I also show that, by including a water-stressed treatment, I can formally prove pathogenicity and fulfill Koch’s postulates for putative pathogens that could not be confirmed in the absence of the stressor. Additionally, I show that the inclusion of data obtained in water stress conditions increases the differentiation between symptoms caused by fungal infection vs. symptoms caused by wound trauma, thus reducing the possible effect of outliers, a significant problem affecting many trials for fulfilling Koch’s postulates conducted with a limited number of replicates. The availability of comparable datasets in the presence and the absence of an abiotic stressor allows for the calculation of an Environmental Disease Component Index. Positive values of the index indicate a significant role of environmental change in disease progression and identify those pathogens that must be modeled factoring in climatic stressors. I suggest that this index may be extremely valuable for identifying pathogens likely to become emergent as climate changes.

Environmentally sound recycling of agricultural waste: A sustainable approach to develop bio-functional art textile

The agricultural processing industry produces a large amount of waste on a global scale whose disposal is simultaneously a nuisance and of special interest. The by-products are rich in bioactive phytoconstituents that might be beneficial to the production of bio-functional textiles. The present work uses agricultural wastes for the eco-friendly dyeing of woolen yarns. Response surface methodology based on 23- Central Composite Design was used to design experiments, evaluate the main dyeing parameters, develop efficient mathematical models to predict the dyeing process, and optimize the procedure. The quadratic regression models developed were found to be statistically significant using ANOVA, with R2 -value of 0.9734 and 0.9820 for color strength and lightness responses, respectively. Also, eye-soothing tone and hues with a good resistance to durability (4–5) and light (4) were achieved. The banana shell and gallnut bio-mordants improved UV protection by up to 25.33% and 59.79%, respectively. Generally speaking, the results showed that C. Oblonga leaf as well as gallnut and banana shells could be used as whole crop products in an ecologically sound textile dyeing process through a sustainable approach and that the proposed innovative application might serve as an attractive procedure for recycling and green waste management.

Estimating the global root exudate carbon flux

AbstractRoot exudation, the export of low-molecular weight organic carbon (C) from living plant roots to soil, influences microbial activity, nutrient availability, and ecosystem feedbacks to climate change, but the magnitude of this C flux at ecosystem and global scales is largely unknown. Here, we synthesize in situ measurements of root exudation rates and couple those to estimates of fine root biomass to estimate global and biome-level root exudate C fluxes. We estimate a global root exudate flux of 13.4 (10.1–20.2) Pg C y−1, or about 9% (7–14%) of global annual gross primary productivity. We did not find differences in root mass-specific exudation rates among biomes, though total exudate fluxes are estimated to be greatest in grasslands owing to their high density of absorptive root biomass. Our synthesis highlights the global importance of root exudates in the terrestrial C cycle and identifies regions where more in situ measurements are needed to improve future estimates of root exudate C fluxes.

Phytosomes Nanocarrier with Insight Towards the Future in Cancer Therapy: A Mini-Review.

Cancer is classified as having one of the highest mortality rates on a global scale, presenting a significant challenge in its treatment, especially when conventional chemotherapy methodologies are used. Conversely, there is a growing interest in utilizing herbal medicine as an alternative to the treatment of cancer because of its lack of adverse effects compared to contemporary medical strategies. The incorporation of nanotechnology into therapy has attracted attention owing to its efficacy in the treatment of various illnesses. Phytosomes play a crucial role in the treatment of cancer by enhancing the characteristics of drugs and nanostructures within carriers to enable targeted drug delivery. The establishment of chemical bonds between phospholipid molecules and bioactive compounds from plants ensures the stability of phytosomes, thus establishing them as an innovative mechanism for drug delivery systems that transport plant-derived constituents to specific areas. This mini-overview discusses the potential phytosome complexes, uses, drawbacks, patents, challenges, and prospects of phytosomes in cancer treatment. Thus, numerous phytosomal formulations incorporating plant-derived components have exhibited promising anticancer properties, with several formulations currently undergoing clinical trials.

Analysing FDI inflow effects on CO2 emissions: a comparative study of OECD and BRICS nations with PHH and PHE models

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the correlation between foreign direct investment (FDI) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in emerging economies, with a particular emphasis on Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) countries along with 10 the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development nations. Design/methodology/approach This study uses quantitative research methods and econometric analysis to investigate the relationship between FDI inflows and CO2 emissions in selected countries. Specifically, the research concentrates on assessing the impact of FDI on CO2 emissions within the BRICS countries. By examining data spanning from 2000 to 2003, the study aims to shed light on the interaction between economic integration and environmental sustainability dynamics on a global scale. Findings The results of this study highlight notable contributors to CO2 emissions within the BRICS countries, identifying Switzerland, Denmark and the UK as significant sources. These findings support the notion of a pollution haven, underscoring the influence of FDI in moulding environmental outcomes in developing economies. Research limitations/implications Drawing from the study’s outcomes, suggestions are put forth to foster sustainable development strategies. It is recommended that BRICS nations prioritize the attraction of environmentally aware FDI to bolster efforts aimed at mitigating environmental harm. Originality/value This study adds to the ongoing discussion surrounding sustainable development by offering a concentrated analysis of how FDI influences CO2 emissions within BRICS countries. Its novelty lies in questioning traditional assumptions about environmental accountability and emphasizing the necessity for cooperative endeavours between emerging and developed economies to effectively tackle global environmental issues.

Estimating the global root exudate carbon flux

AbstractRoot exudation, the export of low-molecular weight organic carbon (C) from living plant roots to soil, influences microbial activity, nutrient availability, and ecosystem feedbacks to climate change, but the magnitude of this C flux at ecosystem and global scales is largely unknown. Here, we synthesize in situ measurements of root exudation rates and couple those to estimates of fine root biomass to estimate global and biome-level root exudate C fluxes. We estimate a global root exudate flux of 13.4 (10.1–20.2) Pg C y−1, or about 9% (7–14%) of global annual gross primary productivity. We did not find differences in root mass-specific exudation rates among biomes, though total exudate fluxes are estimated to be greatest in grasslands owing to their high density of absorptive root biomass. Our synthesis highlights the global importance of root exudates in the terrestrial C cycle and identifies regions where more in situ measurements are needed to improve future estimates of root exudate C fluxes.

Integrated model of care for functional movement disorder: targeting brain, mind and body.

To describe the therapy approaches and clinical outcomes of an integrated care model for patients with functional movement disorder (FMD). A retrospective chart review was conducted for all treated individuals with a primary diagnosis of FMD between January 2020 and July 2022. Patients received time-limited integrated therapy (n = 21) (i.e., simultaneous therapy delivered by psychiatry, neurology and physiotherapy), physiotherapy (n = 18) or virtual physiotherapy alone (n = 9). Primary outcomes included the Simplified-Functional Movement Disorders Rating Scale (S-FMDRS) and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale (CGI-I) collected at baseline and post-intervention. Forty-eight patients completed treatment (42% male; mean age, 48.5 ± 16.6 years, median symptom duration 30 months). The most common presentations were gait disorder, tremor and mixed hyperkinetic FMD. Common comorbidities included pain and fatigue. Three-quarters of patients had a comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. There was a significant reduction in S-FMDRS score following therapy (71%, p < 0.0001) and 69% had "much" or "very much" improved on the CGI-I. There was no difference between therapy groups. Attendance rates were high for both in-person (94%) and virtual (97%) visits. These findings support that a time-limited integrated model of care is feasible and effective in treating patients with FMD.

Mobility Justice: An Ecolinguistic Perspective

The climate crisis, migration and urbanization may appear as three separate crises, but under Sheller’s paradigm of Mobility Justice, they become part of a coherent whole that should be tackled as a single, complex and interconnected predicament. This paper observes rhetorical strategies employed in texts about the climate crisis, about cycling advocacy and about the “climate lockdown” conspiracy theory, which developed in Oxford, UK, in 2023. The metaphors, deictic pronouns and identity categories used are the main discourse features analysed through a qualitative approach, showing how mobility-related issues are often discussed through spatial metaphors, while deictic pronouns play a central role in the creation of identities. The findings are employed to contribute to the beneficial reframing of mobility-related discourses, whether global or local, and to react to climate inaction. The overall aim of this approach is to reveal the links between discourses about the climate crisis on a global scale and those on a local, urban scale concerning urban mobility policies. The prism through which both global and local discourses are observed is that of space and access to mobility. The aim of this investigation is to identify new patterns of language that can help us finding “new stories to live by”.

Copy number variation introduced by a massive mobile element facilitates global thermal adaptation in a fungal wheat pathogen.

Copy number variation (CNV) can drive rapid evolution in changing environments. In microbial pathogens, such adaptation is a key factor underpinning epidemics and colonization of new niches. However, the genomic determinants of such adaptation remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically investigate CNVs in a large genome sequencing dataset spanning a worldwide collection of 1104 genomes from the major wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We found overall strong purifying selection acting on most CNVs. Genomic defense mechanisms likely accelerated gene loss over episodes of continental colonization. Local adaptation along climatic gradients was likely facilitated by CNVs affecting secondary metabolite production and gene loss in general. One of the strongest loci for climatic adaptation is a highly conserved gene of the NAD-dependent Sirtuin family. The Sirtuin CNV locus localizes to an ~68-kb Starship mobile element unique to the species carrying genes highly expressed during plant infection. The element has likely lost the ability to transpose, demonstrating how the ongoing domestication of cargo-carrying selfish elements can contribute to selectable variation within populations. Our work highlights how standing variation in gene copy numbers at the global scale can be a major factor driving climatic and metabolic adaptation in microbial species.

Naval forces operational environment. Flexibility and strategic adaptability

In the dynamic scene of naval operations, constant adaptation and innovation are imperative to meeting the challenges and opportunities of technological advances, geopolitical changes and environmental considerations. This article aims to explore the multidimensional landscape of the naval operational environment, offering original insights and solutions to enhance naval capabilities and cooperation on a regional and global scale. From the forefront of technological innovation, onboard unmanned systems integration and artificial intelligence-based decision-making, to strategic adaptability in response to geopolitical dynamics, the study explores the complex interplay between naval strategy and emerging trends, with environmental considerations taking centre stage. The article argues for a collaborative global naval framework, highlighting the importance of international cooperation in addressing common maritime challenges. This framework envisages the creation of alliances, initiatives and partnerships to foster collective security, promote environmental protection and ensure the peaceful use of the world’s oceans. The main objective is to highlight the intersections between technological advances, strategic flexibility, environmental factors and international cooperation in shaping the future of naval operations. Overall, the study aims to engage a diverse audience comprising policymakers, maritime military leaders, researchers, academics and stakeholders involved in maritime security, defence and environmental protection.

Linking global terrestrial and ocean biogeochemistry with process-based, coupled freshwater algae–nutrient–solid dynamics in LM3-FANSY v1.0

Abstract. Estimating global river solids, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), in both quantity and composition, is necessary for understanding the development and persistence of many harmful algal blooms, hypoxic events, and other water quality issues in inland and coastal waters. This requires a comprehensive freshwater model that can resolve intertwined algae, solid, and nutrient dynamics, yet previous global watershed models have limited mechanistic resolution of instream biogeochemical processes. Here we develop the global, spatially explicit, and process-based Freshwater Algae, Nutrient, and Solid cycling and Yields (FANSY) model and incorporate it within the Land Model (LM3). The resulting model, LM3-FANSY v1.0, is intended as a baseline for eventual linking of global terrestrial and ocean biogeochemistry in next-generation Earth system models to project global changes that may challenge empirical approaches. LM3-FANSY explicitly resolves interactions between algae, N, P, and solid dynamics in rivers and lakes at 1° spatial and 30 min temporal resolution. Simulated suspended solids (SS), N, and P in multiple forms (particulate or dissolved, organic or inorganic) agree well with measurement-based yield (kg km−2 yr−1), load (kt yr−1), and concentration (mg L−1) estimates across a globally distributed set of large rivers, with an accuracy comparable to other global nutrient and SS models. Furthermore, simulated global river loads of SS, N, and P in different forms to the coastal ocean are consistent with published ranges, though regional biases are apparent. River N loads are estimated to contain approximately equal contributions by dissolved inorganic N (41 %) and dissolved organic N (39 %), with a lesser contribution by particulate organic N (20 %). For river P load estimates, particulate P, which includes both organic and sorbed inorganic forms, is the most abundant form (64 %), followed by dissolved inorganic and organic P (25 % and 11 %). Time series analysis of river solid and nutrient loads in large US rivers for the period ∼ 1963–2000 demonstrates that simulated SS and N loads in different N forms covary with variations of measurement-based loads. LM3-FANSY, however, has less capability to capture interannual variability of P loads, likely due to the lack of terrestrial P dynamics in LM3. Analyses of the model results and sensitivity to components, parameters, and inputs suggest that fluxes from terrestrial litter and soils, wastewater, and weathering are the most critical inputs to the fidelity of simulated river nutrient loads for observation-based estimates. Sensitivity analyses further demonstrate a critical role of algal dynamics in controlling the ratios of inorganic and organic nutrient forms in freshwaters. While the simulations are able to capture significant cross-watershed contrasts at a global scale, disagreement for individual rivers can be substantial. This limitation is shared by other global river models and could be ameliorated through further refinements in nutrient sources, freshwater model dynamics, and observations. Current targets for future LM3-FANSY development include the additions of terrestrial P dynamics, freshwater carbon, alkalinity, enhanced sediment dynamics, and anthropogenic hydraulic controls.