Global Logistics Research Articles

How to build a cold chain supply chain system for fresh agricultural products through blockchain technology-A study of tripartite evolutionary game theory based on prospect theory.

The global cold chain logistics market is witnessing a significant upswing, driven by the rising demand for perishable food products and increasing shipment volumes worldwide. Technological advancements are leading to a more intelligent and digitally enabled cold chain logistics system. However, the high loss rate of fresh agricultural products in China poses a significant threat to the country's food security. Therefore, it is imperative to explore innovative solutions, such as blockchain, to address the challenges of traditional cold chain logistics. In this paper, inspired by the prospect theory and evolutionary game theory, we propose an evolutionary game model to analyze the behavioral strategies of the tripartite of n-level cold chain participants, consumers, and government. Using MATLAB software, the numerical simulation of the game path of this tripartite theory is conducted, and the influence of variable parameters on the evolutionary process and outcomes of the system is analyzed. The results the following: (1) The development of an effective cold chain supply chain system can be divided into three stages, and blockchain technology plays a pivotal role in creating a seamless cold chain environment. The cost of blockchain adoption, government rewards, as well as penalties can significantly influence the behavioral choices of the three stakeholders. (2) The behavior of individual cold chain participants has a strong negative externality, which can impact the behavior of others. We also find that the larger the scale of the cold chain, the lower the probability of default by the participants. (3) The government's adoption of blockchain technology and the implementation of effective incentive policies can foster the successful development of the cold chain blockchain infrastructure. Our research contributes to the theoretical understanding of cold chain logistics decision making and policy creation for the tripartite stakeholders, including cold chain participants, consumers, and government. Our findings can serve as a valuable reference for scientific decision making and policy formulation to encourage the development of a robust cold chain supply chain system.

The EU and Kazakhstan in the latest geopolitical and geoeconomic conditions: New dimensions of partnership

In the article, the authors analyze the state of relations between the EU and Kazakhstan in recent times, taking into account the adjustments in global economic relations, transport, and logistics routes in Eurasia, resulting from the war in Ukraine. The difficulties in their partnership stem primarily from the lack of an alternative to the Northern route. The authors examine these challenges and the prospects of the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR) to provide that alternative. Special attention is paid to the EU’s “Global Gateway” program, initiated at the end of 2022, representing a new milestone in the relations between the EU and the Central-Asian countries, especially Kazakhstan. This program is in direct competition with China’s “Belt and Road” project, such that a comparison will reveal its opportunities. As will be discussed, one of the most important areas for such cooperation is Kazakhstan’s energy sector, including the development of green hydrogen, by which the EU aims to diversify its suppliers. The article concludes that while the consequences of the war in Ukraine have challenged the economic partnership between Kazakhstan and the EU, they have opened up new areas for its strengthening. The European Union, for its part, is deepening its involvement in Kazakhstan and Central Asia, focusing on regionalization, the ecologization of economic systems and relations, and quality management.

The implications of Chinese investments on Mediterranean trade and maritime hubs

AbstractBy improving the connectivity between China and Europe, Chinese investments aim to redefine China’s position within global transport networks and logistics flows. This article explores the evolution of port activity in the Mediterranean following the implementation of investment strategies through an analysis of container flows and the impact generated by China on the Mediterranean ports. It compares port centrality to assess what influences the Belt and Road Initiative has had on containers flows from its inception until 2019 (pre Covid-19 pandemic). The main results underline that during its inception phase, the BRI had no discernable impacts on port polarization. Further, trade imbalances decreased and even slightly grew in favor of Mediterranean countries. The presence of Chinese investors, COSCO and China Merchants Group, in port operations impacted regional dynamics, mainly in the port of Piraeus in Greece, which became a hub. Connectivity between the main Mediterranean ports and China grew considerably after the BRI, especially with Egypt, Spain, and Morocco, where Chinese port investments have been considerable. The ports receiving the most Chinese investments see the most significant changes in their ranking in the regional port system.

МАРКЕТИНГОВА СТРАТЕГІЯ РОЗВИТКУ ЛОГІСТИЧНИХ ПОСЛУГ В ГЛОБАЛЬНОМУ ЕКОНОМІЧНОМУ ПРОСТОРІ

The article defines the role of marketing strategies for the development of logistics services in the international economic space. The study analyses the challenges faced by logistics companies in connection with globalisation and identifies the key aspects of international marketing that affect the success of logistics services management. The article discusses the need to adapt marketing strategies to different cultures and economic conditions inherent in different countries. The article analyses effective methods of promoting logistics services in international markets and examines important aspects of branding and communication to ensure success in logistics service management. The article examines current trends in the international marketing of logistics services and identifies strategies for adapting to changes in the global economic environment. The authors explore the role of effective logistics service management in creating competitive advantages in international markets, paying attention to supply chain optimisation and improving the quality of customer service. The article also discusses strategies for expanding the network of logistics services in different regions of the world, analyses the issues of choosing optimal transport routes and ensuring delivery reliability. The authors improve approaches to logistics risk management and cost-effectiveness on a global scale. In particular, the article discusses strategies for increasing competitiveness, using flexible pricing and developing customer service strategies to ensure sustainable success in the global logistics segment. The article proposes a structural and logical model for the formation of a marketing strategy for the development of logistics services in the global economic space, focusing on their development in the international economic space. The article studies challenges that companies face in logistics management and identifies key aspects of international marketing aimed at effective positioning of logistics services in the global market. The study provides practical recommendations for improving the efficiency of international marketing of logistics services and managing their development. Particular attention is paid to strategies for expanding the network of logistics services in different regions and developing efficient transportation methods without the use of digital tools. Additionally, the issues of logistics risk management and cost accounting in the global market are considered

THE SMART MANUFACTURING: IMPERATIVES AND TRENDS

The aim of the article is to learn the processes of smart economy, in particular such aspects as a development of a smart manufacturing and a formation of a smart market. With the help of graphic visualization methods, the trends of digitalization, the penetration of the latest ICT technologies into global production and logistics processes were characterized. The methods of system analysis and generalization, made it possible to formulate the key imperatives, which characterize the formation of smart manufacturing: comprehensive digitalization, the spread of artificial intelligence, the industrial robotics and the industrial Internet of Things, the formation of global supply chains and a new type of production networks. The important features of Industry 5.0 are: a trend of green economy and ensuring the stability and the resilience of the system. The extrapolation of the obtained conclusions to Ukrainian economy made it possible to determine the key imperatives for its recovery in a smart context: global digitalization, a course towards a green economy (the priorities of which should be present in all goals and directions of post-war recovery and reform), formation of the foundations of resilience in the face of numerous internal and external challenges and threats.

Comprehensive cyber security for port and harbor ecosystems

Global maritime transportation and logistics systems are essential parts of critical infrastructures in every society, and a crucial part of maritime logistics processes are seaports. In the coming years, digitalization and increased levels of autonomy in logistic transport chains are expected to take leaps forward. This development can help create safer, more efficient, more sustainable, and more reliable service chains to meet the requirements for a better quality of life and global prosperity. Port and harbor operations connect the maritime transport to other modes of transportation and enable multimodal transportation. Smart ports play a central role in future transport logistics and supply chains. Digitalization helps improve the efficiency of terminal systems in the processes of these ports. In the best cases, digitalization can also promote the reduction of emissions by optimizing port operations and enhancing cargo and people flows while improving the experience for all stakeholders. The improvement of port processes relies on the development of information and communication technology (ICT) as well as on industrial control systems (ICS) and operation technologies (OT). At the same time, the cyber security of maritime logistics also needs to be addressed. This article presents our findings related to the Sea4Value research goal on cyber security, which is a comprehensive cyber security architecture for port services at the system level. The article emphasizes the importance of a system of systems approach in terms of a comprehensive cyber security management process for port ecosystems. The description and recognition of management steps of every stakeholder are the key elements in this kind of process.

THE ROLE OF AZERBAİJAN İN THE FİELD OF GLOBAL WORLD LOGISTICS

In this article, the objective is to research and analyze the actual and strategic role of Azerbaijan in the field of Global Logistics and how Azerbaijan contributes strategically to the global logistics industry. This article explores the ways Azerbaijan should do in terms of its strategic role in the world logistics field and tries to disclose country's role in conditions that exist in the world logistics network. Logistics has an important role the development of all sector in any country. When we evaluate the role of Azerbaijan in the field of Global Logistics, one of the main nuances is to determine the weak and strong points of country in logistics section. For the improvment of logistics potencial, the state programs in this area should be implemented continuously. By assessing the country's capabilities in the field of global logistics, it is important to attract international attention to increase the country's transit trade potential. A general theoratical approach to the study of modern logsitics relations permit to form a imagination about the basic events and processes occuring in this field. In any region, the improvement of logistics infrastructure creates broadly opportunities for the developmemt of transit potencial and having become a significant motive force of economic growth, logistics and trade permit to increase the capacity of foreign direct investments in the basic fields in quickly globalizing world. Azerbaijan plays the role of a bridge between Europe and Asia. To turn into an important hub, to become better in this sector, Azerbaijan has to improve essentially the logistics and trade infrastructure for the long term period.

Research on the Multi-Equipment Cooperative Scheduling Method of Sea-Rail Automated Container Terminals under the Loading and Unloading Mode

A sea-rail automated container terminal (SRACT) plays a crucial role in the global logistics network, combining the benefits of sea and railway transportation. However, addressing the challenges of multi-equipment cooperative scheduling in terminal and railway operation areas is essential to ensure efficient container transportation. For the first time, this study addresses the cooperative scheduling challenges among railway gantry cranes, yard cranes, and automated guided vehicles (AGVs) under the loading and unloading mode in SRACTs, ensuring efficient container transportation. This requires the development of a practical scheduling model and algorithm. In this study, a mixed integer programming model was established for the first time to study the multi-equipment cooperative scheduling problem of a SRACT under the loading and unloading mode. A self-adaptive chaotic genetic algorithm was designed to solve the model, and the practicability and effectiveness of the model and algorithm were verified by simulation experiments. Furthermore, this study also proposes an AGV number adjustment strategy to accommodate changes in vessel arrival delays and train container types. Simulation experiments demonstrated that this strategy significantly reduces loading and unloading time, decreases equipment energy consumption, and improves the utilization rate of AGVs. This research provides valuable guidance for ongoing SRACT projects and advances and methodological approaches in multi-equipment co-operative scheduling for such terminals.

Analysis of the impact of Suez Canal blockage on the global shipping network

This study aims to quantitatively analyze the impact of the Suez Canal blockage on global maritime transportation networks. The Suez Canal, a critical global maritime transport route, experienced a significant disruption due to a ship grounding accident in March 2021, exposing the fragility of global logistics supply chains. We constructed a comprehensive shipping network, integrating real trajectory data from automatic identification system (AIS) devices on ships collected in 2018. The network comprises 2713 nodes and 137,830 links, with defined targeted (Suez Canal blockage) and random attack modes. Our analysis, based on multiple network topology metrics, reveals that the blockage had a considerable effect on the global shipping network, significantly more than random disruptions of comparable scale. The incident led to a decrease in network accessibility and connectivity, conforming to the law of distance attenuation. The effects varied across continents; Africa experienced the most significant impact, while Asia and Europe were less affected. Europe's developed transport system effectively mitigated the impact. Data on different ship types passing through the Suez Canal showed that container ships and petrochemical tankers were the most affected. This research underlines the Suez Canal's significance to global shipping and the necessity of robust supply chain management strategies to limit the fallout from similar future incidents.

Sustainable Evaluation of Major Third-Party Logistics Providers: A Framework of an MCDM-Based Entropy Objective Weighting Method

This study aims to efficiently assist decision makers in evaluating global third-party logistics (3PL) providers from the perspectives of economic, social, and environmental sustainability and explore the determinants of the 3PL providers’ performance. In doing so, an integrated framework for an MCDM-based entropy objective weighting method is proposed for the first time in a logistics industry assessment. In the first stage, the entropy method defines the weight of the decision criteria based on real data collected from the top 15 global 3PL providers. This study lists the prominent quantitative evaluation criteria, taking into consideration the sustainability perspective. The advantage of the entropy method is that it reduces the subjective impact of decision makers and increases objectivity. In the second stage, the measurement of alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution (MARCOS) method is used to rank the 3PL providers according to their performance on the basis of these criteria. Sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis are implemented to validate the results. The current research work is devoted to the emerging research topic of sustainable development in the logistics industry and supply chain management. The proposed model identifies key performance indicators in the logistics industry and determines the most efficient 3PL providers. Consequently, the results show that the carbon dioxide emissions (20.50%) factor is the most important criterion for the competitiveness of global logistics companies. The results of this study can help inefficient 3PL providers make strategic decisions to improve their performance. However, this study only focuses on 15 companies due to a lack of data. The integration of these two techniques provides a novel way to evaluate global 3PL providers which has not been addressed in the logistics industry to date and as such remains a gap that needs to be investigated.

Global Connectivity, Spatial Proximity, Multimodal Transport, and Polycentric Urban Regions: UAE Urban Development 2020 - 2030

At a current world city scale, conurbations interweave complex multimodal systems of logistics, transport, and communications. As this process evolves into a global network of interconnected urban nodes. While diffusing globally, China’s One Belt One Road (OBOR) proposal creates an infrastructural framework for global exchange, analogous to the Ancient TransAsian links of Silk Road and Indian Ocean. Linked spatial dimensions and functional regions have always existed at different scales without any synchronized nomenclature for a grid with exact dimensional measurements. The global surface exists as a topological phenomenon of multi scalar dimensions covered by varied surface phenomena from earth to vegetation with fluid elements alternating in liquidity and flows. increasingly the world cities trend divides more advanced urban regions from less well viably connected territories, governments, industries, and commerce. Thus, the world has been experiencing an unequal distribution of trade and associated transport, logistics and handling facilities. In relation to global trade and transport tends to focus on the post-industrialized West and East and so underplays the role of other parts of the world system, including the MENASA (Middle East–North Africa–South Asia) region. In doing so, scholars discount a variety of spatial, morphological, environmental, historical, and socio-political urban patterns particular to these other regions and cities. This article addresses this oversight by examining the United Arab Emirates coastal conurbation (U.A.E.–CC, including Dubai–Abu Dhabi–Sharjah–Ajman), with its unique global positioning and political and economic conditions. The U.A.E.–CC is explored in relation to theories of the world/global city, the airport city or aerotropolis, and the polycentric urban region (PUR). The article demonstrates the emerging formation and potential of the U.A.E.–CC PUR, a member of a world-city network specializing as a transport hub and tourist destination and a global logistics center.

Assessing Asian Countries' Competitiveness: Two-Stage Dea Analysis of Global Innovation Index and Logistics Performance Index Integration

Competitiveness has emerged as a crucial economic characteristic in policy and academia. It refers to the combination of institutions, policies, and factors that determine a country's level of productivity by assessing different aspects of competitiveness. This paper aims to assess the competitiveness of Asian countries by combining Global Innovation Index (GII) and Logistics Performance Index (LPI). The authors implement an integrated model called the Data Envelopment Analysis Super Slack-Based Measure Model (DEA–Super SBM) and the Malmquist Model (DEA–Malmquist) to assess competitiveness from 2012 to 2018. The study begins by validating seven critical factors from the GII and the LPI that impact competitiveness. Subsequently, the Super-SBM model evaluates the competitiveness efficiency for 30 Asian countries during the specified time frame. The DEA–Malmquist model is then employed to analyze the overall change in countries' competitiveness productivity across Asia. This research suggests that most Asian countries have achieved competitiveness efficiency, with countries such as China, Pakistan, and Kuwait demonstrating high indicators. However, a few countries still exhibit relatively low competitiveness indicators, and there has been some variation in competitiveness efficiency over the years. The study's implications can provide valuable insights to governments and policymakers, aiding in developing effective strategies to strengthen competitiveness and foster economic development. Keywords: efficiency; inefficiency; competitiveness; GII; LPI; Data Envelopment Analysis; Malmquist; Super Slack-Based Measure; Asia

A Logic Programming Approach to Global Logistics in a Co-Design Environment

A Logic Programming Approach to Global Logistics in a Co-Design Environment

REGULATORY AND LEGAL ENSURING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS SYSTEMS

Topicality. The scientific article is devoted to the research analysis of the peculiarities of legal regulation and the construction of the architecture of the intellectualization of transport systems. Transport communications unite companies around the world and are a necessary prerequisite for the integrity of the country and its integration into the world economy through foreign economic activity. In this regard, the transport system is directly related to the economy and the social sphere. The transport policy of any state is characterized by national priorities at the micro and macro levels. A competitive transport system must have the following characteristics: be economically, ecologically and socially sustainable; to be able to recover effectively after natural disasters; have a developed and reliable IT infrastructure.The use of information systems in traffic management is associated with the rapid development of modern cities, an increase in the number of rolling stocks on the streets, new routes and other features. As a result, the amount of information needed for analysis and making operational decisions has increased significantly. The information component will become an integral part of city life. And for more effective use of all the possibilities of intelligent transport systems (ITS), legal regulation is necessary, which includes data protection, standardization, rules for the application of ITS achievements and their further development.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the research is to study the legal foundations of the concept of transport and logistics systems sustainable development.Materials and Methods. The research methodology is based on the analysis of legislative and legal methods of ensuring transport and logistics flows, economic and legal analysis using the general legal framework and special legal acts that regulate the activity of transport and logistics systems. The problem of intellectualization of environmental protection activities is considered both through structural changes in the international economy, through modern processes of development of national transport and logistics systems, as well as through the study of the complex network structure of global logistics chains, where both approaches complement each other.Research results. The rapid development of modern cities, the increase of vehicles on the streets, the development of new routes increases the amount of information necessary for analysis and making operational decisions. This, in turn, stimulates the active use of intelligent information technologies. And the creation of legal incentives for the development of the intellectualization of the transport and logistics system is one of the factors of strengthening the economy and improving the welfare of the population.Conclusion. The conducted research made it possible to conduct an analysis of legal regulation and stimulation of the development of intelligent transport systems (ITS). In particular, at the international and regional levels. The main necessary elements of the comprehensive application of intelligent transport systems are standardization at the international level, in order to be able to create a global system for more efficient use of transport and achieving global goals in the safety of movement and reducing the impact of transport on the environment.

Pricing Strategy of the Leading Container Shipping Carriers under the Turbulent Freight Market and its Impact on Logistics Supply Chains; an Analytical Approach

Covid-19 pandemic crisis seriously hit both the global trade and logistics sectors, causing huge distortions of the global supply chains. A peculiar paradox of this crisis, however, was an unexpectedly rapid growth in demand for container shipping services and, as a result of this, an unprecedented behavior of global container shipowners in the recovery phase.

Safe Optimal Vessel Planning on Natural Inland Waterways

Despite inland ports play an essential role in today’s global logistics chain, many problems still remain unsolved. One of the main challenges that inland waterways face is the trip planning of cargo vessels. A correct trip planning does not only improve the efficiency and prestige of the port, but is also crucial to ensure the safety of operations. This issue is particularly critical in the case of natural waterways whose depth and width are conditioned by natural phenomena that, in principle, cannot be controlled. This is the case of the Guadalquivir river, a waterway that connects the Atlantic Ocean and the inland Port of Seville in the south of Spain. In this context, this work proposes a two-step solution to optimize the time needed for vessels to complete their journey through the waterway while considering the constraint imposed by the time-varying depth and encountering situations. The outcome is the set of times when vessels are required to cross a series of boundaries delimiting the different sections of the waterway. The advantages of the proposed approach are studied in contrast to a first-arrived first-served scheduling solution in terms of optimality and feasibility.

Hyperconnected Logistic Platform for Heavy-Duty Machinery: Leveraging Physical Internet Principles to Drive the Composting Industry

The Physical Internet (PI) envisions a global logistics system that integrates physical, digital and operational connections. This study aims to develop a hyperconnected logistic platform for heavy-duty machinery (HDM) in the composting industry by utilizing a systematic methodology. The proposed architecture consists of four layers: the Domain Model, the MBSE Model, the Information Sharing Model and the Agent-based Simulation Platform. The Domain Model analyzes the current situation and investigates stakeholder viewpoints, and the MBSE Model reduces complexity and describes mutual interactions between requirements and needs. The Information Sharing Model focuses on the information exchange among the main components, and the Agent-based Simulation Platform implements the proposed platform. The feasibility of the proposed architecture is demonstrated through a use case in Styria, Austria. Three simulation-based scenarios are analyzed, starting from the semi-hyperconnected approach up to the hyperconnected approach with PI vision integration. The results indicate that the hyperconnected platform is successful in serving all composting facilities, leveraging underutilized resources and promoting high-quality compost production. Thus, the platform provides support in a local, communal setting, resulting in enhancing the circular economy within the composting sector. Our efforts aim to contribute to the realization of the Physical Internet vision and promote composting to ultimately achieve a more sustainable future.

Methodological introduction to the carbon footprint evaluation of intermodal transport

Managing logistics processes from an environmental perspective is increasingly important in international supply chains. Essential elements of global logistics are supply chains based on intermodal logistic units. The specificity of this type of shipment, which often involves several modes of transport, requires a precise definition of model boundaries and identification of specific factors determining the level of carbon footprint. This research is focused on identifying the specific emissivity level of each intermodal transport stage. The conducted study refers to the international emission evaluation guidelines gathered in the UN GHG Protocol. The carbon footprint (CF) evaluation commenced during the case study indicated the need to consider the specificity of the assigned modes of transport. Hence selected emission factors such as US DEFRA, US EPA, KOBiZE and UNFCCC were engaged for better carbon footprint evaluation related to each stage of the intermodal transport process. In the summary part, the environmental efficiency level of each mode of transport has been compared. The sea freight mode was indicated as the most efficient in terms of overall kg*eCO2 per kilometre. The study shows that intermodal maritime transport, taking into account the weight of the goods transported and the distance, is approximately 68% more efficient than road transport. However, it must be mentioned that to identify the differences comprehensively, transshipment operations must also be taken into account in each scenario. Further research steps and recommendations have been presented in the last section of this research.

Research on Machine Vision-Based Control System for Cold Storage Warehouse Robots

In recent years, the global cold chain logistics market has grown rapidly, but the level of automation remains low. Compared to traditional logistics, automation in cold storage logistics requires a balance between safety and efficiency, and the current detection algorithms are poor at meeting these requirements. Therefore, based on YOLOv5, this paper proposes a recognition and grasping system for cartons in cold storage warehouses. A human–machine interaction system is designed for the cold storage environment, enabling remote control and unmanned grasping. At the algorithm level, the CA attention mechanism is introduced to improve accuracy. The Ghost lightweight module replaces the CBS structure to enhance runtime speed. The Alpha-DIoU loss function is utilized to improve detection accuracy. With the comprehensive improvements, the modified algorithm in this study achieves a 0.711% increase in mAP and a 0.7% increase in FPS while maintaining accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the CA attention mechanism increases fidelity by 2.32%, the Ghost lightweight module reduces response time by 13.89%, and the Alpha-DIoU loss function enhances positioning accuracy by 7.14%. By incorporating all the improvements, the system exhibits a 2.16% reduction in response time, a 4.67% improvement in positioning accuracy, and a significant overall performance enhancement.

Critical Analysis of Container Accidents in International Logistics

Purpose: Container accidents are a significant issue in international logistics, causing property damage, financial loss, environmental hazards, and even loss of life. These accidents can occur in various settings, such as ports, container yards, roads, rails, or seas. Efforts are being made to enhance container safety, but they remain a persistent challenge that requires ongoing attention to ensure the safe and efficient movement of goods across the globe. By understanding the specific aspects of container accidents that are human-controllable and addressing these issues, a more sustainable and efficient global logistics industry can be achieved. Methodology: An exploratory research design is used in the research study. A comprehensive review of existing literature, including research papers, academic journals, books, reports, and reputable online sources was done. Literature that focuses on container accidents, maritime safety, human factors, and accident investigation reports was extensively studied to gain an understanding of the current state of knowledge on the topic. Data from relevant secondary sources that provide information on container accidents that are human-controllable were identified and collected. Results & Outcome: Container accidents that are happening owing to natural calamities such as floods, cyclones, sea perils, etc are uncontrollable. There are other forms of container accidents viz cargo damage, container equipment damage, container vessel damage, loss of life owing to container fall, etc occurring due to container sliding while handling, tipping of container vessels while loading, skewing of container vessels in the transit voyage, etc. that are controllable by human interference. Unevenly loaded containers seem to be the prime reason for many container accidents that are apparently controllable by humans by following the International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC) guidelines of the International Maritime Organization. In an LCL (Less than Container Load) scenario, adhering to such guidelines may be challenging. There are many research articles discussing the load balancing of containers in an LCL scenario using various optimization techniques, and it appears that the literature is still evolving. Originality: A exploratory study to understand the human controllable factors in container accidents, further study the regulatory guidelines, and analyse the research papers published. Type of the Paper: Exploratory research.