Global Labour Market Research Articles

The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on the Global labour Market: an Analysis of Emerging Trends (Part One)

In the context of the economic crisis caused by the spread of coronavirus infection, the global labour market has faced serious challenges, on the timeliness and effectiveness of the response to which the viability of the world economy today depends. The crisis is global in nature and has a significant impact on investment, global value chains and international trade, with serious consequences not only for the economy, but also for the working-age population in all countries of the world. The global economic turmoil caused by the coronavirus pandemic requires a thorough analysis of the scale of its consequences in order to determine the most rational solutions. A situation of uncertainty about the future, fear of devastating consequences, and pessimistic forecasts were the companions of the first days of the pandemic. This article provides the first estimates of the level of unemployment and employment in various countries of the world in 2020. The article is divided into two parts due to its large volume. The first part reveals the reasons for the differences in the dynamics of unemployment in different countries of the world, calculates the elasticity of employment by GDP, considers the consequences of the pandemic for the global labor market in the context of changes in workers' incomes, and identifies the segments of the labor market that are most susceptible to impact. The second part of the article examines in detail the state of the Russian labour market and the dynamics of the main indicators of socioeconomic development of Russia before and during the pandemic, provides forecast values of indicators, reveals the features of adaptation of the Russian labor market to new challenges and their differences from the mechanisms of self-regulation during previous economic shocks, while focusing on the changes occurring in the informal sector of the Russian economy

Obituary of Rzhanitsyna, LS

In the context of the economic crisis caused by the spread of coronavirus infection, the global labour market has faced serious challenges, on the timeliness and effectiveness of the response to which the viability of the world economy today depends. The crisis is global in nature and has a significant impact on investment, global value chains and international trade, with serious consequences not only for the economy, but also for the working-age population in all countries of the world. The global economic turmoil caused by the coronavirus pandemic requires a thorough analysis of the scale of its consequences in order to determine the most rational solutions. A situation of uncertainty about the future, fear of devastating consequences, and pessimistic forecasts were the companions of the first days of the pandemic. This article provides the first estimates of the level of unemployment and employment in various countries of the world in 2020. The article is divided into two parts due to its large volume. The first part reveals the reasons for the differences in the dynamics of unemployment in different countries of the world, calculates the elasticity of employment by GDP, considers the consequences of the pandemic for the global labor market in the context of changes in workers' incomes, and identifies the segments of the labor market that are most susceptible to impact. The second part of the article examines in detail the state of the Russian labour market and the dynamics of the main indicators of socioeconomic development of Russia before and during the pandemic, provides forecast values of indicators, reveals the features of adaptation of the Russian labor market to new challenges and their differences from the mechanisms of self-regulation during previous economic shocks, while focusing on the changes occurring in the informal sector of the Russian economy

Perspectives and competitiveness of Bosnian industry: Competitiveness enhancement through innovative solutions

On global level there is a large supply-demand imbalance for the worker with the right set of skills. Similarly, it is observed in Bosnia as well. Even though the unemployment rate is high in the country, the industry is struggling to get talents they need from the local market. On the other hand, the job seekers are rather preferring to look for job opportunities in EU countries since the packages of benefits are more attractive there. Bosnian industry is mainly based on labor intensive business and it is focused on lower cost as competitive advantage. Using this competitive advantage, the industry generates insufficient added value to offer competitive package of benefit to demanded talents from the global labor market. They have to switch to a new competitive advantage on differentiated unique solutions to target groups that will provide them with increased added value.

Globalization of Employment Amid COVID-19 Pandemic

In 2019-2020 the global economy faced an unprecedented transition to remote employment. New information technologies have made this transition possible, but prior to the pandemic it was implemented with great hesitation even in technologically advanced companies, whose activities are focused on data analysis. The sudden push toward remote work has formed a new reality of the global labor market - mass foreign outsourcing of labor in a wide range of professions. New trends are adding additional challenges for the legal regulation of labor relations at the level of states and international organizations (ILO and UN). The article asks what the socio-economic consequences of the surge in remote employment on a state and international level will be. The methodology of the study consists in conducting cross-country comparisons of the social behavior of employers and employees, as well as analyzing the response of international organizations and states in terms of adapting the regulatory framework to the changed social relations. The results show that the "point of no return" in the organization of labor relations has not been reached yet. The effects of the increased scale of remote employment is observed only in individual and usually very large companies. However, at the national level the situation with remote employment returns to a large extent to the pre-crisis level, although not completely. At first glance socially comfortable model of remote employment triggers systemic risks, which, if further accelerated, will fully manifest themselves in the foreseeable future. Remote employment is one of the means of labor market globalization, the pandemic of COVID-19 has acted as an accelerator for the growth of cross-border remote employment. In this regard, we should expect an intensification of the international discussion on the need and sufficiency of national legislative borders that restrain the globalization of the labor market, which needs to liberalize remote employment with the participation of foreign citizens.

Peculiarities of Multicultural Education Development in North America, Western Europe and Ukraine

The purpose of the article was to analyze the process of the multicultural education development in countries that have experience in the successful implementation of its ideas and to identify relevant for Ukraine ideas of multicultural education, as in Ukraine the number of foreign students in universities, academies and institutes is constantly growing.
 In order to solve the tasks we used general scientific (analysis, synthesis, comparison, systematization and generalization for studying the works of foreign and domestic scientists and the legislative support) as well as special scientific (prognostic analysis for determination of the multicultural education prospects in Ukraine) research methods.
 Underway the study, the fact of the need for the multicultural education and its links with the social, economic and political factors in the global labor market, as well as with the migratory flow that requires the integration of immigrants into society, was found out. However, each country’s multicultural education has its own peculiarities in relation to the legislative environment and the implementation of an inclusive education perspective at the different educational levels.

The Chinese Students' Digital Competencies Formation in the Educational Space of the Russian University

In the past two decades, in the context of internationalization of higher education, the formation of a digital society in Russia and overseas the requirements for higher education have changed significantly. Digital skills and competencies should be acquired by a person in the education system, so the role of higher education and learning in general is growing. The Chinese students’ influx to the Russian universities is increasing, which presents a challenge for the Russian universities to develop the digital skills of the Chinese students demanded on the global labor market. The main objectives of the study were to determine the basic digital competencies that Chinese students need to form in the process of training at the Russian higher school. The study was conducted at three universities in Yekaterinburg. The research methodology combined both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The primary data was collected using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. 500 Russian and 500 Chinese students were questioned on the basis of quota sampling. In-depth interviews with 50 experts were conducted. The study has revealed the basic digital competencies required by Chinese students. They include: the ability to quickly respond to the intensification of ICT development, the ability to independently master and create innovations, the ability to work in network organizations with a decentralized management system (including Russian-Chinese), the skill of continuous self-education, the skill of self-study situation analysis and the skills of operational decision making. The research has found that in modern Russia there is a need to coordinate interstate, regional and university levels of innovative educational cooperation between Russia and China, to train Russian highly qualified specialists for the implementation of bilateral digital educational cooperation and to increase the financial component of the innovative development of the Russian-Chinese educational cooperation.
 Keywords: digitalization of higher education, digital competencies, Chinese students, the educational space of the Russian university, the interaction of the Russian and the Chinese higher schools

ФОРМУВАННЯ ЕМОЦІЙНОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУ ЯК КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНЬОГО ФАХІВЦЯ: ПОСТАНОВКА ПРОБЛЕМИ

We attempted to actualize the problem of forming the emotional intelligence in the educational and scientific-pedagogical dimension of Ukraine as one of the basic competencies of training future specialists in various fields of knowledge. The purpose of the article is to pose and update the problem of the necessity of emotional intelligence formation among future professionals of various spheres as a basic professional competence, which is considered one of the most popular in the labor market in the XXI century. General scientific and special pedagogical methods of research are used: heuristic search, analysis and synthesis, actualization, sample analysis, content analysis, systematization of sources, etc.As a result of the study it was found that in the global labor market, emotional intelligence is among the top 10 professional competencies most in demand in the XXI century. The scientific and theoretical developments presented in the article reveal its essence and semantic characteristics and testify to the complexity, multiplicity of manifestations of this phenomenon and give a clear idea of its main structural parameters and potential opportunities for use in vocational education to train future and advanced graduates. This fully applies to emotional literacy – a concept that is close but not identical to emotional intelligence. All this reveals the need for active internalization of these phenomena in the educational and scientific-pedagogical space of Ukraine for in-depth analysis and development of their scientific and theoretical foundations and identification and use of powerful formative (educational, developmental) potential in school education and training of competitive specialists in various fields of knowledge.

Impact of Industrial Revolution 4.0 on the Labor Market in Vietnam

Industrial Revolution 4.0 is taking shape and has a strong impact on the global labor market. The strength of the system connecting everything and artificial intelligence as well as automation technology is changing the labor market structure of countries in the world in general and of Vietnam in particular. For the labor market, the Industrial Revolution 4.0 has created many opportunities and challenges that require managers to catch up in time to have appropriate directions and solutions to develop the labor market, and meet the requirements of the current national development career.

How do Slovak Women Perceive Their Opportunities on the Global Labor Market? Generational study

Research background:Despite European labor market offers wider opportunities of employment also for Slovak women, it is characterized by notable gender disparities too. Except for the 12% employment gap, the 16% wage gap still occurs. Study examines generational differences in attitudes of Slovak woman according to their opportunities on the global labor market with the respect of fact that, women’s own views on the need for such activities differ across generations.Purpose of the article:The aim is to point out that views of Slovak women on their opportunities at the global labor market is perceived differently by women of diverse generations.Methods:The research was conducted using the questionnaire method on a sample of 361 respondents, who were exclusively women of economically active age already incorporated in the labor market. For this reason, stratified randomization was performed and members of Generations X, Generation Y, and Generation Z were approached to participate in the online survey. The assumptions of differences were set for 6 chosen variables and statistically tested according to the age through Kruskal-Wallis test using XL stat. As a post hoc test the Bonferroni correction was computed to counteract the problem of multiple comparisons between variables.Findings & Value added: The uniqueness of our study is primarily in targeting at women of different generations and looking for differences in their generational attitudes.

ОЦЕНКА ФАКТОРОВ УГРОЗЫ СТАБИЛЬНОСТИ ТРУДОВЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ СРОЧНЫХ ТРУДОВЫХ ДОГОВОРОВ В РОССИИ И ЗА РУБЕЖОМ

Temporary employment is defined in the scientific literature as atypical for the sphere of wage labour and even as an element of precarious employment. Today, fixed-term labour contracts are seen as a mechanism for labour market actors to respond to any shocks in the economy, a way of flexibly regulating the number of employees and reducing "dead" costs for employers. Russian labour law prohibits the conclusion of fixed-term employment contracts for the purpose of avoiding the rights and guarantees provided for workers with whom an indefinite-term employment contract is concluded. But extensive court practice in challenging dismissal due to the expiry of the term of the employment contract shows that a significant proportion of employers conclude fixed-term employment contracts in violation of the requirements of the Labour Code of the Russian Federation, in order to avoid providing labour rights and guarantees to employees. These vio-lations mainly include repeated conclusion of fixed-term contracts for a short period to per-form the same work function, "imposition" of a condition on the fixed-term nature of the con-tract in the absence of the employee's will, in situations where the law requires an agreement of the parties to the employment contract for the conclusion of a fixed-term contract. In the modern economic environment, a form of short-term employment called casual work has developed, which is most often recognised in the literature as informal, precarious employment. Despite this, casual work has become widespread in developed countries, and particularly in jobs related to the on-demand economy, with the use of digital platforms. The negative aspect of the wide use of fixed-term employment contracts in the EU is reflected in the persistent entrenchment of temporary workers in the labour market, whose growth can be restrained only with the assistance of the state. Thus, the analysis of the practice of flexible forms of employment in foreign countries shows that short-term contracts are now widely integrated into the global labour market, which is confirmed by the statistical data on the growth of fixed-term contracts in most coun-tries. This process can hardly be stopped, but, based on the experience of EU countries, it seems possible at least to find a way to adapt to this situation by balancing the rights and interests of workers, employers and the state in such relations and preventing the transfor-mation of fixed-term employment relations into precarious ones.

Global trends in employment changes and their impact on professionalisation

Research background: Globalization has determined the orientation of transformations in the labour market and employment: on the one hand, blurring of borders has led to an increase in interstate and remote employment (out staffing, freelance), lower costs for the wage fund and increased professional competition for the self-employed, on the other hand, there is an increase in information and digital inequality leading to discrimination in the labour market and high professional mobility of the workforce.. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to analyse and systematize the main trends in the global labour market that affect the process of professionalization of various categories of employees in the Russian Federation. Methods: As the main research methods there were the analysis of documents, analysis of statistical data, secondary data analysis and expert survey used. Findings & Value added: The analysis described global trends in the labour market, as well as their impact on the process of professionalization of various categories of employees in the Russian Federation. Various options for modern professionalization are considered - traditional (based on formal vocational education) and non-traditional. The acquired and relevant professional competencies and professional reputation, rather than the level of knowledge and qualifications, prove to be economic and valuable. The study contributes to the development of the theory of professional socialization and the concept of modern employment, at the same time it can be useful in determining economic policy strategies in the field of labour market and employment regulation.

ГЕНЕЗИС НОВІТНІХ ВИКЛИКІВ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО РИНКУ ПРАЦІ

The article examines the latest challenges in the global labour market and considers their impact on international migration processes, proposes a vector for solving these challenges. The current challenges in the world labour market such as digitalization, globalization and regionalization, neoprotectionism, urbanization, climate change, population aging, the tendency to reduce working hours due to new technologies, robotics, special attention is paid to the latest problems, including quarantine restrictions, provoked by COVID-19 pandemic. The above trends lead to the fact that the most profitable investments at the moment (and probably in the future) are investments in the human capital. This article is a part of a study of the impact of international labour migration on the new geoeconomic area formation.

Queering the Global Filipina Body: Contested Nationalisms in the Filipina/o Diaspora by Gina K. Velasco

Reviewed by: Queering the Global Filipina Body: Contested Nationalisms in the Filipina/o Diaspora by Gina K. Velasco Anna M. Moncada Storti (bio) Queering the Global Filipina Body: Contested Nationalisms in the Filipina/o Diaspora by Gina K. Velasco. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2020, 176 pp., $98.15 hardcover, $26.00 paper, $19.95 ebook. Filipinas—too often stereotyped in contemporary popular culture as care workers, sex workers, and mail-order brides—evoke the gendered and sexual politics of the Philippine nation, but how have those in the Filipinx diaspora reconciled with such tropes? Gina K. Velasco's interdisciplinary study, Queering the Global Filipina Body: Contested Nationalisms in the Filipina/o Diaspora, reimagines representational politics, boldly challenging the discursive terrain which indexes Filipinas as "devalued, flexible" (2) laborers within capitalism's global labor market. Extending theoretical work across Filipinx Studies, transnational feminism, and queer of color critique, Velasco exhibits the indispensable use of queer diasporic analysis, illuminating a defining tension within Filipina/o American cultural production from the 1990s to the mid-2010s: queer and feminist critiques of the heteropatriarchal nation, on the one hand, and the liberatory potential of popular nationalism as a form of anti-imperial resistance, on the other. Gender, sexuality, and race emerge as consistent vectors of analysis, as do migration, labor, and homonationalism. A mixed methodological study, Queering the Global Filipina Body combines ethnography with visual cultural analysis as it introduces a queer engagement with national belonging. Required reading for Filipinx scholars and activists alike, this book brings rich texture to the queer, feminist, and leftist pursuits that embolden the diasporic nationalisms of the US's former colony. It is an ideal text to assign in graduate seminars and advanced undergraduate courses in feminist theory, queer diaspora, and critical ethnic studies. Unique to Velasco's debut monograph is its extension of a "loving" critique, one foregrounded from a position of solidarity. Originally discussed in a previously published essay, the author's notion of "loving" critique articulates shared political commitment with the subject under inspection. Indeed, while the book forwards a sustained critique of the nation's ruthless investment in heteropatriarchy, it also wholeheartedly believes in the political potential of diasporic nationalism. These "contested nationalisms" shape the book's organizational structure; the first two chapters intervene into the gendered and sexual politics that undergird representations of the global Filipina body as a national symbol; the last two chapters spotlight Filipinx performance art, shifting the book's attention towards queer renditions of the global Filipina body which disrupt [End Page 343] both the heteronormative and masculinist ethos of Filipina/o American cultural nationalism and the homonationalism of US-based LGBT politics. Each chapter centers a different iteration of the global Filipina body. Chapter 1 looks closely at the balikbayan, the migrant who returns. Drawing on fieldwork conducted at the Philippine Studies Program—a heritage language program based at the University of the Philippines, Diliman—Velasco brings romanticized narratives of home to bear on the tensions that arise when Filipina/o Americas travel back to the "motherland." Regarded with "envy and scorn" (26), as traitors with a coveted privilege, Philippine expatriates awaken a deep-seated sense of national betrayal. As sites of politicization, heritage language programs incite a nationalist consciousness in Filipina/o Americans whose affinity to the island country complicates notions of betrayal. Heritage programs function as affective structures of diasporic nationalism that expose its participants to the Philippine revolutionary charge not without reproducing the nation's upholding of the nuclear family. Insofar as Philippine revolutionary nationalism is characterized through figures like Andrés Bonifacio and José Rizal, the implicitly male (diasporic or otherwise) national subjectivity is contingent upon its opposite: the feminized global Filipina body. Through interviews and participant observation, Velasco triangulates the heterosexual male balikbayan, the global Filipina body, and the queer balikbayan, addressing the contradictory and divergent commitments that define queer subjects' investments in anti-imperial nationalism. With critical and historical context, Velasco outlines the fraught ways in which efforts for liberation sustain the reproductive logic of the nation. Chapter 2 asks how representations of the Filipina trafficked woman / sex worker collapse narratives of sexual, affective, and domestic labor to satisfy alternative political...

Doctoral Students’ Learning Experiences in Ghana: Exploring a New Curriculum Using Bourdieu’s Concepts

Aim/Purpose: To utilize Pierre Bourdieu’s (1984, 1986) concepts of capitals, habitus, and field to explore and critically analyze doctoral students’ learning experiences with a new doctoral curriculum introduced by a Ghanaian university. Background: Global competition and labor market reforms have ignited the need for higher education institutions to reimagine their doctoral programs, develop and align them with labor market demands and national priorities. Methodology: The research was conducted as a qualitative inquiry based on which the purposive sampling technique was used with 18 doctoral students from a Ghanaian university. Participants took part in individual interviews and data were analyzed using thematic coding procedures developed based on Bourdieu’s (1984; 1986) theorization of capital, habitus, and field Contribution: The study may benefit universities in monitoring the quality of doctoral students’ learning experiences. Findings: The research found that, although the participants were broadly satisfied with some aspects of their programs, the additional cost associated with its duration, the lack of quality and timely feedback from supervisors, and difficulty accessing conference funding were key challenges to achieving the ultimate goals of the new doctoral curriculum. Recommendations for Practitioners: The paper draws attention to human dispositions, values, and beliefs (habitus) which operate with different forms of capital in fields of doctoral training. Recommendation for Researchers: Researchers may focus on tools that help to transform supervisor habitus and the kinds of support that work for individual students. Impact on Society: The strongest message gleaned from this study is that to improve doctoral students’ learning experiences, it is necessary first to develop a student-supervisor relationship built on mutual respect, clear timelines for achieving supervision targets, and commitment to achieving the targets. The research further challenges the higher education system in Ghana and in deed, the world at large, to look beyond the objectified capital (certificates) and to develop relevant skills that students require to be professionally ready for the labor market. Future Research: One of the study’s limitations is that the sample was selected from one university in Ghana. Future research may compare doctoral curriculums and students’ learning experiences across several Ghanaian universities. Again, this research used the perspectives of only students. A future study may draw on multiple perspectives to provide depth and breadth of knowledge on the doctoral program.

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CORPORATE EDUCATION IN POLAND IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH – EARLY 21TH CENTURY

The article represents an overview and substantiation of the peculiarities of the formation and development of corporate education in Poland in the second half of the 20th - early 21th century. The definition of ‘corporate education’ in the context of adult education is clarified in the text. The importance of the experience of corporate education of the Republic of Poland as a component of adult education for the Ukrainian education system was noted. The purpose of the article is a theoretical substantiation of the peculiarities of the formation and development of corporate education in Poland in the second half of the 20th – early 21th century. It was found that during the existence of the People’s Republic of Poland (1952–1989) no special legislation and regulations on the organization of corporate education were adopted in the country. The problems of formation of corporate education, which have been being solved by the People’s Republic of Poland in the 50-70s of the last century were singled out. In the article was proven the importance of the adoption of the Labor Code (1974), the Employment Act (1989), The Law On the Education System (1991), the Act on Employment and Social Protection in case of Unemployment (1994), the document «Continuing Education Strategy till 2010»; (2003). The following features of formation and development of corporate education in Poland in the second half of the 20th – early 21th century are established as: the centralizing the management of educational institutions and ideologically biased content of education; the transition from the administrative-command method in the management of formal education institutions; the spread of the decentralization of education; laying the foundation for the democratization of corporate education in Poland; the emergence of a regulatory framework for broad autonomy of informal corporate education; the adapting the legal framework of education to European Union standards; the integration of Polish corporate education into the European Community. In the future, it is necessary to study the trends of updating the content, forms and methods of vocational training of adults, taking into account the requirements of international standards for training competitive professionals for the global labor market.

Development of Virtual Migration in the Context of the Ongoing Digitalization

The global trends of the constant increase in the digital component indicate that the economy is increasingly tilting into the “virtual plane”. Digital technologies are fundamentally changing almost all existing professional areas. Digitalization is not only fundamentally transforming labor relations, but also requires and facilitates the development of new forms of migration. A “transnational virtual space” is emerging, in which vast amounts of data across national borders without the physical movement of workers. With an aging population, virtual migration is becoming one of the most important conditions for the dynamic development of the digital economy. The purpose of this report is to investigate the algorithmic organization of work, combined with flexible labor relations and contributing to the inclusion of mobile labor in a stratified global labor market focused on the penetration of digital technologies into all sectors and spheres of life. The method used by the author is the analysis of the main trends in the development of virtual migration. The novelty of the study lies in examining the impact of digitalization not only on labor relations, but also, in terms of the development of new forms of mobility.

МІЖНАРОДНИЙ РИНОК ПРАЦІ: ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ

The article analyzes the trends that accompany the international labor market. It was found that the peculiarity of the economic development of the world was the challenge of the spread of coronal infection COVID-19. The theoretical aspects of the formation of the world labor market in the context of labor migration. The state of the modern world labor market is analyzed; in particular, the main trends in employment and unemployment in recent years. It is established that the main problems that negatively affect the functioning of the international labor market are rising unemployment and declining employment. It was found that today the service sector is developing rapidly and the trends in employment in this area and the causes of the “brain drain” are analyzed. It was found that for the better functioning of the labor market it is necessary to create new jobs and stimulate the activity of economically active population, which will contribute to the economic development of the world. It is determined that the dynamic processes of intellectualization of production with large-scale development of innovative technologies in recent years lead to intensification of the process of redistribution of jobs with a rapid increase in the share of highly educated and skilled workers in the total number of employees. Emphasis is placed on the growing role of highly professional skilled labor, which is dictated by modern conditions of development. Improving the quality characteristics of employees is due to both the intellectualization of production and labor, constant updating of the range of products and the development of the knowledge economy, the main advantage of which is the knowledge resource and so on. It is determined that the main recipient countries of labor in the world labor market in Europe are the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, Germany, donor countries – Albania, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Ukraine and the CIS countries. It is emphasized that the international segment of the labor force is growing in the structure of the global labor market. The increase in this segment in recent years is due to the intensification of multinational companies. It is determined that the main features of the modern world labor market are structural changes, geographical mobility of the population and professional and qualification diversification.

Posting Workers as a New Model of Global Labour? Dilemmas of Economics, Politics and Ethics

Research background: Labour migration, i. e. the transnational movement of foreign workers on the European markets and their integration, is among the key topics of both Czech and European politics. I devote my paper to the regulation of work-related migration in a wider perspective of the global labour market in a specific type of labour migration „posting workers“. Purpose of the article: The paper focus on economic, political, and ethical problematic aspects of posting workers within the European Union in connection with the European Commission’s revision of Directive 96/71/EC with an emphasis on posting workers to the Czech Republic. Methods: I will to analyse the key patterns of the reactions and discourse strategies of selected Czech stakeholders regarding the proposal for a revision of Directive 96/71/EC, in particular that of selected government representatives. For this purpose, it will be used the method of discourse analysis (especially methods developed by Ruth Wodak). Findings & Value added: I would like to demonstrate, using the revision of Directive 96/71/EC as an example of new renovating models of global labour, as a part of the process of integration of the global market in the era of globalization, that the mechanism of posting workers creates a hybrid single European labour market, changes international relations, and contributes to the transnational flexibility of labour.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ КОНЪЮНКТУРЫ РЫНКА ТРУДА В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The article analyzes the current processes on the global labor market in Russia and the Republic of Bashkortostan. Changing demographic proportions, the pension reform, migration processes, intensive development of production technologies, automation, the use of artificial intelligence all these factors are undoubtedly transforming the labor market environment. The content of occupation is changing, structural changes in the economy lead to the dropping-out of a number of specialties and the emergence of new ones, which did not exist before. To match the supply of labor resources to the modern requirements of the economy, new competencies of workers as well as continuous training or retraining are required. Educational institutions have to adapt to the new requirements of the labor market environment to meet the needs of the labor market for qualified specialists with relevant knowledge and skills. Major changes in the labor market amid the spread of the new coronavirus infection have affected most countries of the world economy, including Russia. A long period of restrictions in most industries is reflected in the economic indicators of enterprises, development opportunities, and the number of required workers. The situation with the pandemic clearly demonstrates how unstable the modern labor market is; how events that occur in one country in the world are capable of undermining the whole balance, even in fairly stable and durable economic systems. The article analyzes the situation on the labor market of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The main problems of the region in this direction are highlighted. The analysis of the situation in the registered labor market showed that in 8 months of 2020 the number of officially registered unemployed increased 5 times, the level of registered unemployment increased 5.5 times, tension in the labor market increased 3 times. In the context of a worsening economic situation caused by an unfavorable epidemiological situation, the situation with the employment of citizens has become more complicated. The analysis showed that for several years the employment rate remained stable at 70%, and by September 2020 it was 17.4%. Currently, the labor market in Russia experiences the consequences of the economic crisis caused by the unfavorable epidemiological situation. The crisis is changing the forms of employment, which is becoming remote, non-standard, online professions appear. The structure of labor demand is changing. Labor resources will be rebuilt or replenish the modern labor market. In these conditions, the role of the state is growing significantly and there is no doubt in the need of the development of the anti-crisis plan for the labor market’s regulation.

Formation of international employee competencies in the conditions of the global labor market transformation

Globalization of the labor market and development of international innovative cooperation, taking into account international production factors, intensify the process of forming a modern type of a migrant worker – an international worker. Today’s global market of labor resources places high requirements to the workforce. New criteria appear in relation to the quality of the individual’s labor potential implemented in global economic relations, and the quality of labor, determined by the worker’s qualification and skills, work attitude and sophistication of social and economic thinking, becomes the most important criterion. The quality of labor resources in the international labor market includes many characteristics, such as availability of international work experience, knowledge of the national specifics of various countries, the importance of international communication culture, etc., which are minimally present in the characteristics of labor resources at the national level. Given the above, the purpose of this article is to study the qualities, competencies and level of training of an innovative international worker. The study characterized key factors of the process of developing an international worker, some of which are worth noting: the appearance of unified international requirements to the worker’s education and qualification, formation of global information and communication networks, growth of transnational corporations. It was concluded that the success of a worker of an international enterprise depends on the worker’s professional, social, entrepreneurial and personal competencies, etc., while the key indicators of the worker’s different-culture competence profile are professional, social, entrepreneurial and personal competences, ability to learn foreign languages and current family situation.