Development of Virtual Migration in the Context of the Ongoing Digitalization

Problem setting. The imperfection and obsolescence of national labor law raises a range of legal issues related to ensuring the proper implementation of the constitutional right to work and a number of social guarantees for workers’ rights. These problems include, in particular, the widespread practice of civil-law labor substitution, which is usually manifested through the conclusion of so-called civil-law contracts between the employer and the employee, rather than the proper design of relations in the manner prescribed by the Labor Code of Ukraine. The purpose of the research is to reveal the problematic issues of the distinction between labor and civil relations, both from the point of view of the existing doctrine of labor law, and through the prism of the existing rulemaking practice, aimed at improving national legislation on labor. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The issues of the distinction between labor and civil relations have become the subject of scientific analysis in the writings of such scientists as O.V. Zabrodina, L.O. Zolotukhina, M.I. Inshin, R.A. Maidanik, S.M. Prilipko, Ya.V. Svichkaryova, D.I. Sirokha, N.V. Fedorchenko, OM Yaroshenko and others. At the same time, these issues require further research in order to develop comprehensive recommendations aimed at improving labor law. Article’s main body. Among the variety of means of departure from classical labor relations, the two most common types of registration of relations between the employer and the employee in the civil plane can be distinguished: 1) conclusion of a civil contract (provision of services, contract, employment agreement) with an individual; 2) concluding a civil (economic) contract with an individual entrepreneur. The main reasons for the emergence of the practice of changing labor relations in civil law should be recognized as follows: obsolescence of Labor Code of Ukraine, the concept of which does not fully correspond to the current realities of the labor market; the need to optimize the tax burden on employers; lack of definition of labor relations in the legislation. Existing attempts to combat these negative phenomena, in particular the bill proposed by the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine in 2019, raise many objections because they are unable to systematically resolve the problem of the “shadow labor market”. Conclusions. The problem of the distinction between labor and civil relations is of great theoretical and practical importance and needs to be addressed promptly at the legislative level, in particular through the consolidation in the legislation of a clear list of features of labor relations, as well as the definition of types of work, the relationships within which can be solved exclusively at the level. In this context, it is necessary to adopt a new Labor Code, the provisions of which will meet economic realities and current labor market conditions.

Migration is a complex social process not simply a response to development imbalances, or a solution to problems like unemployment, poverty or population aging. As such migration and mobility are shaped by broader processes of globalization, development, technological transformation, urbanization and in turn contribute to shaping those. This collective paper raises and seeks to answer important research and policy questions about migration and social change in the next 20 years, reflecting on new forms of migration and mobility and their implications for identity, citizenship, and migration governance.

Strategic priorities of social production digitalization: world experience

The relevance of the topic of publication is due to the significant impact of digital services on the sphere of labour and employment. The purpose of the publication is to identify the main areas of in-fluence of digital services on the sphere of labour and employment, to develop a mechanism for regulating employment and social and labour relations, taking into account the impact of digital services. The objectives of the study are to systematize approaches to studying the impact of digital services on the country's economy and the labour market, identifying the main problems and unexplored issues; to develop a classification of digital services in terms of their impact on the labour market; to formulate the main areas of positive impact and the risks associated with the use of digital services and technologies; and to propose a mechanism for regulating employment and social and labour relations, describing its main elements. The research hypothesis is that the development of digital services contributes to increased flexibility in social and labour relations and increased labour productivity, but it also introduces new threats and re-duces the social security of workers. The classification of digital services in terms of their impact on the la-bour market, as well as the identification of risks and benefits, should serve as a basis for developing a mechanism for regulating employment and social and labour relations that promotes effective government policies in the sphere of labour. Graphical methods, statistical data analysis, and system analysis are used in the paper. The authors have revealed that the use of digital services contributes to: reducing the time spent on performing work functions and tasks, digitalizing template operations; supporting employment in traditional forms of work, supporting employment in non-standard forms of work related to the development of digital technologies; increasing the quality of work and the complexity of functions performed through online edu-cation, effective organization of work in remote teams of employees; expanding the customer base and in-creasing productivity; improving communication, division and cooperation of labour. But there are risks: cyber threats, inequality in access, substitution of human labour by machine labour, and increased psycho-physiological stress. A mechanism for regulating the employment of the population and social and labour relations is proposed. It can be used to identify key areas of regulation of social and labour relations and employment at the macro and meso levels.

The article presents the results of theoretical researches devoted to the problems of institutional transformations of social and labor relations in the labor markets. The ratio of categories of employment, unemployment, labor market in the context of contradictory interactions of developing technological systems (productive forces) and social and labor (production) relations is presented. The hypothesis is substantiated that social and labor relations in the labor markets take the form of institutions; a system of rules, restrictions, mechanisms that determine the behavior of employers and workers in the labor market, thereby influencing employment and unemployment. A methodological scheme for the study of labor markets is proposed in order to identify contradictions in the relationship between developing technologies and social and labor relations. It is proposed to use it in the development of specific methods for managing the development of institutions of social and labor relations in the labor markets of regions, the country in order to reduce the level of tension in the field of employment.

Introduction. The article concerns the problem of digital technologies influence on political processes. The main goal of the paper is clarification of trends and perspectives of digital technologies in their application to political practice.Methodology and sources. Paper’s main approach is analysis of contemporary trends in artificial intelligence in context of political practices. Modern applications of AI-technologies in political practices examined on works of S. Russel and P. Norvig.Results and discussion. Analysis of trends in digital technologies application in political process shows that it could be distinguished three stages in transformation of politicalpractices. On the first stage analogous technologies are dominated despite those digital technologies exist and apply widely in human lives. On the second stage digital technologies are widely applied by politicians but citizens couldn’t actively influence in political process. The third stage make internet users true actors of political practices. On the same stage artificial intelligence systems concerned to big data is vigorously introduced in politics. Contemporary political systems in many ways based on success in AI-technologies however there is no full confidence in such a success in near future. Mass introduction of AItechnologies in politics has also negative influence on labor relations in society.Conclusion. Review of digital technologies application in political practice shows positive trends as well as negative ones. The answer on question how minimize negative effect of degradation of labor relations is still to be found.

The article analyzes the general theoretical aspects of the transformation of labor relations in view of the development of information technologies. The labor market and employment are undergoing significant changes due to various factors that characterize the global economy. In particular, progress in technologies, the emergence of non-standard forms of employment, demographic shifts, rapid urbanization, scarcity of resources, climate change, wars, epidemics of various kinds affect all spheres of life and accelerate the processes of transformation of social relations in the sphere of work, Digitization of the economy and production shifts its emphasis to the Internet environment, where the success of work depends on digital capital. It is noted that the transformation of labor activity means changes in social and labor relations, where modern technologies form a digital labor market, digital employment, and a digital workplace. The gig economy sector is forming new work models characterized by long and short duration, contractual nature of working conditions. Digitalization entailed a radical transformation of labor relations, changing the nature of labor relations, changing communication between the employee and the employer, ensuring the confidentiality of information, and the emergence of new forms of employment using software platforms. All this brought significant changes to the labor legislation regarding remote work, home work, the introduction of electronic document management, etc. It is asserted about the need for reform, ensur­ing the flexibility of labor legislation and optimal coordination of the interests of the employee and the employer in labor relations. It is noted that digitalization has significantly changed the organization of work at enterprises, institutions, and organizations. Today, the work process functions and is managed in a remote mode, which cannot fail to reflect both the status of the specialist and his functional duties. Signif­icant changes are also taking place in the area of labor migration. The fundamental task is the development of conceptual foundations for the development of non-standard labor relations. It is necessary to develop new approaches to the training of personnel and their entry into the labor market in the conditions of the digital economy.

The social and labor sphere in the conditions of digital transformation requires special care of the state and theoretical comprehension of the possibilities of the state employment regulation. The article aims at carrying out systemic analysis of opportunities, features and directions of the state influence on employment in the context of economy digitalization. Technological changes form new challenges in the field of social and labor relations, relations concerning the human resources formation and involvement, and the involvement of people in economic activities. These are changes that create uncertainty and risks both in the system of employment and self-realization of human labor potential, and in the system of income. Digital technologies have created a completely specific work process, bringing changes into all its elements, namely: the subject and means of labor, technology, organization and result of labor. The impact of digital technologies on labor market changes take place in several important directions, namely: the intensification of migration processes; interprofessional and intra-firm mobility; development of modern employees’ adaptive skills; ability to learn throughout life; growth of the competitive advantages of educated, professional, and creative staff; development of flexible forms of employment. Contradictory processes in the field of labor and socio-labor relations make special requirements to socio-economic policies in employment promote. Modern employment policy has close complementary links with human development policy. Its important direction is the one of creating an effective retraining system, helping to acquire new professional competencies, and it involves close cooperation with the educational sphere. Mechanisms for de-shadowing hidden unemployment and eradicating informal employment, especially its precarious forms, are of great relevance to the Ukrainian economy. An important aspect of expanding employment opportunities is promoting the development of remote employment together with its consistent institutionalism.

The article proposes a conceptual approach to the institutional development of the digital economy sector of Ukraine. The approach envisages the formation and transformation of institutions of the digital economy sector by motivating the consumption, implementation and production of digital technologies on the basis of instrumental solutions for the transition of the economy from "analog" to "digital", measures to implement appropriate incentives for the digitalization of socio-economic life. The ultimate goal is to obtain advantages and benefits in various spheres of human life. The article shows the current negative effects of digitalization of society. It is proved that the development of certain elements of the institutional environment of the digital economy sector is intended to optimize the conditions for the development of society and the economy based on digitalization, and to increase the efficiency of their interaction. The function of the mechanism of economic development is being transferred to institutions based on digital models and processes at all levels of the national economy. It is determined that the design of the institutional environment of the digital economy sector in the national space takes place at two levels: institutional and individual. At the institutional level, socio-political and economic conditions for the development of digital economy institutions are formed on the basis of the development of digital products and technologies. At the individual level, the functional place of a digital product in a person's living space is projected. New vectors of institutional transformations as the basis for the digitalization of Ukraine's economy are proposed: cultural digital imperative, digital technologies of economy 4.0, digital business and social environment; digital adaptation in the labor market, digital cooperation policy, digital knowledge, protection of the legal rights of subjects of the digital economy. The author summarizes the instrumental solutions for the digital transformation of Ukraine's economy, covering the key initiatives for the formation of motivations and needs for digital technologies in the domestic market: fiscal, investment, communication, technological, infrastructure, and educational. The author outlines new development opportunities and positive changes in various spheres of public life: economic, governmental, and social.

The subject of the research is digital technologies that are increasingly being used in the main processes of the organization of the labor market and in the implementation and registration of labor relations. The purpose of the study is to analyze the expansion of the use of information technologies in the field of labor and the promotion of employment. The relevance of the research is due to the need for a legal and regulatory framework of new forms of consolidation of labor relations arising in connection with the use of digital and information technologies, the transfer of the main processes that determine labor market relations into an electronic format and the accelerated development of new forms of employment, including self-employed, remote work, freelance. The scientific novelty consists in the systematization of the main trends of changes in the nature of the interaction between employees and employers under the influence of key information technologies in the current labor market. The research methods include analysis, systematization, synthesis, induction, and deduction. The study concludes that as the processes aimed at building a digital economy grow and expand, the format of relations between employees and employers changes significantly, which requires the consolidation of efforts of all participants in social and labor relations and the timely development of the necessary tools of digital public administration provided with new forms of legal regulation of changing and emerging legal relations.

Introduction. The problem of dissemination and application of digital technologies in the fi eld of labour has been extremely relevant over the past decade. The development of the digital economy inevitably leads to a profound transformation of the labour market. Traditional labour relations, the content of which is mostly indefi nite, are replaced by non-standard forms of employment, short-term employment contracts, fl exible working hours and performance, employees remotely from the location of the employer are becoming common practice. The aim of the article is to clarify the features of the transformations taking place in the fi eld of labour under the infl uence of digital technologies, as well as to outline the main trends in Ukrainian labour legislation in the context of digitalization. Results. The aurhor focuses on the legal regulation of remote and home-based work, the introduction of electronic document management in labor relations, including personnel. The latest legislative changes that contributed to the introduction of electronic employment record books and electronic sick lists are analyzed. Particular focus has been placed on the study of a new model of non-standard employment on the basis of gig contracts within the digital platform “Diia City”, introduced by the Law of Ukraine «On Stimulating the Development of the Digital Economy in Ukraine». Conclusions. It has become clear today that the development of labour legislation in Ukraine is much slower than digital technologies capture both the labour market and our daily lives. The digitalization of the economy challenges modern labour legislation, which should not stand in the way of information technology progress and the introduction of new information technologies in labour relations, with the advent of which work becomes less tied to workplace and time, and gives greater autonomy to the employee. However, there are other problems, such as limiting the employer’s interference in the employee’s private life, especially in the context of the employee’s right to rest or so-called disconnection (the right not to be in touch during non-working hours). Thus, improving the mechanism of legal regulation of individual and collective labour relations, revision of their theoretical structures and characteristics, as well as the problem of providing all workers, regardless of employment, including informal employment, bogus self-employed, working on online platforms, the minimum of labour and social rights in the realities of the digital economy is of growing importance in the digital economy. Key words: digitalization, transformation of labour relations, remote work, electronic document management, electronic employment record book, electronic sick list, digital platforms, gig contract, gig specialist.

This article analyzes the changes taking place in the social and labor sphere under the influence of digitalization. Attention is focused on the study and identification of the main directions and features of the transformation of the labor market in the context of the active dissemination and use of digital technologies. The tendencies of these transformational processes are twofold. On the one hand, new opportunities are opening up for improvement and development, facilitating the work of employees, on the other hand, there are risks associated with the complication of the situation in the social and labor sphere. The article reveals the main transformations that arise in the world of work, while analyzing the main factors of change and the consequences affecting the labor market, social and labor relations and employment. The conducted secondary analysis of the results of sociological research by the FNISTS RAS, NRU HSE made it possible to identify the main trends in the use of ICT, to highlight the main areas of active use of digital information services and technologies. Along with the growing digitalization of society, there is a problem of a low level of digital skills and a lack of personnel with digital competence. In addition, the authors concluded that there is a threat of loss of the social component in the context of “digital” social and labor relations and the ever-increasing growth of the precariat, which, as a result, will contribute to the instability and instability of our society. The idea is substantiated that there is a need to search for both theoretical, methodological and practical answers to the real challenges of digital transformation. The proposed directions and solutions to the identified challenges and risks, taking into account the vectors of digital transformation of the world of work, should contribute to the systematic and effective inclusion of digitalization in the sphere of social and labor relations.

The rapid changes (global, technological, economic) currently taking place in all spheres of life and creating uncertainty affect the dynamics of the number of marriages, divorces, birth rates, mortality, etc. Such changes transform the established types of employment and labor relations, generally affecting the labor market. In this regard, the basis for the existence of the labor market in the modern economy is a constant shortage of qualified labor supply. It is the shortage of workers of a certain quality and professionalism that causes the presence of unemployment in society. In addition, the domestic labor market has been affected by the coronavirus pandemic and Western sanctions in recent years. The article is devoted to the study of the most important aspects of the functioning of the modern labor market in St. Petersburg, the main problems of its development are diagnosed and the ways to solve them are determined.

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern trends in the assessment and regulation of the labor market, the development of new approaches to solving the problem of the high level of tension in the regional labor markets of the Russian Federation. The present paper aims at identifying the grounds for the application of advanced foreign experience in the use of modern information and communication technologies in the assessment and regulation of labor markets, taking into account Russian conditions; substantiating theoretical and methodological features of the assessment and regulation of tension in the labor market using predictive assessment and development of analytical tools; measuring the level of relationship between the reduction of tension on labor markets with the development of influence factors, and analysis of their resources; strengthening the emerging social and labor relations based on the development of a mechanism to reduce tension in labor markets and its management decisions. The authors apply general scientific and special methods, including methods of comparative, correlation, factor analysis, systematization, decomposition, generalization, forecasting, scenarios, mathematical statistics, expert and criterion assessments, quantitative and qualitative analysis of primary and secondary information of empirical research, monitoring, rating, grouping, weighting factors. As a result of a study that was conducted in 2018-2020 using the results of a longitudinal study of the dynamics of vacancies of the National job bank (2018, 2019) and an expert online survey on the analysis of the interaction of employers in high-tech sectors of the economy with the authorities of the employment services based on the example of Materia Medica Holding, a research and production company in the pharmaceutical industry, established a high probability of manifestations of a low level of tension in labor markets among regions with high rates of factors that most noticeably affect the reduction of tension. The conceptual framework for assessing and regulating labor market tension has been improved, its features have been formulated, and analytical tools have been developed. The article examines the emerging social and labor relations, justifies the main tool for regulating tension in the labor markets ‒ the mechanism for reducing tension and, as its integral part, management decision. It has been proved that the development of influence factors that have the most noticeable impact on tension, and social and labor relations, the development and implementation of management decisions are due to the availability of the necessary resources. The authors systematized proposals for the development of advanced information and communication technologies in the assessment and regulation of tension in the labor markets of the regions. The prospects for improving the assessment and regulation of tension in the labor markets of the regions are formulated in accordance with the grounds established by the results of a comparative analysis of Russian and foreign practice in the field of employment promotion based on the use of advanced information and communication technologies.

Based on fieldwork on the movement of Algerians in Euro‐Mediterranean cities, this article describes how new forms of migration and mobility are appearing from South to North. This is very different to media representations that focus exclusively on boat people and illegal immigrants (also known as “clandestini” in Italy or “sans papiers” in France). In Istanbul, Marseilles and other trade and marketplaces of the northern Mediterranean, the migrant worker has been replaced by the hawker, the commercial traveller, the smuggler or the long‐distance trader. The term “migration” no longer applies to what are often back and forth or circular movements, exploration of new worlds or caravan treks between older migrant settlements with occasional returns “home”, that are marked with the triple seal of emancipation, deterritorialisation and transnationalism, in excess of the postcolonial order.