Global Engagement Research Articles

Digitalization of the right to medical assistance: a comparative aspect

The article examines how to reflect the impact of digitalization on obtaining personal rights to medical care in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union. In particular, a really comparative analysis of the implementation of this right in domestic and foreign legislation. The positive impact on the process of digitalization of services in the field of health care is substantiated.
 The need for further implementation of digitized services in the field of health care to ensure the right to medical care of a person has been proven, providing a historical analysis of the positive impact. A significant example of a positive impact was the possibility of realizing a certain right in the conditions of martial law, where Ukraine is a unique example, despite military aggression, through the public digitalization of management, in particular in the field of health care.
 The statistics of the impact of digitization of medical services on the level of public health support in the countries of the European Medical Union, as well as the attitude of Europeans to the digitization of services, were analyzed. It has been established that it is still a relevant problem for both citizens of Ukraine and citizens of European countries, to weaken the realization of this right, given the impossibility of making an online appointment with a doctor, conducting an online consultation, taking into account the issue of relevant devices or funds. Protest is predominant among global citizen engagement, after digitized health services, is a convenient tool in today's world.
 Special attention is paid to the unique experience of Ukraine in the development of the digitalization of the right to medical assistance of a person in the conditions of martial law, despite active military aggression, because in these conditions the positive and negative aspects of this legal and social phenomenon are particularly clearly reflected.

Nation-branding Opportunities Through Sport Mega-events: Tourism Impact from FIFA World Cup in South Africa 2010 and Qatar 2022

Sport mega-events can be powerful agents in the imaging, re-imaging and branding of places, especially for emerging mega-event host nations. South Africa was the first African country to host the FIFA World Cup in 2010 and is a good case of how nation-branding opportunities were leveraged to showcase its global engagement, re-emergence post-apartheid, and its competence as a tourism and mega-event host. Similarly, Qatar’s hosting of the 2022 FIFA World Cup is a region-first for the Middle East. Hosting the World Cup is aligned to Qatar’s strategic leveraging of sport to build a new image, acquire global recognition as a world-class venue for major events, sport sponsorships, and state-of-the-art stadiums. Yet Qatar, like South Africa, was confronted with significant detractors and negative media coverage in the lead-up to its hosting. This paper compares nation-brand perceptions collected from international visitors to the respective mega-events. The studies aimed to identify any changes to these brand perceptions because of their visit to these nations. It utilises the same instrument and method; with the survey instrument for 2010 adapted for Qatar to increase its relevance. A total of 561 (South Africa) and 421 (Qatar) international visitors were interviewed at event and tourist locations, using a spatially based, purposive sampling approach. The findings reveal how visitor perceptions changed in both instances. It reveals nuances in profiling mega-event sport tourists and contrasts expected nation-branding legacies for host nations, especially in emerging nation contexts. 

How to facilitate NHS professionals to recognise and use skills gained from global health engagement when back in the UK workforce? A participatory action research project to design, pilot and evaluate a series of online leadership workshops

ObjectivesLeadership knowledge and skills are known to be developed by health professionals during global health experiences overseas. However, volunteers struggle to recognise and use these new skills on return to...

Exploring the Impact of Socioemotional Wealth on Moroccan Family Firms’ Global Expansion

This study delves into the pivotal role of socioemotional wealth (SEW) in shaping the global expansion strategies of Moroccan family businesses. By employing a quantitative approach, we scrutinize the intricate dynamics between SEW and internationalization decisions, focusing on control preferences during global ventures. Our investigation encompasses a comparative case study analysis of 51 Moroccan family enterprises, enriched by insights from semi-structured interviews and organizational data. Preliminary findings underscore the necessity of integrating SEW considerations in strategic planning for successful internationalization, highlighting a nuanced understanding of control mechanisms in family firms’ cross-border operations. This research contributes to the broader discourse on family business internationalization, offering a novel perspective on the interplay between emotional wealth and global market engagement.

Suzanne Labin: socialist, anti-communist and ‘Globalist’

This article follows the transnational career of Suzanne Labin, a French socialist and anti-communist professional, in order to analyse the roles and agencies of individuals while the global connectivity of anti-communist actors was growing during the ‘long 1960s’ (approximately 1955–1980). Retrospective analysis, as well as accounts from contemporaries, describes this period as a time of multi-polarisation and globalisation. I will chart Labin’s path from anti-Stalinist circles in France to conservative circles in the US, to finally becoming the first and only female permanent member of the global anti-communist umbrella organisation, the World Anti-Communist League (WACL), chairing its French chapter in 1972. An analysis of Labin’s seemingly ambiguous alliances as a socialist with anti-communist and right-wing organisations will shed light on the particularities of international anti-communism during the ‘long 1960s’ on three levels. First, it will show the dynamics between anti-communist networks and actors on national, transatlantic and global levels, especially their contact points. Second, it will underline the diversity of anti-communism and its capacity to integrate several (even contradictory) ideologemes. Third, by following Labin’s global anti-communist engagement within the WACL and her cosmopolitan lifestyle, this article will argue that anti-communist actors were actively involved in the process of globalisation during the ‘long 1960s’.

Low- and Middle-Income Country Perceptions of Global Health Engagements: A Scoping Review

More than one million Americans are estimated to participate in global health engagements (GHEs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) each year. A growing number of studies document perceptions of GHEs from the perspective of American and other high-income country (HIC) visitors traveling to LMICs, particularly regarding motivations and satisfaction relative to their participation in these activities. Far fewer studies examine perceptions of GHEs from the perspective of LMIC hosts and other local constituent groups. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze studies that examined local stakeholder perspectives of global health engagements in LMICs around the world. We conducted a scoping review of PubMed and Google Scholar using the Population-Concept-Context (PCC) framework. Assessment and analysis of articles was conducted by a team of three reviewers (EA, FS, SB). A total of 31 relevant papers published between 2009 and 2021 provided local perspectives of GHEs, with participants falling into three stakeholder categories: providers of care, recipients of care, and community members. Analysis revealed that stakeholder groups often held complex and highly nuanced perspectives of GHEs, perceiving these activities as having both positive and negative implications in the host communities. Synthesis of the eligible studies’ findings resulted in three thematic categories: resources and perceived benefits derived from GHEs; perceived challenges associated with GHEs; and opportunities for improvement of GHEs. To our knowledge, this scoping review is among the first to identify and collectively analyze LMIC stakeholder perceptions of GHEs. Recommendations for future research are provided.

Towards Clarification of the Second Language Learner Engagement Construct: Taking Stock of its Conceptual Overlap and Hierarchical Structure

Abstract L2 learner engagement is an emerging but critical construct in the field of psychology of language learning and teaching. However, research on L2 learner engagement has suffered from the inconsistent operationalization of the multidimensional structure of the construct and the conceptual overlap among its different components, making research synthesis and comparison across studies and contexts challenging. This study tested the utility of the bi-factor exploratory structural equation modelling framework (B-ESEM)—an overarching psychometric framework that can address the two critical concerns associated with the operationalization and measurement of L2 learner engagement. Data were collected from 413 Vietnamese EFL students. Through two stages of rigorous and strategic data analysis, the results suggested that participants’ responses to the L2 learner engagement scale could be best represented by a B-ESEM model that simultaneously assessed the global L2 engagement factor along with the specific components of behavioural, cognitive, affective, and social engagement while, at the same time, controlling for the cross-loadings of items onto non-target factors. Results of the study were discussed from both psychometric and substantive perspectives and implications were provided to capitalize on the utility of the B-ESEM approach in the assessment of L2 learner engagement.

‘Looking at the Wider World’: Global Engagement, Political Activism and Polemical Storytelling in Watchlist, Prima Facie and Myth, Propaganda and Disaster in Nazi Germany and Contemporary America

This article focuses on Watchlist, a new play written by Alex Vickery-Howe, placing it in a context of contemporary Australian political writing for the stage which sees playwrights, such as Stephen Sewell and Suzie Miller, adopt an international outlook in order to tell stories of activism. By creating nuanced characters and engaging with the popular, these playwrights are inspiring activism in their audiences in engaging and challenging ways, arguing that what is deemed off-limits should not be left off-stage.

Priority setting: women's health topics in multiple sclerosis.

A scoping review found that most studies on women's health in multiple sclerosis (MS) focused on pregnancy, fetal/neonatal outcomes and sexual dysfunction. Few studies addressed menopause, contraception, gynecologic cancers/cancer screening. However, the perceived relative importance of these knowledge gaps to people living with MS and other partners is unknown. We engaged a range of partners, including people living with MS, health care providers, researchers, and patient advocacy groups, to set priorities for future research in women's health in MS. We employed a three-step global engagement process. First, we identified which broad research topics relevant to women's health in MS were of highest priority using two surveys. Second, we developed specific research questions within these topics using focus groups. Finally, we prioritized the research questions with a third survey. Overall, 5,266 individuals responded to the initial surveys [n = 1,430 global survey, mean (SD) age 50.0 (12.6), all continents; n = 3,836 North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis survey, mean (SD) age 64.8 (9.6), United States]. Menopause, sexual dysfunction, pregnancy, gynecologic cancer/cancer screening, hormones and parenthood were identified as the most important topics. Focus groups generated 80 potential research questions related to these topics. In the final survey 712 individuals prioritized these questions. The highest priority questions in each research topic were: (i) How do perimenopause and menopause affect disease activity, course, response to disease-modifying treatment and quality of life in MS; (ii) What are the most effective strategies for managing issues around sexual intimacy, including related to low sexual desire, changes in physical function, and MS symptoms; (iii) Are there long-term effects of disease-modifying therapies on the children of persons with MS; (iv) What are the short and long-term effects of disease-modifying drugs on gynecologic cancer risk, particularly for high efficacy disease-modifying drugs and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; (v) Are there hormone related treatments that can stabilize fluctuations in MS symptoms; and (vi) How does MS fatigue impact parenting strategies. Priorities for research relating to women's health issues for persons with MS have been delineated using a collaborative process with key partners. Alignment of future research with these priorities should be monitored.

China's Economic Evolution: From WTO Accession to Global Leadership

This study provides a comprehensive exploration of the transformative journey of China's economic policies and global engagement from its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 to the present day. The analysis spans three distinct phases: the initial shift from a centrally planned to a market-oriented system, the full integration into the global economic system marked by meticulous adherence to WTO commitments, and the subsequent era characterized by the Belt and Road Initiative and high-quality development strategies. Examining key milestones such as the establishment of free trade zones, internationalization of the yuan, and participation in significant agreements like the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the China-EU Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CECAI), the study highlights China's pivotal role in shaping global economic structures. The findings underscore China's commitment to opening-up, fostering international cooperation, and contributing significantly to reshaping the global economic landscape.

Access, interest and equity considerations for virtual global health activities during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundGlobal health activities (GHAs) reduce health disparities by promoting medical education, professional development, and resource sharing between high- and low- to middle-income countries (HICs and LMICs). Virtual global health activities facilitated continuity and bidirectionality in global health during the COVID-19 pandemic. While virtual engagement holds potential for promoting equity within partnerships, research on equitable access to and interest in virtual global health activities is limited.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, online, mixed-methods survey from January to February 2022 examining access to virtual activities before and during the pandemic across resource settings. Eligible participants were participants or facilitators of global health activities. Closed- and open-ended questions elicited participants’ access to and interest in virtual global health engagement.ResultsWe analyzed 265 surveys from respondents in 45 countries (43.0% LMIC vs. HIC 57.0%). HIC respondents tended to report greater loss of in-person access due to the pandemic at their own institutions (16 of 17 queried GHAs), while LMIC respondents tended to report greater loss of in-person activities at another institution (9 of 17 queried GHAs). Respondents from LMICs were more likely to gain virtual access through another organization for all 17 queried VGHAs. HIC respondents had significantly more access to global health funding through their own organization (p < 0.01) and more flexibility for using funds. There were significant differences and trends between respondent groups in different resource environments in terms of accessibility to and interest in different virtual global health activities, both during and after the pandemic.ConclusionsOur results highlight the need to examine accessibility to virtual global health activities within partnerships between high- and low- to middle-income countries. While virtual activities may bridge existing gaps in global health education and partnerships, further study on priorities and agenda setting for such initiatives, with special attention to power dynamics and structural barriers, are necessary to ensure meaningful virtual global health engagement moving forward.

The Role of Family Ownership on Internationalization Strategies

The present study examines the impact of family ownership and control on the internationalization strategies of Portuguese manufacturing firms. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing evidence that different forms of international market presence are asymmetrically influenced by family control and by underscoring the importance of innovative strategies. The analysis includes a sample of 25,533 firms observed from 2018 to 2021. Econometric models address the role of ownership in alternative internationalization endeavors, demonstrating that these firms differ from their non-family counterparts. By comparing the export propensity, intensity, and reach of family businesses to non-family businesses, the research sheds light on the challenges faced by family-owned firms and the significance of structural characteristics such as technological regimes and regional competitive advantages. The findings emphasize the negative impact of family presence on internationalization while highlighting the importance of innovation and ecosystem support. Additionally, the study contributes to the empirical refinement of firm classification by proposing a more reliable segmentation method. It also presents alternative econometric methods to appraise internationalization strategies better. Future research directions are suggested, particularly regarding the use of additional information related to innovation and human capital, offering insights for enhancing the global engagement of family businesses in global markets. This research provides valuable empirical evidence and practical implications for policymakers and practitioners seeking to support the required actions to promote the growth and internationalization of family businesses in the context of the Portuguese manufacturing industry.

Implementation of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis for Patients With Pierre Robin Sequence in a Developing Country Through International Collaboration: A Paradigm for Success.

Though it has made significant strides, Vietnam remains a resource-constrained country of 98 million people. Vietnam National Children's Hospital (VNCH) provides tertiary care to a catchment of 40 million people and is the sole national children's hospital. As such, it is one of the few referral centers in the country equipped to take care of patients diagnosed with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) as this requires pulmonary, critical care, otolaryngology, and plastic surgery expertise. Before 2015, the only surgical options were tongue lip adhesion or tracheostomy. Only 20% of patients successfully avoided tracheostomy, mechanical ventilation, or death. From 2015 to 2019, mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) was introduced by visiting international surgeons on a short-term basis. Since 2020, local surgeons at VNCH have refined their technique and widely use MDO independently. This report seeks to capitulate their experience and identify factors leading to success. A retrospective review was conducted of patients diagnosed with PRS at VNCH from 2015 to 2022. Paper records were digitized, translated, and reviewed for inclusion criteria, including demographics, indications, hospital course, and postoperative outcomes. Complete records satisfying inclusion criteria were available for 53 patients with a diagnosis of PRS who underwent MDO from 2020 to 2022. From 2015 to 2019, there were 19 cases of MDO, though records were incomplete. The median age at the time of MDO was 50 ± 43 days. Forty patients (75.5%) had isolated PRS and 13 (24.5%) were syndromic. Forty-four patients (83%) had a cleft palate. Fifty-one (96.2%) of patients required preoperative supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. The active distraction and consolidation phase was 4.8 ± 1.3 months. The median days to discharge after surgery was 19.0 ± 8.3 days. Median weight at birth, at the time of surgery, and at the time of device removal were 6.8 ± 1.2, 7.7 ± 1.9, and 14.8 ± 2.8 pounds, respectively. Fifty-two patients (98.1%) had obstructive sleep apnea preoperatively with an average Apnea Hypopnea Index of 25.0 ± 10.6. Post-MDO, only 4 (7.5%) had obstructive sleep apnea and the average Apnea Hypopnea Index was 5.2 ± 0.6. No patients (0) required a tracheostomy for a 100% success rate. The tremendous success of the implementation of MDO by local surgeons in Vietnam after its introduction by visiting international surgeons illustrates a paradigm for capacity-enhancing global surgical endeavors. Mandibular distraction osteogenesis has replaced tongue lip adhesion as the surgical treatment of choice for PRS patients at VNCH. Surgical techniques can be transferred to operating environments with basic infrastructure through collaboration and resource optimization. These results demonstrate that global surgical engagement may be scalable and repeatable with direct benefits for patients in lower-middle-income countries.

Implementation of international project management at the educational establishment

This research article concerns the critical domain of the implementation of international project management within educational establishments. Recognizing the transformative potential of global engagement, the study centers on the development and execution of a comprehensive internationalization strategy. A nuanced exploration of the role of strong leadership and governance structures serves as a focal point, emphasizing the necessity of visionary leadership and transparent governance for successful international project management initiatives. The research underscores the strategic importance of a dedicated international office or department, acting as a central hub for expertise, coordination, and oversight in the complex landscape of cross-cultural collaboration. Furthermore, the study examines the integration of a global mindset among stakeholders, emphasizing the infusion of international perspectives into the curriculum and the facilitation of student and faculty mobility. Technological integration emerges as a pivotal enabler, balancing advancements with the need for flexibility in diverse technological landscapes. The findings of this research offer a comprehensive framework for educational establishments seeking to navigate the dynamic challenges and opportunities associated with international project management. The insights presented contribute to the broader discourse on globalizing education and position educational institutions to excel in an interconnected and interdependent world.

Bibliometrics Analysis of Green Accounting Research

This research delves into Green Accounting, which integrates environmental considerations into traditional accounting practices. Green Accounting has garnered significant attention in the context of heightened global ecological awareness and sustainability efforts. The study examines the trends in Green Accounting publications, investigating various aspects such as subject areas, types of publications, and international dissemination. The objectives encompass analyzing publication trends from 1992 to mid-2023 and identifying influencing factors, exploring the implications of different publication types, revealing the significance of dominant subject areas, recognizing key international channels for dissemination, making global comparisons, acknowledging prominent authors' contributions, examining affiliations and roles of authors, and uncovering prevalent themes in Green Accounting publications. The methodology involves employing bibliometric analysis utilizing Scopus and VOSviewer tools to discern patterns and advancements in Green Accounting. The findings demonstrate fluctuations driven by environmental concerns, policy shifts, funding availability, and industry involvement. Dominant article types highlight interdisciplinary green economic engagement focusing on economic and ecological aspects. The research identifies global contributions to Green Accounting from developed and developing nations, driven by notable authors such as Cairns, Bartelmus, and Markandya, and spanning diverse affiliations like Universite McGill and the University of Bath, showcasing international interdisciplinary collaboration. Themes encompass environmental accounting, economics, corporate social responsibility, sustainable development, finance, and align with the Sustainable Development Goals. The study's novelty lies in its comprehensive analysis of Green Accounting's landscape, shedding light on its development, global involvement, and influences, thus providing valuable insights for stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers to advance sustainable practices. The implications underscore the need for ongoing research to address ecological challenges through Green Accounting, utilizing the understanding of trends, subject areas, and global engagement to formulate greener strategies, fostering collaboration among authors and affiliations, and enhancing overall awareness for facilitating sustainable development progress.

TRANSFORMATIVE INNOVATIONS, VIRTUAL EXCHANGE, AND COLLABORATIVE LEADERSHIP: RESHAPING HIGHER EDUCATION FOR THE GLOBAL DIGITAL WORLD WEB 4.0

INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH PURPOSE: This research stems from the increasing importance of innovation in higher education and the growing role of virtual connections and collaborative initiatives in shaping the global educational landscape. Building upon prior research in this field, this study aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of how these elements come together to create a more interconnected and inclusive world of education. The central question addressed in this study is: How can innovation in higher education, particularly through virtual connections and collaborative initiatives like VEHUB4YOU, contribute to bridging educational gaps and fostering global unity? To investigate this question, we examine the objectives, methods, and impact of VEHUB4YOU as the subject of our study.&#x0D; HYPOTHESIS: The hypothesis of this research anticipates that innovations in higher education, aimed at using virtual connections and collaborative initiatives, particularly through programs like VEHUB4YOU, have the potential to create a more interconnected and inclusive world of education. We assume that such initiatives not only enhance accessibility and the quality of education but also stimulate innovation, promote knowledge exchange, and foster collaboration among educational institutions, contributing to global unity and the development of the educational sector.&#x0D; RESEARCH METHODS: The research employs a qualitative approach, including a review of existing literature, case studies, and interviews with key participants involved in VEHUB4YOU. This multifaceted methodology allows us to gather comprehensive insights into the program's objectives, implementation, and its impact on higher education within the African context.&#x0D; RESULTS: The study uncovers multifaceted aspects of innovation in higher education, highlighting the evolution of virtual connections in overcoming geographical barriers. It investigates collaborative initiatives as driving forces for positive change, facilitating the creation of inclusive and diverse learning environments. The case of VEHUB4YOU demonstrates how such programs assist educational institutions and individuals in joining global educational networks, thereby enhancing accessibility, fostering collaboration, and driving innovation.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this research underscores the transformative potential of innovation, virtual connections, and collaborative initiatives in higher education. VEHUB4YOU in Africa serves as an example of how such initiatives can overcome barriers, promote global unity, and contribute to the creation of a more interconnected world of education. The study encourages further research and the implementation of innovative approaches in higher education to ensure accessibility, relevance, and the impact of education in an increasingly interconnected world.&#x0D; KEYWORDS: virtual connections; collaborative initiatives; transformative power; global engagement; higher education transformation; virtual exchange; cross-border collaboration.

The Retrenchment or Continuous Global Engagement

This article investigates America's global role by addressing three research questions and a central hypothesis. The research questions explore the impact of international partnerships on U.S. engagement, presidential strategies, and evolving public sentiment. The hypothesis suggests that U.S. retrenchment influences global governance and security dynamics. The literature review covers historical perspectives, presidential approaches, public opinion, scholarly debates, and global significance. Qualitative research methods involve data synthesis and comparative analysis. The article examines how recent presidents, like Obama, Trump, and Biden, approached global engagement. It notes shifts in American public opinion from skepticism to divided perspectives on domestic priorities versus global involvement. Scholarly debates encompass retrenchment, realism, and the importance of U.S. global leadership. The study emphasizes the need for continued American leadership in maintaining global stability, promoting democracy, and addressing emerging challenges. In conclusion, this article provides a succinct examination of America's worldwide role, emphasizing its complex dynamics and the vital significance of continued U.S. leadership in the international sphere.&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 4 October 2023 / Accepted: 21 December 2023 / Published: 5 January 2024

The Perils and Pitfalls of Global Engagement

This Viewpoint describes ways to improve global collaboration among neurologists.

Transmission, cultural significance, and social dynamics of the Ti-Tzu Ten-Hole bamboo flute in Sichuan Province, China

This study examines the transmission, cultural significance, and social dynamics of the Ti-Tzu ten-hole bamboo flute in Sichuan Province, China. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach that includes ethnomusicology, anthropology, and social science perspectives, the research explores how this traditional instrument is taught, practiced, and preserved. Data were collected through interviews, participant observation, and archival research, focusing on formal education, master-apprentice relationships, and community engagement. The findings reveal that the Ti-Tzu flute symbolizes cultural identity and heritage, deeply embedded in local narratives and communal practices. The study also highlights modernization's dual role, which presents challenges and opportunities for the tradition's revitalization. Technological integration and global engagement have expanded the reach of the Ti-Tzu tradition, attracting new audiences and practitioners. Support from family, community, and institutions is crucial for sustaining the tradition and fostering intergenerational transmission and cultural pride. This research underscores the dynamic interplay between tradition and modernity, ensuring that the Ti-Tzu ten-hole bamboo flute inspires and resonates with future generations as a vibrant symbol of Chinese cultural heritage.

Comparative analysis of state-level policy responses in global health governance: A scoping review using COVID-19 as a case.

States are key actors in global health governance, particularly in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. The emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases in recent decades pose profound challenges to global health security. As the first coronavirus pandemic, the COVID-19 caused significant damage worldwide, but responses and outcomes varied greatly among states. Using COVID-19 as an example, this study aims to compare the policies and measures implemented by different states during the COVID-19 pandemic and to synthesize experiences to strengthen global health governance for future infectious disease crises. We used Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage scoping review framework and PRISMA methodology was used for literature search and decision on relevant studies. English databases were searched using combinations of keywords and articles examining COVID-19 prevention and control policies in representative countries were included. A comparative analysis across these four states (United States, Sweden, India, and Nigeria) was then conducted to analyse the differences, rationale, and challenges of the approaches taken by these states. A total of 36 studies were included in the analysis. The management of the COVID-19 by states is divided into two main categories: domestic governance and international governance. Domestically, the United States and India have taken more measures, yet notable disparities in infection source control, transmission interruption, vulnerable population protection, collaborative governance, and so on were observed among all four states. Globally, the United States and Sweden were more proactive in international governance, and all four states have variations in their adherence to global regulations, information sharing, resource distribution, and cooperative engagement. Significant disparities occurred during the response to early COVID-19 in four states, which may be due to differences in politics, economy, and culture. To prevent and mitigate the impact of infectious diseases, states should, in future, prioritize solidarity and cooperation, and improve governance domestically and internationally based on national contexts and global health principles.