Global Economic System Research Articles

THE IMPACT OF THE INTEGRATION OF COOPERATION WITH THE EU ON THE LEADING POSITIONS OF THE ECONOMY

The specific geopolitical position and a long history of cooperation with European countries contribute to Ukraine’s interest in active participation in integration processes in Europe. Thus, the European integration is officially declared the key priority of Ukraine’s foreign policy. For Ukraine, European integration is the way of modernizing the economy, overcoming technological backwardness, attracting foreign investments and new technologies, creating new jobs, increasing competitiveness of domestic producers, access to world markets. The article examines the trends and prospects of the development of relations between Ukraine and the EU with using modern assessment methods. It outlines the geopolitical priorities of Ukraine’s integration strategy, determines the legal aspects of relations between Ukraine and the EU, analyses the main directions of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU. The need for developing an integration strategy for Ukraine was caused by the desire of our country to meet the requirements of modern global economic and political system as well as finding additional means to counter threats to international security. The current state of European integration relations in Ukraine is characterized by the following features: there are no measures in place to grow the economy of Ukraine and to improve the standard of living of its population; not the effectiveness of the mechanisms of stabilization and settlement of internal political and military conflicts, because the political benefits from the integration of Ukraine to the EU are related to the creation of reliable mechanisms of political stability, democracy and security. The benefits of European integration for Ukraine are identified: it will provide more effective coordination with the European countries in the sphere of control over export and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, will help to intensify cooperation in the fight against terrorism, organized crime, smuggling, illegal migration, trafficking and others. However, the success of any integration policy lies not in the statements and declarations of the European choice, but in the observance of the principles and objectives of that policy. The article substantiates the peculiarities of the development of the agrarian sector of the economy in the context of integration into the EU, which confirms that the modern global society is undergoing transformational processes, in which Ukraine must take and takes part. The current problems of national integration strategies in the context of the main aspects of the modern EU are also analyses. The use of an econometric method for predicting the effectiveness of the integration of cooperation between the EU and Ukraine is offered.

ГЕНЕЗИС СУТНОСТІ КОНКУРЕНТНИХ ПЕРЕВАГ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

MPETITIVE ADVANTAGES The article determines, that the problems of competitive advantage formation will always be relevant for enterprises operating in a market economy. It has been established, that at this stage of development of the global economic system the ability to generate competitive advantages ensures the further development of enterprises in general. Therefore, the study of approaches to the formation of sustainable competitive advantages is of particular relevance for modern enterprises. It has been determined, that more in-depth consideration requires some aspects of competitive advantage formation in the enterprise, in particular, their identification, concretization of stages, mechanisms of formation and opportunities for development of competitive advantages in the changing competitive environment. The purpose of the article is theoretical research of the genesis of competitive advantages theory and identification of key features of the modern stage of its development. The article discusses and generalizes approaches to determining the competitive advantages of enterprises. The main characteristics and possibilities of ensuring the enterprise competitiveness have been highlighted. The content of the concept of "competitive advantage" has been disclosed. The factors of formation of enterprise competitive advantages in the conditions of changing external environment have been researched. The place and role of competitive advantages in the system of competitive relations have been determined. Causal relationships between the interconnected concepts "competitive advantage" and "competitiveness" have been established. The role of competitive advantages in ensuring the competitiveness of the enterprise has been shown, their essence has been revealed. The expediency of taking into account the competitive advantages of enterprises has been justified, taking into account the real conditions of their activity. There are five stages: “factor”, “cost”, “quality”, “adaptive” and “innovative” in the evolution of key sources of competitive advantage. Features of formation and use of competitive advantages of the trading enterprise have been given. It has been emphasized, that the peculiarity of entrepreneurial activity in trade is that there is essentially a "lower" entry barrier to the industry, which in practice means, that there is a real threat of new competitors. The degree of entry barrier into the industry is determined by a number of reasons: the dominant type of production organization, the level of industry cost, the level of product standardization, the level of diversification, the availability of distribution channels, the need for additional capital investments, the organization of an existing supply system. It has been established, that the enterprises need to develop Науковий вісник Мукачівського державного університету, 2020 118 their own unique abilities, which in combination with resources become the basis of the enterprise strategy and provide it with the formation of competitive advantages. It has been substantiated, that competitive advantage is possible through the implementation of a competitive strategy. The competitiveness of the enterprise characterizes its existence in the market, it allows to evaluate the current and future state, to select different variants of management decisions (alternatives), that ensure the transition from one state to another. New requirements for of competitive advantages formation by business entities are put forward above all by the current stage of development of the global economic space. Economic globalism and continuous internationalization of life are accompanied by the rapid development of the information market, the global knowledge market and the intensification of competition in all spheres of management. The priority is the formation of the most stable competitive advantages (higher level advantages), which provide competitiveness in the long run, using competitive advantages, strengthening the market position, increasing opportunities for strategic development of the enterprise in the future. Keywords: competitive advantages, competitive strategy, trade enterprise, competitiveness, consumer, marketing, value.

European Architectures in the Age of Climate Change

As a reaction to worldwide calls for a change of the ecological consciousness, and a general overhaul of the global economic system, new movements and manifestos are emerging in connection with the construction industry, which is one of the sectors that can make a significant contribution to climate protection. In this article, European Architectures in the Age of Climate Change (EAACC) are being proposed as an idea that brings nature, society and architecture together, and has the potential to reshape the cities and regions of Europe into a cleaner and fairer tomorrow. A socially just, environmentally friendly, and economically productive Green New Deal (GND) implemented in the Urban Agenda of the European Union can pave the way for a sustainable urban and rural future Europe.

МЕТОДИЧНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ НАПРЯМУ РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА РЕСТОРАННОГО БІЗНЕСУ

The integration of Ukraine into the global economic system actualizes the issue of ensuring the effective development of each specific economic entity of all spheres of activity, among which the restaurant business enterprises play a predominant role. Modern restaurant business enterprises make a significant contribution to the economic development of the state due to the positive influence on the improvement of other branches of economic activity, and therefore, they are the integral part of the economy of the state, thus, forming the foundation for the well-being of the population and development. The research of the economic aspects of development is crucial for determining the prospects and opportunities of each specific restaurant business enterprise and the economy of Ukraine as a whole. The pace of development, the correct choice of factors of development is a source of formation of competitive advantages. The article deals with the issue of the management of the restaurant business development in the dynamic environment. In the course of the research, it is argued that the development of any restaurant business is not monotonous and includes not only progressive directions, but also degradation paths that may change progress and lead to certain destruction of certain elements of the socio-economic system. The alternative development directions of the restaurant business enterprise are described: progressive, regressive, stability. The existing methodological approaches to the assessment of the enterprise development are analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages are determined. The system of indicators of development of the restaurant business enterprises is formed, which takes into account their industry specificity by groups of resource, cost and performance indicators and allows to determine the key dominants of development taking into account internal abilities and capabilities. The proposed methodological approach to the estimation of the development direction of the restaurant business enterprise, based on the matrix approach, and is organized on the principle of resources - costs - results, integrates the dynamic interdependent model of their complex communication and allows to determine priority directions of improvement of the existing system of development management of the restaurant business enterprise.

Ümumdünya Ticarət Təşkilati və Azərbaycan

As we know, the interest of each state in joining the WTO is to succeed in foreign trade and in particular, to benefit more. To this end, the countries of the world are closely following the global foreign trade policy and trying to establish the right policy on the path of development. The main feature of the global economic system, on which we now focus more is the subject of discussion at the international level, is the implementation of systematic and rapid changes in the system of public administration. From this point of view, it is very important for Azerbaijan to gain the necessary position in the global sense, and, of course, if there are some delays in this area, rapid changes in the global arena increase the likelihood of negative effects for Azerbaijan. To this end, it is very important that the members of the WTO Preparatory Commission are fully trained and well-directed. As a final result, I would like to note that the government of the Republic of Azerbaijan should make extensive use of the experience of member states in the negotiation process and conduct a proper assessment. In addition, I think that special work should be done to inform the public about the WTO, and more productive events should be organized.

Конкурентоспроможність національного промислового сектору та безпека розвитку глобальної фінансово-економічної системи

Конкурентоспроможність національного промислового сектору та безпека розвитку глобальної фінансово-економічної системи

THE IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS FOR THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

This article affirms the importance of family relationships for the economic development of society. The first part shows that, in many aspects, the global economic system is devoid of relational goods. Assuming that the human family “is the first and most important school of mercy”, it is underlined, in the second part, that, also in the economic field, we need to put into practice that kind of merciful relationships that privilege being over having and do not appeal to an invisible hand to justify the indifference towards humans and nature. The third part presents some current initiatives that show the importance of family relationships for an integral development.

Retrospect and prospect: development of China’s economics in the past 70 years

Purpose In the past 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China’s economic studies have been constantly centered on major issues such as national modernization, social economic development and the establishment, reform and improvement of socialist economic system. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach It has experienced a process of transition from the establishment of traditional Soviet’s paradigm of political economics to that of modern economics, during which drastic changes have been observed in various aspects of China’s economics, including research content, scope and methods. Findings Based on that, a discipline system of economics in line with international economics has been initially established. Currently, under the guidance of Marxism, scholars in China’s economics actively draw on the beneficial knowledge system and analytical methods from modern economics, emancipate their minds, seek truth from facts and constantly fortify confidence in the socialist path, theory, system and culture, continuously enhance the discourse power of China’s economics in global economic governance system, so as to push forward to the building of a theoretical system of socialist economics with Chinese Characteristics in the new era. Originality/value Economics is a discipline that studies resource allocation and human’s behavior of making a choice based on rationality. Emerged in the industrial revolution and developed in the exploration of a large-scale socialized mode of production and resource allocation system, this discipline has gradually become a broadly explanatory force in social sciences which profoundly affects the economic decision-making behaviors of the government and various economic entities.

Decision Assessment Algorithms for Location and Capacity Optimization under Resource Shortages

ABSTRACTEmergency response preparedness requires strategic and operational planning. As natural disasters, disease outbreaks, and bioterrorism continue to threaten public health and the global economic system, policy makers and businesses develop plans for improving their readiness. These emergencies present challenging problems that require evaluation of several trade‐offs due to insufficient resources and capacity with limited response time pressure. Finding an optimal strategy to these problems can be computationally difficult, since they are formulated as large‐scale service network design models with location‐allocation decisions. The facility location problems in disaster management literature are typically known as ‐hard problems. Therefore, heuristic algorithms can help find practically feasible solutions, but decision makers may have to sacrifice one of their objectives while trying to satisfy multiple of them. This paper presents a flexible algorithm to evaluate trade‐offs in resource scarce situations with a given response time. We formulate the location‐allocation problem with capacity and time constraints, and the objective of minimizing the service time for individuals in an affected area. Due to the complexity to solve the problem for large‐scale scenarios, the presented algorithm relaxes capacity and time constraints, simultaneously, and presents flexibility to assess trade‐offs. A modified NSGA‐II algorithm is used with a penalty function formulated to leverage resources. We analyze how values of the penalty parameters interact with a number of open sites in defining an efficient resource allocation strategy. Therefore, decision makers can expand their choices to design an emergency response network with their preferences taken into consideration.

Precious and Precarious Life: Exploring Diaconal Economics

In view of recent concrete challenges and creative initiatives arising in diaconal work related to economics and economic structures, this article takes human precariousness as its point of departure for reflecting on what might be seen as “diaconal economics.” I suggest a hermeneutical understanding of diaconia that makes it possible to distinguish between “explicit” and “implicit” diaconal practices, relating recent thinking on precariousness and precarity in the fields of political philosophy (Judith Butler) and economy (Guy Standing) to contemporary theological criticism of the global economic system (e.g., by Pope Francis, Daniel M. Bell, and William T. Cavanaugh). While appreciating the ethical commitment and theological relevance of such a critique, I draw on the contribution of development economists Banerjee and Duflo to suggest that diaconal economics should resist common tendencies toward very general and abstract approaches as well as proposals that are overly optimistic about the critical potential of explicitly faith-based or Christian alternative practices. But by recognizing the vital role of religiosity in situations of precarity (cf. Norris and Inglehart), I also suggest that the resources of Christian faith may be mobilized in multiple ways to foster contextualized and pluriform initiatives that serve to reform economic structures from the bottom up. They may provide such practices with motivation and direction in ways that may be seen as both explicitly and implicitly diaconal in nature.

On the Frontiers of Development: Illicit Poppy and the Transformation of the Deserts of Southwest Afghanistan

The physical and political geography of the deserts of southwest Afghanistan have gone through dramatic change over the last two decades. Located on the periphery of irrigated lands settled by the Afghan state in the 1950s and 1960s, this area has been at the forefront of technical change in Afghan agricultural production since 2003. Initially settled by small numbers of households escaping drought in the 1990s, tracts of these former desert lands were captured by local elites and communities from the adjacent irrigated lands. Access to improved technologies, including deep wells and diesel pumps, and a buoyant opium price, led to dry rocky soils being transformed into agricultural land. Further encroachment of these former desert lands came in 2008 with the drive to curb opium production in those accessible irrigated areas where the Afghan state, and foreign military forces, coerced the rural population to abandon opium. These counternarcotics efforts evicted the land-poor from the centrally irrigated valleys of the provinces of Helmand, Farah and Kandahar, leaving them few options but to seek new lives in the former desert areas. For those that owned land in the former desert areas, this supply of relatively cheap labour, skilled in opium production, encouraged a further expansion in opium poppy cultivation. Even in the wake of repeated low yields between 2010 and 2014, and fluctuating opium prices, farmers in these former desert areas adapted and innovated, exploiting herbicides and solar-powered technology to reduce the costs of opium production, and further increased the amount of land under agriculture. As this paper argues, these former desert areas should not be seen as marginal and remote, far from the reaches of the development programs of the Afghan state and its donors, but understood as engines of growth integrated into the global economic system; these are areas that have been transformed by improved access to modern technologies and an entrepreneurial local population that has fully exploited the opportunities illegal opium production offers.

International Legal Format for Trans Regionalisation of Trade and Economic Partnership within BRICS in Global Development

An integral part of globalisation is the emergence of a multipolar world. Strategic partnership at the regional, interregional and trans-regional levels is becoming a new institution and an instrument of modern international relations. The research discusses the international legal cooperation framework of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) as a trans-regional association. The importance of rapprochement of the positions of the BRICS countries in the global political and economic system is emphasised. Particular attention is paid to assessing the BRICS countries economic potential and condition of their national economies, as well as analysing the foreign trade partners of Russia with the BRICS countries, development opportunities and prospects. The following results were obtained: positive factors contributing to the BRICS countries’ trade and economic cooperation strengthening are common interests in trade, export activity and export complementarity of some economic sectors, and the absence of direct competition. The measures to increase and expand mutually beneficial trade and economic partnership within BRICS will enable the countries to most effectively use their resource, technological and trade and economic potential to ensure sustainable growth of the national economy and competitiveness in world development. The results obtained can help formulate a trade and economic cooperation strategy within the BRICS framework.

Late Modernity to Postmodern? The Rise of Global Resilience and its Progressive Potentials for Local Disaster Planning (Seattle and Paris)

ABSTRACT This paper studies how approaches to disaster planning have been changing with the rise of ‘resilience,’ a concept that has been widely recommended by various international institutions. The critical studies on resilience argue that resilience only serves to legitimise a neoliberal policy agenda that is compatible with a global economic system of capitalism. Contesting that position, this paper argues that the rise of resilience can imply a shift in the mode of governance, and an opportunity for planners to engage with more progressive practices. To make this argument, we propose a ‘postmodern lens’ through which resilience can be seen as an attitude and a style of governance that goes beyond neoliberal assumptions by embracing uncertainty and complexity of governance challenges. Postmodern framing of resilience notes (1) how the concept can initiate a shift in the planner’s view of and practices on knowledges (going beyond ‘expert knowledge’), (2) how the flexibility of the concept can be used for developing political narratives that are progressive (3) how the concept can open up potential venues for nonconventional powers to intervene in policy making processes. To demonstrate how this lens works, we compare the cases of Seattle and Paris, which have drastically different risk governance political structures.

Closeness centrality for similarity-weight network and its application to measuring industrial sectors’ position on the Global Value Chain

This paper focuses on measuring the industrial sector’s position on the Global Value Chain (GVC), as reinforcements to the present studies on international trade. We firstly reconsidered the length-related and position-related measures in literatures about vertical specialization from the perspective of bibliometrics and econophysics. Secondly, the inter-country and inter-sector propagating process of intermediate goods was redefined, resulting in the concept of Strongest Relevance Path Length (SRPL) based on Revised Floyd–Warshall Algorithm (RFWA). Thirdly, enlightened by closeness centrality, we introduced two new SRPL-based indices to measure the Interdependence from a given sector to all its upstream and downstream sectors, and proposed Relative Upstreamness Index (RUI) to measure the relative position of the industrial sector. Finally, these indices were applied to the empirical analysis of the global economic system by physical statistics.

Systematization of Globalization Processes in Industrial Concentration

Russia tries to find its own niche in processes of international labour distribution relevant to its intellectual, industrial and scientific potential in order to become a full-fledged participant of global economy, to use advantages of the international exchange, which could provide economic growth and effective reforming of the national economy structure. It implies the necessity to develop the advanced system of international collaboration institutions and shape a set of efficient tools to control processes of Russian economy integration into the global economic system in condition of globalization, as well as to work out a well-grounded state strategy in the field of regional policy. The article investigates planning of concentration processes, managing these processes on scientific basis and choosing the optimum size of enterprises. The mentioned-above issues are very important in the system of industrial production planning. Planning of industrial concentration requires thorough parameter estimation. Some factors are effective in all industries, others - within the frames of certain industries or groups of related ones. The economic effect of concentration is connected with raising technical and economic indicators in product manufacturing as a result of increasing the size of production and enterprises. The author proves that concentration of big production capacities, material and labour resources at one enterprise could provide more effective and economical use of key production components (equipment, raw materials and lab our). At the same time opportunities to raise labour productivity and cut costs were identified.

The Pope, the Poor, and the Role of Religion in Argentina’s Public Sphere

Pope Francis’s public statements about and criticisms of the global economic system and local politics present an opportunity to explore how ordinary people react to the presence of a religious voice in the public sphere. Data on people’s perceptions of the pope’s interventions collected from semistructured nonrandom interviews with 41 low-income Argentines of various religious orientations reveal that they identified and regulated the boundaries of religion in the public sphere with different criteria from those that secularists would expect. Respondents assumed that religion and politics shared the space of power and therefore accepted the pope as a political actor. However, they considered it legitimate for him to intervene only when he stood for the poor, promoted human brotherhood, and exemplified God’s love. Religion was welcome where modernity had failed.Las declaraciones públicas del Papa Francisco y las críticas al sistema económico global y la política local presentan una oportunidad para explorar cómo la gente común reacciona ante la presencia de una voz religiosa en la esfera pública. Los datos sobre las percepciones de las personas sobre las intervenciones del Papa recopiladas de entrevistas semiestructuradas no aleatorias con 41 argentinos de bajos ingresos de diversas orientaciones religiosas revelan que identificaron y regularon los límites de la religión en la esfera pública con criterios diferentes de los que los laicistas esperarían. Los encuestados asumieron que la religión y la política compartían el espacio de poder y, por lo tanto, aceptaron al Papa como actor político. Sin embargo, consideraron legítimo para él intervenir solo cuando defendió a los pobres, promovió la hermandad humana y ejemplificó el amor de Dios. La religión era bienvenida donde la modernidad había fallado.

The Relationship of Interest Rate, Exchange Rate, GDP and FDI with Respect to Chinese Economy

Economic growth can be described as the boom in purchasing power of a country in offering the economic goals of its population. China is the major emerging market in Asia. Late 1970's China has gone through major economic reform, which leads them to the fastest developing country in the world. In this article, the Analyzer attempted to become aware of the impact of FDI, Real Interest Rate, Exchange rates and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with respect to each other. Chinese GDP is greater than 10% over 30 years constantly. The researcher attempted to find the scope of the future boom of China and the global economic system, taken into consideration the current financial slowdown of China, the new economic interdependence between China and its trading partners created a variety of problems and so raised many issues that require further study the future of Chinese economy, also studied the china’s success story by comparing FDI, real interest rate, exchange rates and Gross Domestic Product for different developing countries to drive their economies by means of following Chinese model.

ON QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY

In the late twentieth century, human race entered the era ofinformation technology (IT). The IT industry, which deals with the production,processing, storage and transmission of information, has become an integralpart of the global economic system, a completely independent and significantsector of the economy. The dependence of the modern society on informationtechnologies is so great that omissions in information systems may lead tosignificant incidents. Telecommunications are the key information technologyindustry. However, information is very susceptible to various types of abuseduring transmission. The units for data storage and processing can bephysically protected from anyone wishing harm, but this does not hold truefor the communication lines that span hundreds or thousands of kilometersand are virtually impossible to protect. Therefore, the problem of informationprotection in the field of telecommunications is highly significant. Cryptology,particularly cryptography, deals with this issue. Quantum cryptography is arelatively new field ensuring safe communication between the sender and therecipient using the laws of quantum physics. This paper seeks to address theprinciples of the quantum distribution of a key for information encryption andthe fundamental problems arising from the execution.

International Hegemony in China's Global Perspective: From "Contradictory to Harmonious World" 

This paper will analyze the People Republic of China's (PRC) position toward international hegemony in the context of the PRC's global perspective since its establishment in 1949 until the end of 2018. The study aims to expose China's attempts to oppose this hegemony throughout the Cold War by forming a "united front" against the two superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union. Furthermore, it aims to clarify why China has abandoned this strategy and has called for a "harmonious world" since 2005. The study is based on the premise that "the more China benefits from the hegemony of the global economic system, the more it will call for a harmonious world and give up opposing international hegemony practiced by other powers.” The study is divided into four sections. The first examines China's position toward American hegemony in the 1950s. The second explains China's worldview of the "Intermediate Zone" to form a "unified front" against the hegemony of the superpowers through the 1960s. The third reveales China's attempt to establish this united front through the Chinese "Three Worlds" strategy which dominated China's Worldview from the 1970s until the end of the Cold War. The fourth section shows the shift in China's attitude toward international hegemony after China has abandoned the idea of traditional provocation against the hegemony of international powers and began to call for a "harmonious world", in which China could participate. The researcher uses both the historical and analytical descriptive method to explain this study. The study concluds that China has failed to oppose international hegemony practiced by the two superpowers during the Cold War, and its improved position in the global economic system as an economic and political power after the end of the Cold War has made Beijing seek to expand its network of peaceful relations with all international and regional powers in a hope to create a "harmonious world" that serves its economic success as well as its global rise. Keywords: China, International Hegemony, "Intermediate Zone" strategy, "Three Worlds" strategy, "Harmonious World".

Modernization and Social Change in Azerbaijan: Assessing the Transformation of Azerbaijan through the Theories of Modernity

The socialist development model of the Soviet Union has attracted much scholarly attention over the years, but the modernization experiences of singular post-Soviet countries (e.g. Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Turkmenistan) are rarely discussed. This may be because these countries have only recently gained their independence in the early 1990s and that perhaps most observers are still unsure about their trajectories. This study aims to contribute to the literature by examining the case of Azerbaijan in light of various influential theories of modernity (i.e. the classical modernization theory, neo-modernization theory and multiple modernities paradigm). Azerbaijan’s modernization process has been characterized by fluctuations, reversals and various external influences over the years. The country first emerged as an independent political entity in 1918 and attempted to follow a systematic cultural Westernization and secularization program. Yet it was occupied by the Bolshevik Red Army in 1920 and annexed into the newly formed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) – being forced to conform to the top-down socialist development model directed by Moscow for many decades. Since gaining its independence once again after the disintegration of the USSR in 1991, Azerbaijan has operated as a secularist country, faltering to democratize and trying to integrate to the global economic system as an energy-producing (i.e. oil and natural gas) rentier economy. While Azerbaijan has sought to become part of the so-called “Western civilization” via building close ties with Turkey, US, Israel, NATO and the EU, the ruling elites in Baku have resisted any calls for democratic reform – not unlike the rentier economies of the Middle East such as Iran and Saudi Arabia. This article will argue that the complex development track of Azerbaijan provides an appropriate case to challenge the hypotheses of the classical modernization and neo-modernization theories, while supporting those of the multiple modernities paradigm.