Global Control Strategy Research Articles

Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Review of Observed Global Responses on Pandemic Situation and Guideline for Pakistan

December 2019 unfolded a nameless virus, later on called COVID-19. Initially, it emerged in Chinese city of Wuhan, subsequently spread across the globe unabatedly in a short span of time. Globally, differentcountries respond to this pandemic situation differently through their strategies to control this pandemic. United States, European countries, and Iran refuted this pandemic situation and come up withless effective coping strategies that resulted in undesirable consequences. Initially, in pandemic crisis these countries remained victims of skepticism. Consequently, owing to delayed response towardsCOVID-19 pandemic they landed in chaos. On the other hand, obliged by the scourge of COVID-19 pandemic, China and Taiwan adopted rapid response to combat the virus. China and Taiwan's effectivecontainment of COVID-19 pandemic can be attributed to their past experiences of combating pandemics: “Asian flu” in 1957, “Hong Kong flu” in 1968, “Russian flu” in 1977, and “SARS-CoV” from 2002-2004. This review study comparatively summarizes global control and prevention strategies in combating COVID-19. It also brings into spotlight Pakistan's response towards the pandemic and lessons that global strategies hold in effective containment of COVID-19 pandemic.

Podoconiosis: key priorities for research and implementation.

Podoconiosis is a non-infectious tropical lymphoedema causing swelling of the lower legs. Podoconiosis is associated with stigma, depression and reduced productivity, resulting in significant socio-economic impacts for affected individuals, families and communities. It is caused by barefoot exposure to soils and affects disadvantaged populations. Evidence from the past 5 y suggests that podoconiosis is amenable to public health interventions, e.g. footwear and hygiene-based morbidity management, which reduce acute clinical episodes. Although much has been learned in recent years, advances in care for these patients and worldwide control requires further reliable and relevant research. To develop a comprehensive global control strategy, the following key research priorities are important: better understanding of the global burden of podoconiosis through extended worldwide mapping, development of new point-of-care diagnostic methods and approaches to define the presence of the environmental characteristics that contribute to the development of the condition, improving treatment through an increased understanding of the pathogenesis of dermal changes over time, improved understanding of optimal ways of providing patient care at the national level, including research to optimize behavioural change strategies, determine the optimum package of care and integrate approaches to deliver robust surveillance, monitoring and evaluation of control programmes.

Human plague: An old scourge that needs new answers.

Yersinia pestis, the bacterial causative agent of plague, remains an important threat to human health. Plague is a rodent-borne disease that has historically shown an outstanding ability to colonize and persist across different species, habitats, and environments while provoking sporadic cases, outbreaks, and deadly global epidemics among humans. Between September and November 2017, an outbreak of urban pneumonic plague was declared in Madagascar, which refocused the attention of the scientific community on this ancient human scourge. Given recent trends and plague’s resilience to control in the wild, its high fatality rate in humans without early treatment, and its capacity to disrupt social and healthcare systems, human plague should be considered as a neglected threat. A workshop was held in Paris in July 2018 to review current knowledge about plague and to identify the scientific research priorities to eradicate plague as a human threat. It was concluded that an urgent commitment is needed to develop and fund a strong research agenda aiming to fill the current knowledge gaps structured around 4 main axes: (i) an improved understanding of the ecological interactions among the reservoir, vector, pathogen, and environment; (ii) human and societal responses; (iii) improved diagnostic tools and case management; and (iv) vaccine development. These axes should be cross-cutting, translational, and focused on delivering context-specific strategies. Results of this research should feed a global control and prevention strategy within a “One Health” approach.

Dynamical behavior and control strategy of a dengue epidemic model

This article aims to study the global dynamics and control strategies of an epidemic model system for dengue fever. At first, we analyze the model considering the controls as constants. The biological feasibility of the model system is examined. The existence and stability of the equilibrium states are studied concerning the basic reproduction number. Both the local and the global asymptotic stability of the system’s equilibrium states are considered. Next, we introduce the time-dependent controls, namely, prevention for dengue infection, treatment for the infected persons, and spraying the insecticides against mosquitoes into the model. A control problem is proposed and solved analytically. The necessary conditions for the effective control of the disease are derived by applying Pontryagin’s maximum principle. Moreover, several possible combinations of the controls are considered, and also their productiveness is compared through the several numerical illustrations. It is suggested from the simulation works that the best strategy to minimize the transmission of dengue virus is to adopt all the three controls optimally among the considered strategies.

Epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of influenza B virus in coastal Kenya as revealed by genomic analysis of strains sampled over a single season.

The genomic epidemiology of influenza B virus (IBV) remains understudied in Africa despite significance to design of effective local and global control strategies. We undertook surveillance throughout 2016 in coastal Kenya, recruiting individuals presenting with acute respiratory illness at nine outpatient health facilities (any age) or admitted to the Kilifi County Hospital (<5 years old). Whole genomes were sequenced for a selected 111 positives; 94 (84.7%) of B/Victoria lineage and 17 (15.3%) of B/Yamagata lineage. Inter-lineage reassortment was detected in ten viruses; nine with B/Yamagata backbone but B/Victoria NA and NP segments and one with a B/Victoria backbone but B/Yamagata PB2, PB1, PA, and MP segments. Five phylogenomic clusters were identified among the sequenced viruses; (i), pure B/Victoria clade 1A (n = 93, 83.8%), (ii), reassortant B/Victoria clade 1A (n = 1, 0.9%), (iii), pure B/Yamagata clade 2 (n = 2, 1.8%), (iv), pure B/Yamagata clade 3 (n = 6, 5.4%), and (v), reassortant B/Yamagata clade 3 (n = 9, 8.1%). Using divergence dates and clustering patterns in the presence of global background sequences, we counted up to twenty-nine independent IBV strain introductions into the study area (∼900 km2) in 2016. Local viruses, including the reassortant B/Yamagata strains, clustered closely with viruses from neighbouring Tanzania and Uganda. Our study demonstrated that genomic analysis provides a clearer picture of locally circulating IBV diversity. The high number of IBV introductions highlights the challenge in controlling local influenza epidemics by targeted approaches, for example, sub-population vaccination or patient quarantine. The finding of divergent IBV strains co-circulating within a single season emphasises why broad immunity vaccines are the most ideal for influenza control in Kenya.

Effect Of Bracing For Scoliosis In Improving Gait Mechanics

Patients with scoliosis demonstrate altered gait due to changes in global postural control strategies caused by pain and the spinal deformity. Bracing has been found to reduce pain and increase trunk support in adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS) patients.However, only anecdotal evidence of their efficacy is available in improving gait and posture control mechanics. PURPOSE: Investigate the impact of scoliosis bracing on lower extremity kinematics and effectiveness in gait rehabilitation. METHODS: 15 patients with ADS (cobb angle >25°; age:73.9±2.9yr; weight:66.6±16.2kg) were recruited using the adult deformity SRS-Schwab system. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores were recorded and patients performed 3m timed up & go, 6 minute walk tests and over-ground 10m walk trials at a self-selected speed at initial evaluation (pre), 45min post fitting (post45) with Peak™ scoliosis brace and after 8 weeks of bracing (post8w). Gait variables were calculated for 5 walking trials and compared between the 3 time points (pre, post45 and post8w) using RM-MANOVA (p< .05). RESULTS: Patients walked faster on 3m timed test (pre: 12.5s; post8w: 10.0s) and covered greater distances in the 6 min walk test (p= .01; 61.2m). For kinematic variables, significant differences were observed for swing time of left leg (p =.013; pre:0.40s; post45:0.42s; post8w:0.39s), step length on right (p=.019; pre:0.52m; post45:0.57m; post8w:0.56m), right ankle peak dorsiflexion (p =.049; pre:8.7°; post45:7.9°; post8w:11.7°), both knee peak flexion and extension angles (p <.001- .048), and right hip (p =.002; pre:37.2°; post45:39.2°; post8w:31.6°) and knee ROM (p =.018; pre:29.8° ; post45:31.6°; post8w:37.7°). ODI pain scores (p=.06) showed tendency for statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with scoliosis demonstrated few immediate and long-term benefits for improving pain and altered gait mechanics. Faster walking speeds, greater walking distances, longer step lengths and greater ROM as observed are indicators of improved gait and dynamic balance. Bracing has immediate effects on improving ambulation and for any neuromuscular adaptation, brace might need to be worn for at least 8 weeks.

Governing Noncommunicable Diseases Through Political Rationality and Technologies of Government: A Discourse Analysis.

In the last two decades, global action to address noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) has accelerated, but policy adoption and implementation at the national level has been inadequate. This analysis examines the role of rationalities of governing, or governmentality, in national-level adoption of global recommendations. Critical discourse analysis was conducted using 49 formal institutional and organizational documents obtained through snowball sampling methodology. Text were coded using a framework of five forms of governmentality and analyzed to describe the order of discourse which has emerged within the global NCD policy domain. The dominant political rationality used to frame NCDs is rooted in risk governmentality. Recommendations for tobacco control and prevention of harmful alcohol use rely on a governmentality of police mixed with discipline. The promotion of physical activity relies heavily on disciplinary governmentality, and the prevention of unhealthy diet mixed disciplinary measures, discipline, and neoliberal governmentalities. To translate global NCD prevention and control strategies to national action, acceptability for the political rationalities embodied in policy options must be nurtured as new norms, procedures, and institutions appropriate to the political rationalities of specific interventions are developed.

Factors associated with the utilization of community-based diabetes management care: A cross-sectional study in Shandong Province, China

BackgroundCommunity-based diabetes management is known to be an important strategy for global diabetes control. In China, community-based diabetes management care, including regular blood glucose tests and guidance on medicine use, dietary control, and physical exercise provided by primary health institutions (PHIs), as one of the key contents of the national essential public health services (EPHS), was implemented since 2009 when the new round of health system reform was initiated. This study aimed to investigate the utilization of community-based diabetes management care services, and explore the factors influencing utilization from both patients’ and providers’ points of view.MethodsIn total, 2520 type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients registered for EPHS were selected from 63 PHIs in eight counties of Shandong province, China, using multi-stage stratified sampling. Of those, 2166 patients (response rate: 85.4%) completed face-to-face structured questionnaires on their utilization of community-based diabetes management care services. Further, 63 PHIs were surveyed on diabetes care delivery, and 444 primary healthcare providers were purposively sampled from those PHIs to measure their knowledge of diabetes management care delivery, using a self-developed questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the delivery and utilization of diabetes management care services. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to analyze the factors associated with patients’ utilization of diabetes management services.ResultsAll 63 PHIs reported that all the required four diabetes management services were provided through EPHS. However, only 49.6% of the patients reported they fully used these services, with no statistically significant difference between urban and rural patients. Patients who had higher knowledge of diabetes and better self-efficacy in controlling the condition, were more likely to fully utilize diabetes management care. A larger number of PHI health staff per 1000 population was associated with better utilization of care.ConclusionAlthough community-based diabetes management services are well available to Chinese DM patients under the framework of EPHS, the actual utilization of diabetes management services among the patients was poor. The size of the PHI workforce, patients’ knowledge and self-efficacy in controlling diabetes, were important predictors of utilization, and could be enhanced to improve control of diabetes.

Eradicating the Scourge of Peste Des Petits Ruminants from the World.

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of both domestic (goats and sheep) and wild ruminants. Caused by a morbillivirus, that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. The disease is clinically and pathologically similar to rinderpest of cattle and human measles. PPR is one of the most economically devastating viral diseases of small ruminants. In April 2015, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) launched the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy (PPR GCES) with the vision for global eradication by 2030. There is a strong and lasting international consensus to eradicate the disease in order to protect the livelihoods of the world’s poorest populations. As with any disease, eradication is feasible when, policy, scientific and technical challenges are addressed. Ten majors challenges are described in this paper namely: understanding small ruminant production, facilitating research to support eradication, refining laboratory testing, improving epidemiological understanding of the virus, defining infection of wildlife and other species, optimizing vaccine delivery and novel vaccines, developing better control of animal movement, heightening serological monitoring, understanding socio-economic impact, and garnering funding and political will.

Uncertainty and Disturbance Estimator-Based Global Trajectory Tracking Control for a Quadrotor

This article presents an uncertainty and disturbance estimator (UDE) based global trajectory tracking control strategy for a quadrotor. The main contribution of this article is the fusion of the UDE technique with the unit quaternion to achieve the robust global full degrees of freedom trajectory tracking control with experimental demonstrations. The novelty of this article lies in the development of the UDE-based global tracking technique to the overall system (attitude and position) with a quaternion-based nonlinear reference model. The UDE-based attitude and position controllers are derived from the unit quaternion-based quadrotor dynamics with a cascade control structure to deal with underactuation, model uncertainties, and external disturbances. The attitude controllers that are developed with the backstepping techniques avoid the rotation matrix calculation and the unwinding problem. The position controllers are derived using the thrust-vectoring approach. A nonlinear unit quaternion-based reference model is developed to achieve the time-scale separation for the cascade control loops. The stability analysis of the closed-loop system is conducted with the Lyapunov method. Extensive flight experiments are conducted to demonstrate the global singularity-free tracking property and the superior robustness of the proposed controller.

Prevention Considerations in Cardiovascular Diseases regarding the premature mortality reduction

Introduction. Cardiovascular diseases are recognized as worldwide (1) and national public health issue (2, 3). This is argued by having a leading position in the structure of general mortality and disability, the substantial loss of quality of life and the health system needs for increased costs. Prevention and control of cardiovascular disease has become one of the priority directions for global and national noncommunicable disease control strategies developed to reduce premature mortality (1, 5). The major cardiovascular diseases mortality was identified some aspects of premature mortality among the adult population in the Republic of Moldova. Overall decrease of mortality due to cardiovascular diseases among adults (-5.9%) has been accompanied by a relatively slower decrease in premature mortality (-2.4%) in the Republic of Moldova (6). Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention measures are essential in reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease and contribute to improving cardiovascular health at the population level. Nature is helping people to maintain their health through mechanisms much closer to them than pharmaceutical ones through the curative action of the various natural factors that form the climate of the respective territorial area. Material and method. There is a descriptive study based on statistical data of the World Health Organization and official vital statistics of the Republic of Moldova. Results and discussions. The climatic conditions of Moldova are favorable to cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation. Moldova is located in the temperate continental climate influenced by the proximity of the Black Sea and the interference of warm-humid air from the Mediterranean. The annual air temperatures average in the country is 9,30C. In the Republic of Moldova the warm weather with a confortable temperature lasts 175 days and the relative humidity oscillates in the average from 66 to 87%. The country's thermal regime is the most important curative factor for treating chronic diseases and opportunity for the amplification of medical rehabilitation programs for patients with cardiovascular diseases. Application of methods based on the action of climatic factors in cardiovascular rehabilitation process contributes to its efficiency. Increasing the role of tertiary prevention is a good practice for the quality improvement of medical services for this category of patients. By making appropriate, timely and complex measures of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention cardiovascular disease can be substantially prevented. Conclusions. Strengthening cardiovascular prevention centered on a complex approach to all its primary, secondary, and tertiary components is an opportunity to reduce premature mortality in the population. Key words: Cardiovascular diseases, prevention, premature mortality,

Robust Global Tracking Control for a Quadrotor Based on Uncertainty and Disturbance Estimator

Abstract In this paper, an uncertainty and disturbance estimator (UDE)-based robust global tracking control strategy for a quadrotor is presented. Utilizing the quaternion framework, the attitude and position controllers are developed to achieve the global singularity-free and computational efficient quadrotor control while the UDE is adopted to deal with model uncertainties and external disturbances. In order to handle the highly nonlinear quaternion-based quadrotor dynamics, the backstepping technique is utilized for the attitude controller derivation. The thrust-vectoring approach is employed for the position controller derivation. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated using the attitude recovery experiment with large angle initial conditions.

Reachability-Based Collision Recovery Strategy of a Quadrotor

Abstract Collisions with surrounding objects pose huge threat to flying quadrotors, especially in unknown environments. Unfortunately, quadrotors equipped with sensors (cameras, radars, etc.) cannot effectively detect small objects such as wires and branches. In this paper, a global stability control strategy is proposed for collision recovery based on the reachability theory. Reachability analysis is used to divide the collision recovery process into three modes:1)collision, 2)idling, 3)recovery. Safe switching conditions between different modes are generated by using solution of the Hamilton - Jacobi equation. A safe control law is presented based on the quaternion, which is proven to be globally stable and can quickly recovered from any attitude. Feasibility and performance of the proposed method are verified by experiments with collision maneuvers.

Presenting symptoms of cancer and stage at diagnosis: evidence from a cross-sectional, population-based study.

SummaryBackgroundEarly diagnosis interventions such as symptom awareness campaigns increasingly form part of global cancer control strategies. However, these strategies will have little impact in improving cancer outcomes if the targeted symptoms represent advanced stage of disease. Therefore, we aimed to examine associations between common presenting symptoms of cancer and stage at diagnosis.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we analysed population-level data from the English National Cancer Diagnosis Audit 2014 for patients aged 25 years and older with one of 12 types of solid tumours (bladder, breast, colon, endometrial, laryngeal, lung, melanoma, oral or oropharyngeal, ovarian, prostate, rectal, and renal cancer). We considered 20 common presenting symptoms and examined their associations with stage at diagnosis (TNM stage IV vs stage I–III) using logistic regression. For each symptom, we estimated these associations when reported as a single presenting symptom and when reported together with other symptoms.FindingsWe analysed data for 7997 patients. The proportion of patients diagnosed with stage IV cancer varied substantially by presenting symptom, from 1% (95% CI 1–3; eight of 584 patients) for abnormal mole to 80% (71–87; 84 of 105 patients) for neck lump. Three of the examined symptoms (neck lump, chest pain, and back pain) were consistently associated with increased odds of stage IV cancer, whether reported alone or with other symptoms, whereas the opposite was true for abnormal mole, breast lump, postmenopausal bleeding, and rectal bleeding. For 13 of the 20 symptoms (abnormal mole, breast lump, post-menopausal bleeding, rectal bleeding, lower urinary tract symptoms, haematuria, change in bowel habit, hoarseness, fatigue, abdominal pain, lower abdominal pain, weight loss, and the “any other symptom” category), more than 50% of patients were diagnosed at stages other than stage IV; for 19 of the 20 studied symptoms (all except for neck lump), more than a third of patients were diagnosed at stages other than stage IV.InterpretationDespite specific presenting symptoms being more strongly associated with advanced stage at diagnosis than others, for most symptoms, large proportions of patients are diagnosed at stages other than stage IV. These findings provide support for early diagnosis interventions targeting common cancer symptoms, countering concerns that they might be simply expediting the detection of advanced stage disease.FundingUK Department of Health's Policy Research Unit in Cancer Awareness, Screening and Early Diagnosis; and Cancer Research UK.

Predictive Energy Management for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Considering Driver’s Intention

The driver's intention determines the vehicle's Macrodriving state. On the premise of ensuring that the driving state of the vehicle conforms to the driver's intention, it is of practical significance to study the energy-saving of the vehicle. Through the correlation analysis of acceleration / brake pedal signal with vehicle speed and acceleration under real working conditions, the strong correlation between driver input and vehicle speed appears in the range of 4-6 seconds. The mapping relationship between driver’s intention and driver's expected speed is constructed by extreme learning machine. Based on this, the model predictive control for hybrid electric vehicle is carried out. It is compared with the global optimal control strategy solved by dynamic programming and the instantaneous optimal control strategy under the same discrete precision. The results show that compared with the instantaneous optimal control strategy, model predictive control based on driver’s intention can save 9.92% of the energy consumption while meeting the driver’s intention (RMSE 0.9995m/s).

Control Strategy for Electric Vehicle Charging Station Power Converters with Active Functions

Based on the assumption that vehicles served by petrol stations will be replaced by Electric Vehicles (EV) in the future, EV public charging station facilities, with off-board fast chargers, will be progressively built. The power demand of these installations is expected to cause great impact on the grid, not only in terms of peak power demanded but also in terms of power quality, because most battery chargers behave as non-linear loads. This paper presents the proposal of a novel comprehensive global control strategy for the power electronic converters associated with bidirectional three-phase EV off-board fast chargers. The Charging Station facility Energy Management System (CS-EMS) sends to each individual fast charger the active and reactive power setpoints. Besides, in case the charger has available capacity, it is assigned to compensate a fraction of the harmonic current demanded by other loads at the charging facility. The proposed approach works well under distorted and unbalanced grid voltages. Its implementation results in improvement in the power quality of each fast charger, which contributes to improvement in the power quality at the charging station facility level, which can even provide ancillary services to the distribution network. Simulation tests are conducted, using a 100 kW power electronic converter model, under different load and grid conditions, to validate the effectiveness and the applicability of the proposed control strategy.

Globally Stable Formation Control of Nonholonomic Multiagent Systems With Bearing-Only Measurement

In this article, the formation control problem of multiagent systems with nonholonomic constraints by bearing-only measurements is studied. Many previous works used the notation of infinitesimal rigidity to define the communication topology in formation control, but the global stability is difficult to achieve without leaders. To overcome this shortage, the maximal clique graph is used to define the topological relationship between agents. By minimizing the designed cost function, a novel distributed bearing-only formation controller is designed. Then, the close-loop system can achieve the global stability due to the existence of common agents between the maximal cliques under the designed controller. Besides, the global collision avoidance control strategy is also investigated with assistant distance measurement, which can prevent collisions between agents during the whole formation process. In addition, the embedded rotation angles between the final formation and the target formation are presented to optimize the motion process in real time. Finally, the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the designed controllers.

Clinical investigation of PPR outbreak and sero-prevalence of PPR viral antibody in different areas of Bangladesh

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, highly contagious, world organization for animal health (OIE) notifiable and economically important transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats associated with high morbidity and mortality and caused by PPR virus. This research work was done in 2016-2017 by executing, surveillance and clinical investigation studies to determine present status of circulating PPR virus and its detection of antibody level of PPRV in different areas of Bangladesh. cELISA was conducted to detect the PPR antibody and RT-PCR also used for identification of N gene PPRV. The clinical outbreak of PPR, the total 124 samples was collected at the six locations of the country and highest case fatality (morbidity) was recorded at Jhenaidah 93.75% (75 out of 80).The highest morbidity rate and mortality rate was 69.23% and 13.07% respectively. The result of RT-PCR indicates the PPR virus circulating in the different regions of Bangladesh. For sero-prevalence of PPR antibodies of 366 serum samples were collected at different region of Bangladesh such as Chuadanga 47.81% (22 out of 47), Sirajganj 34.21% (13 out of 38), Thakurgaon 48.15% (26 out of 54), Satkhira 56.92% (37out of 65), Jhenaidah 33.33% (28 out of 84) and Chattogram 30.79 % (24 out of 78). It is reflected that the selected areas are highly suspected PPR and need to proper vaccination against PPR vaccine that can protect PPR disease in goat and sheep which helps to meet global PPR control strategy as well as contribute to achieve the two (2) number of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).&#x0D; Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2019, 4 (2), 109-115

Induction of systemic, mucosal and memory antibody responses targeting Vibrio cholerae O1 O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) in adults following oral vaccination with an oral killed whole cell cholera vaccine in Bangladesh.

BackgroundOral cholera vaccine (OCV) containing killed Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 organisms (Bivalent-OCV; Biv-OCV) are playing a central role in global cholera control strategies. OCV is currently administered in a 2-dose regimen (day 0 and 14). There is a growing body of evidence that immune responses targeting the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of V. cholerae mediate protection against cholera. There are limited data on anti-OSP responses in recipients of Biv-OCV. We assessed serum antibody responses against O1 OSP, as well as antibody secreting cell (ASC) responses (a surrogate marker for mucosal immunity) and memory B cell responses in blood of adult recipients of Biv-OCV in Dhaka, Bangladesh.Methodology/Principal findingsWe enrolled 30 healthy adults in this study and administered two doses of OCV (Shanchol) at days 0 and 14. Blood samples were collected before vaccination (day 0) and 7 days after each vaccination (day 7 and day 21), as well as on day 44. Serum responses were largely IgA with minimal IgG and IgM responses in this population. There was no appreciable boosting following day 14 vaccination. There were significant anti-OSP IgA ASC responses on day 7 following the first vaccination, but none after the second immunization. Anti-OSP IgA memory B cell responses were detectable 30 days after completion of the vaccination series, with no evident induction of IgG memory responses. In this population, anti-Ogawa OSP responses were more prominent than anti-Inaba responses, perhaps reflecting impact of previous exposure. Serum anti-OSP responses returned to baseline within 30 days of completing the vaccine series.ConclusionOur results call into question the utility of the 2-dose regimen separated by 14 days in adults in cholera endemic areas, and also suggest that Biv-OCV-induced immune responses targeting OSP are largely IgA in this highly endemic cholera area. Studies in children in cholera-endemic areas need to be performed. Protective efficacy that extends for more than a month after vaccination presumably is mediated by direct mucosal immune response which is not assessed in this study. Our results suggest a single dose of OCV in adults in a cholera endemic zone may be sufficient to mediate at least short-term protection.

An Online Global Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy for Symmetrical Multiphase Machines With Minimum Losses in Full Torque Production Range

The high fault-tolerant ability of multiphase drives is favored in safety-critical applications. Under open-phase faults, to guarantee ripple-free torque, stator current references should be revised. In this paper, a global fault-tolerant control strategy based on an online current optimization algorithm (OCOA) is proposed for symmetrical multiphase machines (SMMs) to achieve both the maximal torque production range (TPR) and minimal stator winding losses under all possible OPFs. The OCOA can calculate the minimum losses current references covering the full TPR online, regardless of the number and locations of faulty phases. With the online-optimized references, ripple-free torque and minimum losses in full TPR can be achieved under faulty conditions. Additionally, the proposed method can be adopted to SMMs with arbitrary phase numbers. Simulation and experiments demonstrate that the online optimization can be completed in a short time, meanwhile, achieves the same TPR and loss reduction compared with an existing offline strategy based on prestored look-up tables. Due to the flexible online calculation ability and excellent extensibility, the proposed method is especially favored in modular multiphase converters and machines with high phase numbers, where converters can adapt to machines with different phase numbers or the number of possible faulty conditions can be extremely large.