Global Communication Networks Research Articles

IMPACT OF 5G TECHNOLOGY ON SATELLITE COMMUNICATION: A PARADIGM SHIFT IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS WITH A FOCUS ON CYBERSECURITY CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

This review investigates the transformative impact of 5G technology on satellite communication, with a particular focus on the cybersecurity challenges introduced by this integration. An analysis of 50 rigorously selected scholarly articles demonstrates that 5G significantly enhances satellite communication by improving data transmission rates, reducing latency, and increasing network efficiency, thereby facilitating extended coverage that bridges the digital divide by delivering high-speed internet to remote areas. Additionally, 5G supports the deployment of new applications such as enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) and extensive Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity. However, this integration also introduces new cybersecurity challenges, such as increased vulnerability to cyber-attacks and the need for robust encryption methods to secure data transmissions. Technical issues like signal interference, regulatory hurdles involving spectrum sharing, and substantial economic investments for infrastructure development also pose significant challenges. These complexities require ongoing research and strategic planning to mitigate risks and fully harness the potential of 5G-enhanced satellite networks. The study highlights a paradigm shift in satellite communications, propelled by 5G's capabilities to create more inclusive, efficient, and secure global communication networks.

DATA SECURITY IN COMMUNICATION USING BLOCKCHAIN AND KEY BASED PROTOCOL

Satellite communications play an important role in the development of global communications networks. Recently, satellite networking has been receiving a lot of attention as a solution to alleviate the limitations of terrestrial networks due to low stability and coverage. It has many disadvantages, including low processing power, storage space, and limited data security. Illegal access has become a problem. Data processing power is minimal, storage space and data security are limited due to regional power availability and physical satellite limitations, and data can be modified or accessed by malicious users. As the importance of satellite communication increases in the development of global communication networks, concerns about the security of satellite communication are also growing. This project proposes a satellite communication network using blockchain technology and QKD protocol based on authentication and personal information protection. To achieve this goal, an architecture was built consisting of traditional and constrained devices connected to the blockchain over a wireless heterogeneous network. Communication uses registration, authentication, and cancellation. The satellite transmits the received data to a base station on the ground, which stores all key parameters in the decentralized blockchain and removes all invalid node certificates from the blockchain. The proposed blockchain and QKD satellite system provides a high level of security for future 6Gandbeyond networks, Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles and other rapidly developing applications.

SYNTHESIZING AI'S IMPACT ON CYBERSECURITY IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

As the telecommunications sector increasingly relies on interconnected digital infrastructure, the proliferation of cyber threats poses significant challenges to security and operational integrity. This review presents a conceptual framework for understanding and harnessing the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in fortifying cybersecurity within the telecommunications industry. The framework integrates the transformative capabilities of AI with the unique demands of cybersecurity in telecommunications, aiming to enhance threat detection, mitigation, and response strategies. It encompasses a multidimensional approach that encompasses both technical and organizational facets, recognizing the interconnectedness of technology, human factors, and regulatory environments. Firstly, the framework delves into the application of AI in bolstering proactive threat intelligence gathering and analysis. Through advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques, AI empowers telecom operators to identify anomalous patterns, predict potential vulnerabilities, and pre-emptively adapt defensive measures. Secondly, it explores AI-driven solutions for dynamic risk assessment and adaptive cybersecurity protocols. By leveraging real-time data analytics and automated decision-making, telecom networks can swiftly adapt to evolving threats and ensure continuous protection against intrusions or breaches. Furthermore, the framework emphasizes the role of AI in augmenting human capabilities through intelligent automation and cognitive assistance. By offloading routine tasks and providing context-aware insights, AI enables cybersecurity professionals to focus on strategic initiatives and complex threat scenarios. Lastly, the framework addresses the imperative of ethical considerations, accountability, and transparency in deploying AI for cybersecurity in telecommunications. It advocates for responsible AI governance frameworks that prioritize privacy, fairness, and bias mitigation while fostering collaboration across industry stakeholders. In summary, this conceptual framework provides a roadmap for harnessing AI's transformative potential to fortify cybersecurity resilience in telecommunications, thereby safeguarding critical infrastructure and ensuring the integrity of global communication networks.
 Keywords: AI, Cybersecurity, Telecommunication, Framework, Conceptual, Impact, Review.

QAKA: A novel quantum authentication and key agreement (QAKA) protocol using quantum entanglement for secure communication among IoT devices

AbstractThe constant evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) concept involves the idea that all elements in the global network communication are reachable without the need for human intervention. In this context, the paramount concern is security, aiming to safeguard IoT communication against unauthorized access. According to the analysis, the security of the IoT communication framework relies on traditional cryptographic schemes like the RSA algorithm. Nevertheless, the latest developments in quantum computing and information processing pose a significant threat to these established schemes. Motivated by this fact, in this article, we proposed a novel quantum authentication and key agreement (QAKA) protocol that provides unconditional security against any classical and futuristic quantum threats. Our protocol ensures secure key agreement and mutual authentication based on quantum hashing with quantum passwords and quantum key distribution. The proposed scheme utilizes quantum teleportation and Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger states for secure data transfer among entities. Our work is simulated using the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications tool to prove our protocol's formal correctness and security. The Burrows, Abadi, and Needham logic is applied to prove the goal of our protocol. Random oracle model for formal security analysis is presented in our work. Our protocol is also informally analyzed, considering the characteristics such as correctness, security against repudiation and the impossibility of cloning. The proposed protocol is compared with the related protocols in terms of various security features such as replay attacks, man‐in‐middle attacks and futuristic quantum attacks. Finally, the performance of the proposed protocol is presented, revealing superior efficacy when compared with classical authentication schemes and quantum protocols.

Entanglement dynamics of photon pairs and quantum memories in the gravitational field of the earth

We investigate the effect of entanglement dynamics due to gravity – the basis of a mechanism of universal decoherence – for photonic states and quantum memories in Mach-Zehnder and Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry setups in the gravitational field of the earth. We show that chances are good to witness the effect with near-future technology in Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry. This would represent an experimental test of theoretical modeling combining a multi-particle effect predicted by the quantum theory of light and an effect predicted by general relativity. Our article represents the first analysis of relativistic gravitational effects on space-based quantum memories which are expected to be an important ingredient for global quantum communication networks.

Who controls ‘the narrative’? journalistic emplotment and political discourse in the networked public sphere

Over the last decade there has been a massive spike in use of the word ‘narrative’ in both media reportage and political discourse. This essay interrogates the rhetorical function and theoretical assumptions of this widespread usage, arguing that narrative rhetoric operates as a form of metajournalistic discourse shaping coverage of domestic politics and international relations while revealing an anxiety about the authority of contemporary news media. The prominence and semantic variability of the word narrative in public discourse is both a symptom of and a response to an epistemological crisis wrought by information overload and a fragmented public sphere in the digital age. The essay examines usage of the familiar phrase ‘control the narrative’ to reveal how journalistic discourse self-reflexively frames the dynamics of cultural debate. In this formulation, ‘the narrative’ operates as a synonym for what Chadwick (2017) calls the ‘political information cycle' in a hybrid news system, signifying an ongoing discursive struggle in which news media construct their moral and epistemological Others in a global communications network: social media, foreign state-run media, and competing news media. By tracking the phrase in coverage of the global COVID-19 outbreak and the notorious Steele Dossier in five major US dailies throughout 2020, this article demonstrates how the metajournalistic quality of narrative rhetoric facilitates an intramedia struggle for moral and referential authority in the networked public sphere.

19. YÜZYILDA DOĞU AKDENİZ’DEN HİNT OKYANUSUNA ULUSLARARASI DENİZALTI TELEGRAF HABERLEŞMESİ: İNGİLİZ ARŞİV BELGELERİNE GÖRE

ABSTRACT
 The telegraph is a good example of the concretization of scientific and technical developments, which have been increasing since the beginning of the 19th century, and their transformation into technological devices. Thanks to the invention of the telegraph, communication over long distances became possible for short periods. Telegraph lines, which previously ran across the continents via copper cables laid on poles erected on the ground, provided the opportunity for communication on lands and under seas, with the addition of underwater telegraph lines to these lines in a short time, in parallel with technological transitions. However, the development and regular maintenance of the lines were vital to the global communication network. By the 1850s, a strong communication network consisting of telegraph lines and hundreds of telegraph stations had been established in many European countries such as England, France, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and Germany, with telegraph lines of over 4000 km. This infrastructure, which was used effectively in both world wars, starting from the Crimean War, also formed the basis of military communication. Industrialized countries such as Great Britain have dramatically increased their influence in the world by using these technological developments, thus gaining a great military, political, and economic advantage by directing the logistical support provided by communication to the real political field. The brilliant ideas developed on telegraphy during this time would be very important for today's digital communication infrastructure.
 In this context, in our study, using British and Ottoman archive documents, we tried to reveal, in parallel with the technological development of telegraphy, scientific studies carried out to lay telegraph lines under seas, established submarine telegraph companies, and their activities, the process of laying submarine telegraph lines in the areas from the Eastern Mediterranean basin to the Indian Ocean and Australia during the 19th century and finally how this communication network infrastructure contributed to the construction of the contemporary today's world.
 Key Words: Submarine Telegraph Systems, Submarine Telegraph Companies, International Communication, Eastern Mediterranean, Late Ottoman Period

Prediction of physical realizations of the coordinated universal time with gated recurrent unit.

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), produced by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), is the official worldwide time reference. Given that there is no physical signal associated with UTC, physical realizations of the UTC, called UTC(k), are very important for demanding applications such as global navigation satellite systems, communication networks, and national defense and security, among others. Therefore, the prediction of the time differences UTC-UTC(k) is important to maintain the accuracy and stability of the UTC(k) timescales. In this paper, we report for the first time the use of a deep learning (DL) technique called Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) to predict a sequence of H futures values of the time differences UTC-UTC(k) for ten different UTC(k) timescales. UTC-UTC(k) time differences published on the monthly Circular T document of the BIPM are used as training samples. We utilize a multiple-input, multiple-output prediction strategy. After a training process where about 300 past values of the difference UTC-UTC(k) are used, H (H = 6) values of the Circular T can be predicted using p (typically p = 6) past values. The model has been tested with data from ten different UTC(k) timescales. When comparing GRU results with other standard DL algorithms, we found that the GRU approximation has a good performance in predicting UTC(k) timescales. According to our results, the GRU error in predicting UTC-UTC(k) values is typically 1ns. The frequency instability of the UTC(k) timescale is the main limitation in reducing the GRU error in the time difference prediction.

Dampak Penggunaan Teknologi Internet terhadap Perkembangan Kognitif dan Perilaku Anak dalam Keluarga

The internet is an open global communications network that connects thousands of networks throughout the world. Internet use can now be accessed by all ages, from children, teenagers to adults. As a result, children use the internet more often at home than playing outside the home. The aim of this research is to determine the impact of excessive use of internet technology on the cognitive development and behavior of children in the family. The research method used is literature. Through this method, the author collects various national and international journal literature to study the concepts and theories contained therein. The research results show that excessive use of the internet, especially in multitasking media activities, can affect children's cognitive development in the form of poor focus performance in carrying out their tasks and easily distracted attention. Apart from that, the use of internet technology without supervision from parents has an impact on children's freedom of internet activities, which allows children to be exposed to content that is not appropriate for their age, such as cyber bullying, violent content and others. This can cause children to behave deviantly

A Survey of Machine Learning Assisted Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) shows potential for the rapid development of an information-theoretic secure global communication network; however, the complexities of CV-QKD implementation remain a restrictive factor. Machine learning (ML) has recently shown promise in alleviating these complexities. ML has been applied to almost every stage of CV-QKD protocols, including ML-assisted phase error estimation, excess noise estimation, state discrimination, parameter estimation and optimization, key sifting, information reconciliation, and key rate estimation. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of the current literature on ML-assisted CV-QKD. In addition, the survey compares the ML algorithms assisting CV-QKD with the traditional algorithms they aim to augment, as well as providing recommendations for future directions for ML-assisted CV-QKD research.

Fully Distributed Dynamic Event-Triggered Bipartite Formation Tracking for Multiagent Systems With Multiple Nonautonomous Leaders.

Considering that cooperative interactions and antagonistic interactions between neighboring agents may exist simultaneously in practice, this article studies the bipartite time-varying output formation tracking (BTVOFT) problems for homogeneous/heterogeneous multiagent systems with multiple nonautonomous leaders under switching communication networks. First, a full-dimensional observer-based nonsmooth distributed dynamic event-triggered (DDET) output feedback control scheme is proposed to ensure that BTVOFT is achieved, and the Zeno behavior is excluded. Note that the nonsmooth distributed control scheme requires global communication network information and may cause unexpected chattering effect, and the design cost of full-dimensional observer is relatively high. Thus, a reduced-dimensional observer-based continuous fully DDET scheme is proposed. Compared with the existing event-triggered schemes, the dynamic event-triggered scheme can ensure larger interevent times by introducing an additional internal dynamic variable. Finally, the effectiveness and performance of the theoretical results are validated by numerical simulations.

SMS Security by Elliptic Curve and Chaotic Encryption Algorithms

Short message services (SMS) represent one of the components of the global communications network and are one of the important developments in communication technologies and communications technology. SMS messages without a password are stored in the SMS server. For the purpose of review and dispute resolution. The security of SMS content cannot be protected because it is transmitted in plain text and is accessible to network operators and employees. Therefore, the end-to-end key is based on encryption and decryption technology can provide SMS security. The security protocols used for SMS security on contemporary mobile devices were examined in this study. SMS security system encryption time affects how well mobile devices work. This shows that security technologies take longer to generate keys and encrypt keys as the key size increases. Due to the limited processing power of mobile devices, large-scale algorithms such as DES, AES, RC4, and Blowfish are not suitable for SMS encryption. SMS may be encrypted using the elliptic curve technique because it provides great security with a smaller key on devices with limited resources, such as mobile phones. And chaotic theory, encryption is simple, fast and secure data encryption. As a result, a combination of elliptic curve algorithm and chaotic encryption algorithm is proposed to achieve a high level of security. In this paper, several tests have been done to compare the algorithms in terms of throughput, power consumption, SMS size, encoding time, and decoding time. The results indicate that the proposed method is better than the comparison method.

Modelling and experimental testing of an optical synchronisation beacon designed for high‐loss satellite quantum communication

AbstractLong‐distance free space quantum key distribution based on CubeSats can be used to establish global quantum secure communication networks, with potential commercial applications benefitting from the low cost of its design and launch. Detecting single‐photon level optical pulses sent from space requires highly accurate and robust timing systems to pick out signals from the noise. For such high‐loss applications, we envisage a low‐repetition (sub‐MHz) beacon laser emitting short (ns) high‐peak‐power pulses from which interpolated quantum signal arrival windows can be derived. We firstly study theoretically the effects of jitter on the efficiency of gating quantum signals including all important jitter sources, and then experimentally investigated it by changing the clock jitter, and the result shows that the greater jitter will reduce the gating rate of the signal. The experimental interpolation error is tested against loss under laboratory conditions giving results close to our model. We also found that the jitter introduced by the Doppler effect can be ignored with a repetition rate larger than 1 kHz. This model can be directly used for the performance analysis and optimisation of all quantum and non‐quantum systems using similar synchronisation schemes over terrestrial free space or fibre.

Basic Research Perspective on Quantum Information Science for the Aerospace Community

Scientific and technological progress has repeatedly revolutionized society, from the invention of steam-power-driven machines that brought forth the Industrial Age to the development of the transistor that sparked the Information Age. As societies and economies become more connected through global communication networks and reliant on computational power, the demand for faster, more efficient, and secure information capabilities escalates commensurately. Enter Quantum Information Science (QIS) (QIS), a field founded on the physical laws of quantum mechanics that introduce extraordinary different and powerful paradigms for generating, manipulating, measuring, securing, and processing information. While many quantum effects are generally well understood and form the basis of widely exploited current technology, QIS is still a richly underexplored research area. This overview provides a basic research perspective on the foundational resources that empower QIS, the main challenges in exploiting QIS for practical applications, and the need for input from researchers outside quantum physics, such as those from the aerospace community, to stimulate new ideas and advance progress in QIS. This paper introduces key QIS concepts and continues with discussions on each of the following subareas: sensing, computation and algorithms, networks, and information security. The paper concludes with an outlook of the field as it relates to aerospace.

Suppression of Fading Noise in Satellite-Mediated Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution via Clusterization

The satellite-mediated continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) protocol, which relies on off-the-shelf telecommunication components, has the potential for a global quantum communication network with all-day operation. However, the transmittance fluctuation of satellite-mediated links leads to the arriving quantum state showing non-Gaussian property, introducing extra fading noise in security analysis and limiting the secret key rate of the protocol. Here, we consider the clusterization method for data post-processing to suppress the fading noise in both downlink and uplink scenarios, where the measurement data are divided into several clusters, and we perform security analysis separately. In particular, we set the optimal upper and lower bounds of each cluster in terms of the probability distribution of transmittance (PDT), while finding an optimal cluster number for the trade-off between fading noise and the composable finite-size effect. Numerical analysis shows that the proposed method can improve the composable finite-size rate when the fading noise is large enough, even with only two clusters. Moreover, a high-speed CV-QKD system with a higher frequency of signal preparation and detection can extend the proposed method to work in the case of lower fading noise.

Toward Terabit Receivers for Optical and Wireless Communications

Data rates and bandwidths in global optical communication networks and their wireless access are continuously rising as a result of new applications. Besides communication, high bandwidth devices are also needed for radar, sensors and measurement systems. These increasing bandwidths might lead to problems for the electronic analog-to-digital converters (ADC) in the digital systems. A 1Tbit/s, 16-QAM modulated data signal, for instance, needs an analog processing bandwidth of 80 GHz, which is far beyond the possibilities of today's standard CMOS technology. Additionally, higher bandwidths are accompanied by a lower conversion resolution, which requires higher signal-to-noise ratios for the signals to be detectable. Here we discuss these connections and review possibilities for a solution by a photonics assisted parallelization of the incoming high bandwidth signal into several low bandwidth sub-signals in the time and frequency domain. These sub-signals can then be detected and processed with low bandwidth electronics, circumventing the CMOS bandwidth problem. This review primarily focuses on bandwidth reduction using time-frequency coherence. Since it only needs low bandwidth standard electronics and photonics, the seamless integration with the electronic ADCs into any electronic-photonic platform is straightforward. Therefore, it could become an important component of future terabit receivers in optical and wireless communication.

Plum Village: From Settlement on a Modest Local Scale to Global Communication Network

Abstract Founded in the countryside an hour from Bordeaux, France, by Thích Nhất Hạnh, known for his engaged and modern Buddhism, Plum Village is famous throughout the world for its mindfulness meditation retreats. Although many studies have been carried out on Thích Nhất Hạnh’s history and spirituality, none has addressed the question of the territorial implantation of Plum Village on a local scale, nor the processes of the worldwide diffusion of its network. After presenting the context of the penetration of Thích Nhất Hạnh’s teaching in the West, I explore the establishment of an exogenous religious community in the French countryside in terms of otherness and analyse the communication at play in the process of integration into the local scale in its municipalities in New Aquitaine, and then look at the strategy and means of communication put in place to to federate and expand its network on a global scale.

Integrated Empowerment Strategy of Indigenous Communities and Local Communities Based on the Blue Economy in East Fakfak District, Fakfak District

The process of the socio-cultural mix between the indigenous people of the Mbaham tribe who live in the East Fakfak district, which is very rich in natural resource potential, and the local community, which basically also comes from immigrants, has been going on for generations in the population structure. The research aims to find a form of empowerment strategy that prioritizes integration between the indigenous people of the Mbaham tribe and local communities in order to build a blue economy in the East Fakfak district to improve people's lives. This descriptive research uses a combined quantitative and qualitative approach based on empirical survey results, carried out in six villages in the East Fakfak district during 2022. The results show that the socio-cultural mix has the potential to be very strong and open to generating broader synergies in the form of building a global communication network , which allows investment to enter the East Fakfak district. The advanced attitude and thinking of the leaders of the Mbaham tribal people in the East Fakfak district which are already advanced can open up opportunities for the development of an integrated and sustainable blue economy.

GCWCN: 6G-Based Global Coverage Wireless Communication Network Architecture

At present, the world is experiencing a significant transformation from the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication network to the sixth generation (6G) wireless communication network. An important goal is to achieve seamless global coverage of wireless signals. The combination of space network, air network and ground network has been proved to be effective, but the maritime network has not been taken into account. Therefore, how to effectively achieve the global coverage of wireless networks is a challenging topic. This paper first compares the performance of 5G and 6G, and analyzes the possibility of a wireless communication network with global coverage based on 6G technology. After that, we respectively analyze the typical characteristics of space network, air network, terrestrial network and maritime network, and then lead to the key enabling technologies to combine them. Based on the typical characteristics of the above heterogeneous networks and combined with the enabling technologies, we try to propose a 6Gsupported space-air-ground-sea integrated network (SAGSIN) architecture, to achieve seamless global wireless signal coverage. In the end, we rationally analyze a series of challenges and difficulties that may be faced in implementing the architecture.

Information and communication technologies and China’s international communication to the world

Over four decades, ICT rapidly proliferated in China, transforming, and reshaping the country’s international communication in theory and practice. In parallel with economic achievements after the reform and opening-up, China aspires to enhance accordingly its international influence, thus requiring its media to emerge on the global stage. The article suggests that ICT plays a significant role in driving Chinese media’s global outreach, thereby enhancing soft power and improving its national image. Against the backdrop of continuous hegemony and unbalance in the global communication networks, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) launched by China aims to benefit developing countries in the Global South by constructing ICT infrastructures. Following the practice, the concept of a Community of Shared Future for Mankind was advanced to promote multilateral cooperation and better communication. China shoulders unprecedented responsibilities in an increasingly multipolar world where a new global communication order is expected.