Climate Global Warming Research Articles

Water Electrolysis toward Elevated Temperature: Advances, Challenges and Frontiers.

Since severe global warming and related climate issues have been caused by the extensive utilization of fossil fuels, the vigorous development of renewable resources is needed, and transformation into stable chemical energy is required to overcome the detriment of their fluctuations as energy sources. As an environmentally friendly and efficient energy carrier, hydrogen can be employed in various industries and produced directly by renewable energy (called green hydrogen). Nevertheless, large-scale green hydrogen production by water electrolysis is prohibited by its uncompetitive cost caused by a high specific energy demand and electricity expenses, which can be overcome by enhancing the corresponding thermodynamics and kinetics at elevated working temperatures. In the present review, the effects of temperature variation are primarily introduced from the perspective of electrolysis cells. Following an increasing order of working temperature, multidimensional evaluations considering materials and structures, performance, degradation mechanisms and mitigation strategies as well as electrolysis in stacks and systems are presented based on elevated temperature alkaline electrolysis cells and polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis cells (ET-AECs and ET-PEMECs), elevated temperature ionic conductors (ET-ICs), protonic ceramic electrolysis cells (PCECs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs).

A Study on Linkage between Global Warming Indicators and Climate Change Expenditure

Purpose: The emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) have a critical influence on sustainable development and cause global warming, therefore contributing to climate change. National and international governments prioritize measures to mitigate global warming by funding green projects. The study aims to assess the relationship between global warming indicators (emission level of carbon dioxide, methane and greenhouse gas) and India’s climate change expenses incurred for employing renewable energy sources avenues nuclear power plants, efficient waste management, and transforming fuel-based technology with electricity-based to meet the extending electricity need. Methodology: The secondary data is taken from the World Bank to establish the causality between climate change expenditure and global warming indicators. The augmented dickey-fuller (unit root) test is performed to check the stationarity of the data series. Based on the validated data, the quantum of discharge of CO2, CH4 and GHGs is used to gauge the impact on climate change expenditure through Engle and Granger technique on e-views software. Findings: The results indicate a positive relationship between CO2, CH4, GHGs emissions and expenditure incurred to implement the mitigation strategies for climate change. The stationarity of the series is established at the first difference. Then regression model is determined through Engle-Granger Test, which depicts the model as a good fit with a 76% prediction level. Managerial implications: The study provides insight into the successive increase in climate change expenditure which requires the government to frame a more stringent policy to preserve the environment with proper implementation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Effects of Climatic Change on Potential Distribution of Spogostylum ocyale (Diptera: Bombyliidae) in the Middle East Using Maxent Modelling.

Spogostylum ocyale (Wiedemann 1828) is a large robust species of bee fly (family Bombyliidae), known to be a larval ectoparasitoid as well as an important flower pollinator as an adult. This species has become extremely rare or has disappeared from many of its historic habitats due to substantial changes in floral and faunal compositions in recent years. Climate change and urbanisation, together with other anthropogenic activities, may be to blame for these changes. Distribution modelling based on environmental variables together with known occurrences is a powerful tool in analytical biology, with applications in ecology, evolution, conservation management, epidemiology and other fields. Based on climatological and topographic data, the current and future distributions of the parasitoid in the Middle East region was predicted using the maximum entropy model (Maxent). The model performance was satisfactory (AUC mean = 0.834; TSS mean = 0.606) and revealed a good potential distribution for S. ocyale featured by the selected factors. A set of seven predictors was chosen from 19 bioclimatic variables and one topographic variable. The results show that the distribution of S. ocyale is mainly affected by the maximum temperature of the warmest period (Bio5) and temperature annual range (Bio7). According to the habitat suitability map, coastal regions with warm summers and cold winters had high to medium suitability. However, future scenarios predict a progressive decline in the extent of suitable habitats with global climate warming. These findings lead to robust conservation management measures in current or future conservation planning.

Tendency of soil erosion dynamics by coupling radioisotopes and RUSLE model on the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau in response to climate warming and human activity

Soil erosion has created landscape problems in many parts of the world and in particular in cold regions where the sensitive permafrost conditions have changed due to climate warming. Such a case occurred in the Tibetan Plateau (TP), which has been strongly affected by global warming and human activities. Monitoring technologies, like remote sensing and field surveys were used to explore soil erosion rates in the TP, but they were limited by the resolution and meteorological disturbance factors or the spatial and time scales. Here, we present for the first time 210Pbex (excess lead-210) and 137Cs (caesium-137) data of soils from the southeastern TP (SETP) covering an area of 640,000 km2. In the permafrost-dominant areas, the results show mean soil-erosion rates in the last 56–100 years that were relatively higher (1891 t·km−2·a-1) based on 210Pbex than those based on 137Cs (1623 t·km−2·a-1). Modelling results from the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) indicate relatively high mean soil erosion rates of 4363 and 4394 t·km−2·a-1 using a period covering the last 40 or 10 years respectively. Our data suggest accelerating erosion rates on the SETP that are linked to permafrost degradation, and glacier and snow melting due to accelerating global climate warming. The increase in ground surface temperature of ∼2 °C in the last four decades has further shifted the regional hydrology, affecting the degeneration of vegetation cover and a further increase in soil-erosion rates. However, our radionuclides data also expose low erosion rates in the seasonally frozen ground at some sampling sites which indicates the complex nature of erosion trends in cold regions that require careful adaptation of soil management.

A Simulation Analysis of Land Use Changes in the Yarlung Zangbo River and Its Two Tributaries of Tibet Using the Markov–PLUS Model

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the economic development of Tibet has been accelerating. The Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries, as the region with the largest population concentration and the fastest economic development in Tibet, has been under the dual influence of global climate warming and the intensification of human social and economic activities, where a high number of land types, such as woodland, grassland, and water areas, have been transformed into other land types, and the residential area has expanded in a disorderly manner. The ability to maintain sustainable regional development has been severely damaged. To meet the requirements of different stages of social and economic development and regional social development goals, in this study, we use the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries of Tibet as an example. Based on the Markov–PLUS model and considering the natural, social, and cultural conditions of the basin, combined with the multi-landscape simulation of land use, we predict the land use situation of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries of Tibet in 2038. We observed the following: (i) the Markov–PLUS model has a high simulation accuracy for different land types in the study area, and can sufficiently simulate the changes in different land types in the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries of Tibet; and (ii) the simulation settings of the three landscapes basically meet the different development modes and paths of the basin in the future. There were obvious differences in the structure of land use in the basin, among which there were obvious differences, especially agricultural land and water areas. Use of the Markov–PLUS model can provide data support and references for the implementation in terms of ecological scrutiny, landscape planning, and early warnings for food production consumption security and unreasonable land use, in order to achieve the sustainable development of the basin.

No tillage decreases GHG emissions with no crop yield tradeoff at the global scale

Conservation tillage has been widely adopted as an important and promising sustainable crop management option for mitigation of global climate warming. Although its effects on fluxes in greenhouse gases (GHGs) have been widely studied, contrasting results have been reported, where impacts of reduced and no tillage are unclear. Here, using a dataset with 1286 paired observations extracted from 147 publications, we systematically assessed the effects of reduced vs. no tillage on the fluxes of soil CO2, N2O, and CH4 across the globe. We also assessed how reduced and no tillage may affect the total global warming potential (GWP) of these three GHGs and the associated crop yield. We found that (1) reduced tillage increases N2O and CH4 emissions by 31.0% and 24.7%, respectively, and decreases crop yields by 17.4%, with no effect on CO2 emissions or CH4 uptake; (2) no tillage decreases CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions, and GWP by an average of 15.1%, 7.5%, 19.8%, and 22.6%, respectively, with no effect on CH4 uptake or crop yield; (3) crop residue retention, cropland type, rotation regime, crop species, and soil physicochemical properties regulate effects of reduced and no tillage, where their impact varies with GHG and tillage type; and (4) there was a lack of relationship between responses of crop yields and GHG fluxes under reduced and no tillage, with the exception of N2O emissions, where they were positively related. Overall, our results showed that reduced tillage stimulates GHG emissions and decreases crop yields, whereas no tillage decreases GHG emissions, with no crop yield tradeoff. These results indicate that no tillage is an effective sustainable crop management practice for the mitigation of climate warming and provision of food security.

Drivers of the differentiation between broad-leaved trees and shrubs in the shift from evergreen to deciduous leaf habit in forests of eastern Asian subtropics

In eastern Asian subtropical forests, leaf habit shifts from evergreen to deciduous broad-leaved woody plants toward higher latitudes. This shift has been largely explained by the greater capacity of deciduous broad-leaved plants to respond to harsh climatic conditions (e.g., greater seasonality). The advantages of deciduous leaf habit over evergreen leaf habit in more seasonal climates have led us to hypothesize that leaf habits would shift in response to climate changes more conspicuously in forest canopy trees than in forest understory shrubs. Furthermore, we hypothesize that in the forests of the subtropics, plants at higher latitudes, regardless of growth form, would better tolerate seasonal harsh climates, and hence show less differentiation in leaf habit shift, compared to those at lower latitudes. To test these two hypotheses, we modelled the proportion of deciduous broad-leaved species and the incidence of deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved species in woody angiosperm species compositions of ten large-sized forest plots distributed in the Chinese subtropics. We found that the rate of leaf habit shift along a latitudinal gradient was higher in forest trees than in forest shrubs. We also found that the differentiation in leaf habit shift between trees and shrubs is greater at lower latitudes (i.e., warmer climates) than at higher latitudes (i.e., colder climates). These findings indicate that specialized forest plants are differentially affected by climate in distinct forest strata in a manner dependent on latitudinal distribution. These differences in forest plant response to changes in climate suggest that global climate warming will alter growth forms and geographical distributions and ranges of forests.

Strategy for mapping soil salt contents during the bare soil period through a satellite image: Optimal calibration set combined with random forest

Salt is a basic soil parameter that is especially sensitive to land degradation and global climate warming. Machine learning combined with satellite images offers the potential for effectively surveying soil salt contents (SSC) in the spatial and temporal dimensions. However, outlier spectral samples caused by environmental factors (e.g., particle size distribution, moisture, and vegetation) have interfered with the determination of the mapping relationship between ground-truth SSC and corresponding spectral features, resulting in a random forest (RF) mapping model with low generalization capability. Therefore, a spatial association module was introduced into the RF to remove the outlier spectral samples for building an optimal sample set in order to calibrate an improved random forest (IRF) model for SSC mapping. A total of 233 soil samples and a simultaneous Sentinel-2B multispectral image were acquired for the Weibei Plain of China. The spectral absorption features of SSC were characterized by three indices (band difference, band ratio, and band normalized). Then a spatial association function was developed to identify the outlier spectral samples for optimizing the calibration samples. Lastly, the SSC-responding bands and SSC-related indices were used as input variables to build the improved random forest (IRF) model for regional SSC mapping. Results showed that: (1) bands 3, 8, and 11 in the Sentinel-2B image were the SSC-responding bands, and band 11 had a significant correlation with SSC; (2) the band ratio index synthesized the multi-band spectral information, and effectively enhanced the spectral absorption signal of soil salt; the optimal SSC-related indices includedRI34 (reflectance ratio of band 3 and band 4),RI711,NDI611 (normalized reflectance values of band 6 and band 11), andDI45 (reflectance difference value of band 4 and band 5); (3) when the SSC-responding bands and optimal SSC-related indices were input into the IRF remote sensing estimation model, the accuracy parameters R2v and RPIQ were greater (0.89 and 3.52, respectively) than the comparable values with the RF model (R2v = 0.69; RPIQ = 2.90), with accuracy improved by 28.99 % and 21.38 %, respectively, indicating that satisfactory results for regional SSC mapping had been obtained; (4) SSC distribution showed that the values in the central part of the study area were slightly higher than in the southern and northern parts; the highest SSC area was mainly related to the distribution of saltern; additionally, agricultural activities and microtopography contributed significantly to the distribution of SSC at the farm scale. The IRF model based on the SSC-responding bands and optimal SSC-related indices provides a strategy for supporting regional mapping of SSC, and will be useful for environmental policy-making.

Climate-driven changes of global marine mercury cycles in 2100

Human exposure to monomethylmercury (CH3Hg), a potent neurotoxin, is principally through the consumption of seafood. The formation of CH3Hg and its bioaccumulation in marine food webs experience ongoing impacts of global climate warming and ocean biogeochemistry alterations. Employing a series of sensitivity experiments, here we explicitly consider the effects of climate change on marine mercury (Hg) cycling within a global ocean model in the hypothesized twenty-first century under the business-as-usual scenario. Even though the overall prediction is subjected to significant uncertainty, we identify several important climate change impact pathways. Elevated seawater temperature exacerbates elemental Hg (Hg0) evasion, while decreased surface wind speed reduces air-sea exchange rates. The reduced export of particulate organic carbon shrinks the pool of potentially bioavailable divalent Hg (HgII) that can be methylated in the subsurface ocean, where shallower remineralization depth associated with lower productivity causes impairment of methylation activity. We also simulate an increase in CH3Hg photodemethylation potential caused by increased incident shortwave radiation and less attenuation by decreased sea ice and chlorophyll. The model suggests that these impacts can also be propagated to the CH3Hg concentration in the base of the marine food web. Our results offer insight into synergisms/antagonisms in the marine Hg cycling among different climate change stressors.

ВЛИЯНИЕ МАССОВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ЦИАНОБАКТЕРИЙ НА ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КАЧЕСТВА ВОДЫ КУЙБЫШЕВСКОГО ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩА (ПРОБЛЕМА И ПУТИ РЕШЕНИЯ)

The process of mass development of cyanobacteria has a negative impact on the ecological state and water quality of the reservoirs of the Volga-Kama cascade, which are used for drinking water supply, fisheries and recreation. The main goal of the research is to assess the impact of the mass development of cyanobacteria on the formation of water quality using the example of the Kuibyshev reservoir in the context of global warming. Comprehensive observations were carried out in the period 2001-2021. on the largest in Europe Kuibyshev reservoir with seasonal, weekly and daily regime of water line regulation. The research results show that during the period of "water bloom" organic water pollution increases. So permanganate oxidation in summer exceeds the permissible value by 1.5-2.0 times, which creates problems in providing the population with high-quality drinking water. The mass development of cyanobacteria disrupts the oxygen regime of the reservoir. The seasonal variability of the dissolved oxygen concentration includes four periods, which differ in the different directions of the processes of formation of the oxygen regime. Within the year, two minima of the dissolved oxygen content are observed: winter and summer. In the summer minimum, the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases to critical values, and is 4-5 mg/dm3. The mass development of cyanobacteria has a significant influence on the formation of the summer oxygen minimum. As a result of photosynthetic aeration, a thin surface layer of water supersaturated with oxygen is formed, which disrupts the process of oxygen absorption from the atmosphere in a significant part of the reservoir water area. Under conditions of growing nutrient load and global climate warming, the intensity and scale of the process of mass development of cyanobacteria in the Kuibyshev reservoir will only increase, which will lead to a further increase in oxygen deficiency, deterioration of water quality and the emergence of water use risks.

УГЛЕРОД МИКРОБНОЙ БИОМАССЫ В ПРОФИЛЕ МЕРЗЛОТНЫХ ПОЧВ ЮГА ВИТИМСКОГО ПЛОСКОГОРЬЯ

The cryogenic nature of soils undoubtedly affects the carbon content of microbial biomass. Global climate warming has led to a highly dissected relief in the form of heave mounds and thermokarst depressions, where the first reaction of landscapes to changing environmental conditions is the response of biota. The objects of our research are permafrost soils, brown soils and quasi-clay chernozems. The aim of the work was to determine the carbon of microbial biomass in soils with a dissected relief of the south of the Vitim plateau. We found a strong direct correlation between the carbon content of humus and carbon of microbial biomass in the studied soils. The correlation between the content of C-biomass and soil moisture in the forest cenosis is also noteworthy, here the relationship was (r=0.91) in the humus pocket and less close (r=0.69) in the host horizon. Comparing the carbon content of microbial biomass from frost-breaking cracks (humus pocket) in the soil from the same depths of the host horizon, it should be noted that the entry into the soil of significant amounts of organic matter with plant litter stimulates the soil microflora and even in the lower horizon there is a fairly high content of C-biomass. The indicators of microbial biomass and humus in frost cracks are higher. The obtained data characterize the direction and intensity of microbiological processes along the profile horizons. Such studies in agroecosystems are necessary to assess the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the soil microbial complex.

Глобальное потепление климата и экспансия амброзии – новые проблемы в распространении аллергопатологии, прогнозы и профилактика

The article presents the main causes of the spread of ragweed pollen associated with global warming, describes the epidemiology, methods of control and prevention of pollen allergy, as well as modern principles of diagnosis and treatment of allergy to ragweed pollen. The main culprit of pollinosis is plant pollen. Clinical manifestations of allergy to ragweed pollen allergen are allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, bronchial asthma and, less often, contact dermatitis/urticaria. Up to 70% of patients with allergies to ragweed pollen react to products of the pumpkin family, as well as bananas, apple, apricot, etc. and this is due to the fact that these products and ragweed pollen contain similar proteins. Treatment of allergy to ragweed pollen with immunobiological and genetically engineered biological drugs effectively reduces the symptoms of allergic rhinitis throughout the pollination season.

Pre-service chemistry teachers’ understanding of knowledge related to climate change

Climate change presents a global human challenge, and many countries are paying increased attention to climate change issues. Chemistry plays a critical role in addressing climate change. The dual nature of pre-service chemistry teachers’ identity determines the importance of their understanding of climate change. This study employed a phenomenography methodological framework and semi-structured interviews to explore 16 pre-service chemistry teachers’ understanding of climate change's manifestations, causes, impacts, and ways to cope with climate change. The results showed that although pre-service chemistry teachers had a certain knowledge of climate change, their understanding of the concepts of climate change, global climate warming, and greenhouse effects and their interrelatedness was ambiguous or false. Their explanations of the harm caused by acid rain, the mechanism of ozone layer destruction, and the greenhouse effect were inadequate. Factors that influenced pre-service chemistry teachers’ understanding of climate change included school curriculum, particularly chemistry courses, science popularisation aided by information technology, and their informal education through social life experiences. These findings provide insights into pre-service chemistry teachers’ professional development and higher education's approach to teaching about climate change.

On the problems of global warming and carbon neutrality

Recently, there has been an accelerated growth in the number and volume of new scientific developments and research on global climate warming and the consequences of its impact on nature. The purpose of the publication of this review is to summarize and analyze materials from various sources (primarily official documents) on this issue. In particular, the results of the UN Climate Summit COP 27 and previous international meetings are discussed, as well as research by domestic scientific organizations. There are more than 20 references to relevant documents. The necessity of additional efforts to maintain the increase in global average temperature at the level of 1.5 degrees Celsius is shown. The role of Russia in international cooperation in combating climate change and the obligations of our country to limit greenhouse gas emissions under the Paris Agreement are considered. The data provided make it possible to justify the possibility of achieving the stated goal by 2030.

Study on the Profit Model of Power Battery Enterprises

In recent years, global ecological environment deterioration, climate warming and other issues have become increasingly prominent. Governments of all countries are promoting the transformation of energy structure and vigorously supporting the new energy automobile industry. As the core part of new energy vehicles, power battery also ushered in a rapid development opportunity. As the most representative enterprise in China’s power battery enterprises, CATL has become the leading enterprise in China’s power battery enterprises by virtue of its first mover advantage, technological advantage and scale advantage in the power battery industry. Taking CATL as an example, this paper analyzes its profit model by using the five elements of profit model, and evaluates its financial performance from three aspects of profitability, cash earning ability and growth ability. It is concluded that the current CATL is a profit model dominated by power batteries, and the lithium battery industry chain is constantly improving its layout. The profit model of the enterprise is not unchanging but changing with the development of the enterprise. CATL has constantly explored and improved the profit model of the enterprise in its business process.

Technology and advancement in carbon capture based on post-combustion

Carbon capture technologies are urgently required to reduce carbon emissions and reach the target of net-zero emissions for all countries because the significant amount of CO2 emissions brought on by human activities has contributed to many environmental problems, including global warming and extreme climate. In this paper, the fundamentals of the three primary post-combustion CO2 capture methods—absorption separation, adsorption separation, and membrane separation—are discussed. Additionally, the most recent advancements in these technologies are discussed. The paper also compares the benefits and drawbacks of each of the three technologies, emphasizing a number of difficulties and challenges currently faced by each of the three carbon capture technologies, including high cost, high energy consumption, low stability and low selectivity. Finally, the development prospects and research priorities of the three carbon capture methods are analyzed, and it is indicated that the primary paths for the advancement of carbon capture technologies in the future will be cost reduction and rapid commercialization and industrialization.

Global climate change, its consequences and ways to solve the problem

Today, the issues of global warming and significant climate change are extremely relevant. They are discussed not only by scientists and politicians, but also by ordinary citizens. It must be understood that this problem really deserves extensive attention. Numerous studies have long confirmed that warming does have an impact on the environment, even at the regional level. If we leave some thoughts about extrapolation in the future, then the usually cited facts on local effects are easily verified by local residents, to a greater extent when it comes to melting permafrost or warm winters. In addition, biospheric effects relating to individual organisms are observed by all of us at the household level and therefore do not raise questions. In the modern world, the climate is changing under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. It seems to us that every person should want to preserve the natural conditions in which we live. Within the framework of this article, it is proposed to consider in more detail how this can be done.

Seasonal and Interannual Fluctuations of Glacier Mass Balance and Climate Response Processes on the Tibetan Plateau Based on GRACE/GRACE-FO

Glacier mass changes in high mountainous areas are in an unbalanced status due to global climate warming. In this study, we use the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment as well as its Follow-on mission (GRACE/GRACE-FO) data to constrain the spatiotemporal variations of glacier mass in the high mountain of Tibetan Plateau (TP) during 2002 and 2020. The total glacier mass balance shows a descending trend over the TP and its surroundings with an overall melting rate of ~21 Gt/yr in the past two-decades. The significant glacier mass loss of spatial pattern is mainly concentrated in the periphery of the TP, such as the Himalayas, Hindu Kush and Tianshan, while the Kunlun Mountains demonstrates an increasing trend of glacier mass balance. The annual variation of glaciers in 22 sub-regions shows significant spatial differences in the amplitudes and phases, which is the direct feedback of regional climate change. In addition, based on the wavelet spectrum analysis, we find that the abnormal glacier mass changes correlate well with the interannual oscillations of precipitation and temperature. This corresponds to the extreme climate events, such as 2010-2012 La Niña event and 2015-2016 El Niño event. All these results validate the climate process in response to the interannual variation of glaciers on the TP, thus is of great significance to the study of systematic balance of regional water cycle.

Extreme precipitation changes over the Yangtze River Basin in 1901-2020

To better understand the characteristics of long-term change and variability in regional extreme precipitation and to examine possible regional responses to global climate warming, we analyzed temporal and spatial patterns of precipitation and extreme precipitation index changes in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) over the last 120 yr. Based on the China Meteorological Administration’s daily precipitation data set of 60 city stations in mainland China from 1901-2020, we found that total annual precipitation and daily precipitation intensity of the Upper Reaches (UR) experienced a downward trend, but those of the Middle and Lower Reaches (MLR) showed an upward trend. Precipitation amount and intensity increased, while the number of precipitation days slightly decreased over the YRB during 1901-2020. Most extreme precipitation indices showed a decreasing trend in the first 60 yr that reversed after 1961 into slightly upward trends, except for consecutive dry days and wet days in the YRB during 1901-2020. There were significant downward trends for consecutive dry days and maximum 1 and 5 d precipitation during the first 60 yr, and significant upward trends for maximum 1 d precipitation, total extreme heavy precipitation, and very heavy precipitation days in the last 60 yr. The trends for extreme precipitation in the UR were lower than those in the MLR during 1901-2020, particularly in the last 60 yr, whereas the trends in the UR were higher than those in the MLR during 1901-1960. The fluctuations of extreme precipitation indices in the UR were more dramatic than those in the MLR, and the extreme precipitation indices all showed 5-10 or 20 yr periodic variabilities. The analysis also showed that observed changes in regional extreme events were directly related to rapid urbanization around the stations and multi-decadal variability of the East Asian monsoon.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ВРЕМЕННОЙ ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТИ КОЛИЧЕСТВА АТМОСФЕРНЫХ ОСАДКОВ ХОЛОДНОГО ПЕРИОДА НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН

A regional response to global climate warming is a spatio-temporal change in the humidification regime. This study presents an analysis of changes in the precipitation regime during the cold period conducted for the Republic of Bashkortostan with the use of proven statistical methods. To identify climatic changes in the precipitation regime, different periods were considered: the main one (1966-2020) and the periods recommended by the WMO. Statistical characteristics of precipitation of the cold period are analyzed taking into account the physical and geographical features of the Republic; correlations between precipitation anomalies and atmospheric circulation indices have been found; the distribution of the number of heavy snowfall cases has been obtained. The study revealed that the precipitation of the cold period tended to increase in 1966-2020. A significant increase was found in March. The closest positive relationships were revealed between the amount of precipitation and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation index, negative relationships were established with the Scandinavian oscillation index. An analysis of heavy snowfall cases showed that there are more of them formed in the Southern Urals.