Global Authority Research Articles

Outstanding Scientist I. Ya. Horbachevsky (dedicated to the 170th birth anniversary)

Ivan Yakovych Horbachevsky is one of the outstanding scientists of world science, whose activities span the middle of the 20th century. He, our compatriot, comes from the village Zarubyntsi, Ternopil region. The numerous scientific and governmental titles, ranks and awards that he was awarded confirm Ivan Horbachevsky’s global authority and popularity. He was elected honorary president of international scientific forums and congresses. He was also entrusted with the most difficult tasks in medicine and education. The scientist brought recognition to University of Vienna. He was elected a member (and later chairman) of the Royal Sanitary Council, given several high titles and appointed the first minister of health in Austria-Hungary. Ivan Horbachevsky’s scientific heritage includes more than 50 works published in German, Czech and Ukrainian languages (only 6 of them were in Ukrainian). He proposed the nomenclature of organic (1924–1926) and inorganic compounds (1939–1941), which formed the basis of the chemical substance classification and nomenclature. His nomenclature was implemented in Ukraine before World War II. Ivan Yakovych Horbachevsky was a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1911. He lived for 67 years outside of his motherland, but he was closely connected with Ukraine, and did a lot for our state independence.

Eduardo Slatopolsky: A Pioneer in the Field of Mineral and Bone Disorders in Kidney Disease.

Eduardo Alberto Slatopolsky (1934-2024), Washington University Joseph Friedman Professor Emeritus of Medicine, a prominent physician-scientist, was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The impact of his research in the area of mineral and bone disorders in kidney disease has been profound for over 50 years starting in the 1960s. He was a global authority on secondary hyperparathyroidism. He was instrumental in illustrating the role of hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in developing the first reliable parathyroid hormone (PTH) assay. His research led to the utilization of calcium salts as phosphate binders replacing the toxic aluminum salts. Moreover, he illustrated the role of vascular calcifications in CKD patients, paving the way for non-calcium phosphate binders. He proposed the use of calcitriol and later vitamin D analogs in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism, which is the current standard of care. He demonstrated the decreased expression of the calcium-sensing receptor in parathyroid tissue in CKD patients. Dr. Slatopolsky's global legacy will last for generations.

Redes do imperialismo na agenda do combate à desinformação

In less than a decade, a new paradigm, which argued that the world was experiencing an “information disorder”, took the international academic debate by storm. This study explores the hypothesis that forces outside academia sponsored the emergence of this new paradigm and seeks to investigate what were these forces, how they acted, and what their objectives were. This study argues that the expansion of the information disorder paradigm constitutes a process of intellectual imperialism that mainly aims to provide institutions based in the United States and its allies with the global authority to define what is or is not disinformation.

Šventojo Sosto pasaulinės teisinės politinės tvarkos vizija ir jos kritinė analizė

As the influence of the Holy See in the international arena increases due to the ongoing transformation of international society, resulting from the increasing influence of nongovernmental organizations and other non-state actors, it becomes important to know what legal and political mechanisms operating on a global scale, the Holy See proposes to solve the most pressing problems of humanity. It was found that between 1939 and 1956 the Holy See proposed the idea of an international legal peace institution and publicly supported the idea of a world government or world federation promoted by the World Federalist Movement. Both must ensure global security and peace. Since 1963 until 2015 the Holy See promoted the idea of a world political authority with the power, institution and means to effectively solve global problems. The research shows that these projects contain features of social contract theory. The reform of the United Nations organization, giving it more powers, is considered the first step towards the emergence of a global public authority.

An International Data-Based Systems Agency IDA: Striving for a Peaceful, Sustainable, and Human Rights-Based Future

Digital transformation and “artificial intelligence (AI)”—which can more adequately be called “data-based systems (DS)”—comprise ethical opportunities and risks. Therefore, it is necessary to identify precisely ethical opportunities and risks in order to be able to benefit sustainably from the opportunities and to master the risks. The UN General Assembly has recently adopted a resolution aiming for ‘safe, secure and trustworthy artificial intelligence systems’. It is now urgent to implement and build on the UN General Assembly Resolution. Allowing humans and the planet to flourish sustainably in peace and guaranteeing globally that human dignity is respected not only offline but also online, in the digital sphere, and in the domain of DS, requires two policy measures: (1) human rights-based data-based systems (HRBDS): HRBDS means that human rights serve as the basis of digital transformation and DS. (2) International Data-Based Systems Agency (IDA): IDA should be established at the UN as a platform for cooperation in the field of digital transformation and DS, fostering human rights, security, and peaceful uses of DS, as well as a global supervisory institution and regulatory authority in digital transformation and DS. The establishment of IDA is realistic because humanity has already shown in its past that we are able to not always “blindly” pursue the technically possible but also to limit ourselves to what is technically feasible when humanity and the planet are at stake. For instance, humans researched the field of nuclear technology, developed the atomic bomb, and detonated it several times. Nonetheless, the same humans limited research and development in the field of nuclear technology to prevent even worse consequences by establishing the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) at the UN.

The likely impact of the BBNJ Agreement on the architecture of ocean governance

In June 2023, governments agreed to a new treaty on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). Unlike most other multilateral environmental agreements that typically emerge in response to newly identified transboundary environmental issues, the BBNJ Agreement steps into an already crowded institutional landscape as a global authority with broad objectives. The challenge facing this new legal instrument is unique. It must transform the architecture of ocean governance by harmonizing existing institutions, frameworks, and bodies (IFBs) while respecting their autonomy. This study examines the numerous references to IFBs in the treaty text to shed light on how the BBNJ Agreement might affect the dynamics with and among existing IFBs. The findings suggest that the BBNJ Agreement represents a new model for multilateral environmental agreements. It relies on its capacity to orchestrate incumbent IFBs and forge a new polycentric order centered around its treaty objectives. Its institutional power is likely to be constrained by the obligation to involve relevant IFBs in its decision-making processes. But the primary strength of the BBNJ Agreement lies in the normative authority it has established. Its objectives are effectively promoted within IFBs, potentially taking precedence in the event of serious or irreversible harm to marine biodiversity. When fully implemented, the BBNJ Agreement has the potential to redefine the relationships among existing IFBs and improve their coherence for more holistic ocean governance.

The Reimagining of The Western-Centric Savior Myth As A Superhero: The Use Of Masks In The Dark Knight Film

Masks have been used throughout human history as objects with significant symbolic value, despite their simple materials such as fabric or wood. Masks have the ability to convey meanings beyond what is visible, allowing the wearer to assume a second identity represented by the mask, which can be independent from their own human identity and even drastically different. In ancient cultures, masks emerged in ritualistic practices in the form of animal figures, serving a similar purpose. In more recent times, mask usage appeared in theater and later in cinema, particularly in genres like horror, where masks are commonly employed. However, the most prevalent use of masks is found in superhero films, where each superhero wears a mask that is attributed with unique powers, symbolizing a certain authority and superiority. This study examines the use of masks as a means of expression, focusing on the superhero film The Dark Knight (2008), using a mixed methodology approach. As evident from the article, the film features three primary masks: Batman's mask representing global power and authority employed by capitalism, Joker's mask representing chaos and anarchy, and Dent's mask symbolizing the ordinary human. While the first two mask uses are elevated in the film's language, the utilization of the mask representing the human face is portrayed as insignificant. Consequently, the film implies that to be accepted as a savior, one must transcend their humanity and assume a transhuman form.

Liposuction Complications in the Outpatient Setting: A National Analysis of 246,119 Cases in Accredited Ambulatory Surgery Facilities.

Suction lipectomy (liposuction) is a popular cosmetic surgical procedure performed in the United States, but little has been documented regarding perioperative complications due to its outpatient nature. This cross-sectional study aims to analyze the most common complications that accompany liposuction-related procedures and importantly estimate the total complication rate occurring at ambulatory surgical facilities. Adult patients who experienced liposuction-related complications from 2019 to 2021 were identified in the reporting database of the global surgery accreditation authority, the American Association for Accreditation of Ambulatory Surgery Facilities (QUAD A). Patients were then divided by complication type and procedure location. Demographics and facility-specific variables were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were performed. Overall, 984 patients were included, with a mean age of 44 years (interquartile range [IQR] 37-53) and a median BMI of 28.7 kg/m2 (IQR 25.7-32.2). The overall confirmed complication rate was found to be 0.40% (984/246,119). Unplanned emergency department presentation was the most common complication overall (24%). Wound disruption was associated with the longest median procedure length (261 min), and venous thromboembolism was associated with the highest median BMI (30.1 kg/m2). The Southeast had the most complications (431), which accounted for 13/21 deaths (61.9%). Out of all complications, death was associated with the highest average annual case volume (241). Procedures that involve liposuction are associated with a variety of medical and surgical complications. Given the high frequency and variability in how liposuction is performed, a thorough assessment of complications is critical to improve the safety of this procedure.

Global COVID-19 Policy Engagement With Scientific Research Information: Altmetric Data Study.

Previous studies on COVID-19 scholarly articles have primarily focused on bibliometric characteristics, neglecting the identification of institutional actors that cite recent scientific contributions related to COVID-19 in the policy domain, and their locations. The purpose of this study was to assess the online citation network and knowledge structure of COVID-19 research across policy domains over 2 years from January 2020 to January 2022, with a particular emphasis on geographical frequency. Two research questions were addressed. The first question was related to who has been the most active in policy engagement with science and research information sharing during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in terms of countries and organization types. The second question was related to whether there are significant differences in the types of coronavirus research shared among countries and continents. The Altmetric database was used to collect policy report citations of scientific articles for 3 topic terms (COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccine, and COVID-19 variants). Altmetric provides the URLs of policy agencies that have cited COVID-19 research. The scientific articles used for Altmetric citations are extracted from journals indexed by PubMed. The numbers of COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccine, and COVID-19 variant research outputs between January 1, 2020, and January 31, 2022, were 216,787, 16,748, and 2777, respectively. The study examined the frequency of citations based on policy institutional domains, such as intergovernmental organizations, national and domestic governmental organizations, and nongovernmental organizations (think tanks and academic institutions). The World Health Organization (WHO) stood out as the most notable institution citing COVID-19-related research outputs. The WHO actively sought and disseminated information regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 vaccine citation network exhibited the most extensive connections in terms of degree centrality, 2-local eigenvector centrality, and eigenvector centrality among the 3 key terms. The Netherlands, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia were the countries that sought and shared the most information on COVID-19 vaccines, likely due to their high numbers of COVID-19 cases. Developing nations, although gaining quicker access to COVID-19 vaccine information, appeared to be relatively isolated from the enriched COVID-19 pandemic content in the global network. The global scientific network ecology during the COVID-19 pandemic revealed distinct types of links primarily centered around the WHO. Western countries demonstrated effective networking practices in constructing these networks. The prominent position of the key term "COVID-19 vaccine" demonstrates that nation-states align with global authority regardless of their national contexts. In summary, the citation networking practices of policy agencies have the potential to uncover the global knowledge distribution structure as a proxy for the networking strategy employed during a pandemic.

The Use of Sustainable Financial Instruments in Relation to the Social Impact Investment: ESG Policies, Capital Markets’ Approach and Investors’ Protection: An Innovative Perspective for a Global Surveillance Authority

Social Impact Investment (SII) refers to the provision of finance to organizations addressing social needs. It is intended to achieve both a social impact as well as garner financial returns. Thus, SII may be understood as a business case for what was previously considered mostly philanthropic activities. In the case of SRI (Sustainable and Responsible Investment), investors decide in which company to invest on the basis of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) criteria. They consider a company's performance with respect to its effects on nature, its relationships with employees, clients and society, and the transparency of its governance. Where possible, companies should provide quantitative, comparable and forward-looking performance metrics to facilitate ESG integration. It is recommended that companies should use credible indicators which are included in internationally recognised reporting frameworks like GRI, SASB, IIRC, TCFD, CDP or UNGC. Companies should disclose their methodology and provide explanations to support quantitative indicators (ESG metrics), establishing the link between ESG and financial performance. The investor perspective is in important issue, which should be taken under consideration by European and local supervising authorities, under the provisions of the Market Abuse Directive and the MiFID, especially after the introduction and use of ESG and sustainable financial instruments, in both, Banking and Capital Markets. Therefore, SII can be a very useful tool for achieving EU Social Policy objectives. EU efforts (DG EMPL/FISMA) can be targeted at four specific aims that concern impact measurement: 1) promotion of the standardisation of impact measurement through the further development of the taxonomy regulations to include social objectives or the creation of standardised guidelines or the further development of ESG metrics; 2) capacity building in the area of impact measurement; 3) increasing the availability of the data needed; and 4) the promotion of additional and more specialized sustainable financial instruments linked to the Banking Sector and Capital Markets, which in turn will leverage more the total investment amount derived from the InvestEU tool and offer to all stakeholders more flexibility. Therefore, the global liquidity will be increased, and a strong economic turmoil could be avoided under the surveillance of a theoretically established Global Surveillance Authority. The use of sustainable financial instruments by a P.E.S. (social enterprise) under a public-private partnership (PPPs) is also feasible and socially rewarding.

The Pope’s New Clothes

The Pope’s New Clothes

Development and Reform of Chinese Education

From the early 1990s, the educational system in China has been subjected to a never-ending process of reform and modernization. In this article, the obstacles that were faced during the process of education reform, as well as the practice and impact of reform, the twofold reduction approach, and the future development route of education reform, are examined. The most important precondition for people's continued survival and development across time is the ability to acquire new knowledge. The evolution of education in the future calls for a healthy dose of introspection and self-assurance. It is imperative that we move quickly to build plans for education governance and work toward becoming a global education authority as soon as this is practically possible.

Speaking to or for the world? Britain, presumed authority and world opinion at the start of the First World War

Abstract Britain in 1914 was the world’s leading power, the only nation with global responsibilities and authority. However, this authority was presumed, and the First World War rapidly highlighted limits. Even before the country’s dependence on U.S. finance, British appeals to ‘world opinion’ suggest recognition that British authority no longer ordered world affairs. While speaking for the world by asserting world opinion, Britons also spoke to it, officiously demanding action and appealing to world, especially U.S., opinion. This article closely explores one collection featuring such appeals, arguing 1914 already reflected the transition from presumed pre-eminence to a time when Britain needed, and sought, the world’s help.

19. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

The IUCN is an international organization uniquely composed of both governments and civil society organizations. It provides public, private, and non-governmental organizations and actors with the knowledge and tools to combine efforts to conserve nature and accelerate the transition to sustainable development. Created in 1948, the IUCN has evolved into the world’s largest and most diverse environmental network. It harnesses the experience, resources, and reach of its more than 1,300 members and the input of over ten thousand experts. The IUCN is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it. The IUCN’s experts volunteer in six commissions dedicated to species survival, environmental law, protected areas, social and economic policy, ecosystem management, and education and communication. The IUCN Environmental Law Programme (ELP) is an integrated program of activities that assists decision makers with information, analysis, advisory services, legislative drafting, mentoring, and capacity development at the national, regional, and global levels. It includes the Environmental Law Centre (ELC) and collaborates with and supports the World Commission on Environmental Law (WCEL). The ELP, WCEL, and ELC collaborate in their endeavours with the IUCN Academy of Environmental Law.

Examining attention given to threats to elephant conservation on social media

AbstractAlthough social media is growing rapidly as a news source, including for disseminating conservation information, studies comparing attention given to differing threats to species on social media are almost non‐existent. As the amount of attention given to differing threats can influence what people perceive to be important and impact the formation of environmental policies, it is vital that conservationists understand which issues are being discussed online. Using elephants (Loxodonta Africana,Loxodonta cyclotis, andElephas maximus) as test species, we conducted a content analysis of tweets about elephants posted to Twitter during 2019. According to the global conservation authority, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the most pressing threats to the conservation of wild elephant populations are habitat loss, human‐elephant conflict, and poaching, with the magnitude of each threat differing between the three species of elephants. Our Twitter analysis revealed that these major threats were infrequently discussed, with habitat loss being the most infrequently discussed (<1% of all tweets). Instead, elephant welfare issues, such as tourist elephant rides, were the most frequently discussed topic (23%). Users from non‐elephant range countries were the dominant voice on Twitter (72% of tweets with an identifiable location), with these tweets likely to discuss elephant welfare concerns and trophy hunting, which is not a threat to elephant conservation. Conversely, tweets from users from African elephant range countries (14%) were more likely to discuss human‐elephant conflict, poaching, and promote elephant tourism. Similarly, users from Asian elephant range countries (13%) were likely to discuss human‐elephant conflict and elephant tourism but unlikely to tweet about poaching. Given the relatively low representation of local stakeholders and the limited coverage of key conservation threats, there is a need to ensure that social media discussions do not overly influence decision‐makers.

First Movers in a Pandemic: How Knowledge Expertise Impacted Global Biopharmaceutical Innovation

Creating safe and effective innovative treatments in the biopharmaceutical industry is a knowledge-intensive and risky business, even under the best of circumstances. Until recently, research into deadly infectious diseases was on the decline and attracted negligeable investment, despite growing global health authority warnings. The coronavirus pandemic uncovered the socio-economic dangers of neglecting infectious disease research. Drawing upon our unique database of COVID-19 innovations, we explore how firms innovated in the early stages of the pandemic when little was known about the virus. We elucidate how firm knowledge expertise, in terms of breadth and depth, played a pivotal role in first-mover innovations. Our discoveries suggest how different types of knowledge provided distinctive opportunities to develop a wide-range of new and repurposed innovations needed to detect, treat, prevent, and manage its effects. Our findings suggest that deeper expertise is associated with higher rates of new innovative solutions whereas broader expertise led to more repurposing of existing innovations. We provide new insights about the heterogeneity of infectious disease research across countries. Our discoveries have implications for policy makers and business leaders and suggest that further theorizing is needed to disentangle the ways in which firms use knowledge to innovate under public health emergencies.

Space Race Between China and India to Win Hegemony

Space race refers to the race to master space technology. This activity began in the Cold War Era when the United States of America and the Soviet Union raced to explore outer space in the 1950s. The race continued and at the end of the 1960s other countries followed to conduct space activities by launching rocket and satellite. China and India are two countries which have advance technological development and those countries also compete in mastering space technology. Besides having rapid capability to master space technology, China and India also show the same interest to win global authority. This research is important because studying the use of space technology to win hegemony is a new topic. This research attempts to answer a research problem related to the efforts conducted by China and India to win hegemony through space race. This research aims to give new insight on the use of space technology to win hegemony. It was qualitative research which used descriptive method and library research technique to collect secondary data about China and India’s space activities and also the space race between them from books, scientific journals, and other relevant sources. The analysis results show that China and India use their space capabilities to win hegemony.

The Principles of Sustainability in Economics and the War in Europe

Can we talk about “community hegemony” when we talk about choosing or removing a government leadership as in the case of Russian dictatorship and of tragic and terrible war in Ukraine? The Russian people, literally bombarded with fake news and manipulations of reality about war (directly coming from the old Soviet “dezinformatzija" дезинформация), may seem completely bewitched by censorship. Nevertheless, we must believe that the responsibilities always entrusted to the community in terms of life and choice freedom can never be completely extinguished. As saying that the longing for the freedoms guaranteed by democracy has been part of the DNA of Earth peoples starting from birth. For this reason, the possibility of removing the dictatorship in Russia lies with the community, although the conditions are not yet favorable for a democratic power alternation in Russia. Therefore, this is the real final goal that the Western countries must set, by continuing to support the defense of brave Ukrainian people by providing money and weapons. All the more true if we believe that the final goal of humankind is to ban the war and above all to dismiss even just the simple eventuality of an atomic war; which would only bring the destruction of life on Earth, This is in contrast to the goal that all living beings have in concert with nature, that is, the preservation of life on Earth. In my opinion, it’s therefore necessary that the great democracies take the common decision to remove the atomic arsenals from the control of leaders of those countries in possession of nuclear weapons and then entrust the whole nuclear arsenal to a global supranational authority, that would keep the atomic weapons in a “new Fort Knox” and later would dispose for their progressive reuse, but for peace purposes.

POLA STRUKTURASI PORNOGRAFI DI INDONESIA DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF TEORI STRUKTURASI

This study aims to dissect the structuration pattern between agents and structures in the structural dimension behind the practice of pornography in Indonesia. The analysis is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques using library data sources and empirical data from various media sources that have been factually documented. Structuring is the stretching or structuring of social relations across space and time based on the principle of duality relations, which means there is a reciprocal relationship and interrelationship between structure and agent. Based on the structuration scheme, the practice of pornography involves three dimensions of structure; namely signification (signification), domination (mastery), and legitimacy (justification) which are interrelated. The three dimensions of the structure that are both a means and a resource for the practice of pornography include; 1) the pattern of marking and meaning of pornographic material; 2) the pattern of global domination and authority of the capitalist economy industry; and 3) patterns of legitimacy and the mobilization of sanctions through cultural norms, artistic ideology, and freedom of expression. Structurally, the agent collaborates with the abstract system/expert system to regularize pornographic material into public consumption on a regular basis, creating practical awareness for the agents. This regularization is reproduced in people's behavior along with culture, discourse on sexuality, art and freedom of expression.

The Establishment of a Global Authority and a Single Framework for the Financial Products: Labour Policies and Economic Challenges

Free markets (Laissez-faire) do not necessarily optimize the balance between work and the level of income and consumption. In incompletely informed markets, active labor policies can improve the balance between the unemployed and job vacancies, as well as income disruptions from uninsured work, increasing employment and production. This, in turn, increases the income of factors that are complementary to work: in fact, where work is the most important source of income for most individuals, however with political decisions, less weight may also be given to other income factors. This is especially true in societies with high wealth inequality, where active policies have less political support than passive policies, which increase the lack of earnings per unit of labor against other factors of production, or balance higher income from work with low productivity and non-working income. Consequently, in a unified and regulated framework, as proposed, and in which the money markets mainly tend towards perfection, "passive" labour policies tend to prevail, especially in societies where there is a higher than average, social wealth, but also less inequality of income from work. Otherwise, if there are inequalities in workers' incomes, in these markets, we need more "active" policies, which will support the production of income by other factors complementary to labour.