Glenoid Research Articles

The Glenoid Fossa's Morphometric Investigation and Its Clinical Implications.

Background The inconsistent morphology of the scapula is based on variable dimensions of its glenoid cavity, in addition to its broadened and truncated lateral angle. Its variable shapes are attributed to the spinoglenoid cavity (superior and posterior aspect of thescapula), which appears oval, inverted comma-shaped, and piriform (pear-shaped).Traumatic conditions often lead to glenoid dislocation/fracture. The precise administration of total shoulder arthroplasty with glenoid component adjustment warrants a comprehensive knowledge of scapular morphology. This study aims to assess the glenoid cavity/scapula shapes (anthropometric assessment) among individualslocated in Odisha, India. Methods This cross-sectional analysis was undertaken on 74 left-sided and 70 right-sided, dry, and undeteriorated scapulae of human adult specimens obtained from the anatomy department irrespective of their gender and age. Results The glenoid cavity was most commonly inverted comma-shaped (34.02%) and pear-shaped (48.61%) while 17.36% of scapulae had oval-shaped glenoid cavities. The mean scapular breadth and length dimensions were 98.12±7.87mm and 135.76±12.85mm, respectively. Statistically insignificant bilateral variations were observed between the glenoid cavity index (mean value: 68.44±7.98%), glenoid diameter-2 (anteroposterior; mean value: 16.17±2.24mm), glenoid diameter-1 (anteroposterior; mean value: 22.67±1.53mm), and glenoid diameter (superoinferior; mean value: 36.03±2.15mm). Conclusion The size and shape of the glenoid cavity are directly associated with the dislocation of the shoulder joint and may disturb the results of total shoulder arthroplasty and rotator cuff surgeries. The current study analyzed the morphological types and diameters of the glenoid cavity in the scapulae to improve efficiency and lessen the failure proportions in shoulder arthroplasty. The study shows that morphological measurement of scapulae plays a vital role in the effective maintenance of posture and shoulder functions.

Morphological classification and measurement of the glenoid cavity using three-dimensional reconstruction in a Chinese population.

The purpose of this study was to examine the various shapes and record the morphometric data of the glenoid cavity in a Chinese population. A total of 501 scapulae, 247 left and 254 right, were analysed. We classified the shape of the glenoid cavity as type I (pear-shaped), type II (oval-shaped), type III (teardrop-shaped), type IV (calabash-shaped) or type V (inverted comma-shaped). Four defined parameters, the superior-inferior glenoid diameter (AB), upper anterior-posterior glenoid diameter (CD), lower anterior-posterior glenoid diameter (EF) and glenoid index (GI), were measured, and five shapes were classified via three-dimensional reconstruction. The mean AB, CD, EF and GI values of the glenoid were 3.51 ± 0.41 cm, 1.95 ± 0.28 cm, 2.60 ± 0.34 cm, and 1.35 ± 0.12 cm, respectively. The AB value of type II glenoid cavities was significantly smaller than that of type I and III glenoid cavities (p < 0.05), but the GI value of type II glenoid cavities was larger than that of type III cavities (p < 0.05). The CD value showed a difference between type I and type III glenoid cavities (p < 0.05). For the EF parameter, the values of type III glenoid cavities were significantly larger than those of type I and II glenoid cavities (p < 0.05). Measuring and observing the variety of shapes and sizes of the glenoid cavity in Chinese people is conducive to for better understand its morphological features. This information can also guide surgeons in the design and selection of suitable prostheses for total shoulder arthroplasty in the Chinese population in order to reduce postoperative complications.

Influence of Shoulder Hemiarthroplasty Protocol on the Nature of the Glenoid Tissues at the Hemi-Implant Interface: A Three Cases Study

The interactions between a hemi implant head and the native glenoid cavity are determinant in the efficiency and longevity of the medical strategy. The glenoid tissues harvested from three clinical cases who underwent different types of shoulder hemi arthroplasty were investigated.

Clinical Significance of the Morphometric Structures of the Scapula with the Emphasis on the Glenoid Cavity

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the average of the morphometric parameters of the scapula to accurate and successful analyzes in the clinic. Material and Methods: A total of 24 dry bone scapula were included in the study. Parameters determined on the scapula; superio-inferior glenoid diameter (SIGD), anterio-posterior glenoid diameter 1 (APG1), anterio-posterior glenoid diameter 2 (APG2), anterio-posterior glenoid diameter 3 (APG3), scapula width (SW), scapula length (SL), basis-spina distance (BS), spina scapula width (SSW), acromiocoracoid width (AW), scapula margo lateralis length (SML), scapula margo medialis length 1 (SML 1), scapula margo medialis length 2 (SML 2), cavitas glenoidalis antero-posterior width (CGAPW), cavitas glenoidalis superio-inferior width (CGSIW), incisura scapula width (ISW), incisura scapula depth (ISD), the maximum length of proccessus coracoideus (MLPC), maximum proccessus coracoideus thickness (MPCK), the shortest distance between the lateral edge of the proccessus coracoideus tip and the anterior upper edge of the cavitas glenoidalis (PCL-CGK). Results: Among the determined parameters, SSW, MSW, ISW, ISD, MPCU, MPCK, PCL-CGK were found to be in parallel with the analyzed literatures. Conclusion: It is thought that the results of the analysis of the parameters determined in the study will add clinical depth to many surgical approaches such as glenohumeral arthrodesis, internal fixation, fracture stabilization, and rotator cuff tendinitis, in more accurate analysis of shoulder anomalies and fractures.

Morphological and morphometric study of the scapulae of Korean wild deer

Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus; Heude, 1884) and Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus; Pallas, 1771) are Korean wild deer classified in the tribe Capreolini. C. pygargus in Korea were previously considered a single species; however, it was recently suggested that roe deer living on Jeju Island (Jeju roe deer; Capreolus pygargus jejuensis) is a distinct subspecies from roe deer living on the Korean peninsula (mainland roe deer; Capreolus pygargus tianschanicus) based on several studies demonstrating genetic and morphological features. In this study, we suggests that the scapular morphology and osteometric data can be used for interspecies discrmination between Korean wild deer. To compare the morphological characteristics of scapula among the three groups of deer, we analyzed the features and nine osteomorphological measurements of 31 H. i. argyropus (14 males and 17 females), 18 C. p. jejuensis (4 males and 14 females), and 23 C. p. tianschanicus (16 females and 7 males). The estimated ages of the deer were over 32–35 months. Data were analyzed by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance with post hoc Duncan test and discriminant functional analysis (DFA). H. i. argyropus and C. p. tianschanicus had the smallest and largest scapulae, respectively. The scapulae of the three Korean wild deer had a similar triangular shape, which was obscured by the tuber of the scapular spine, pointed acromion, broad infraspinous fossa, narrow supraspinous fossa, and partial ossification of scapular cartilage in older deer. H. i. argyropus had certain distinctive features, including a caudally pointed acromion, a notch between the supraglenoid tubercle and glenoid cavity (NBSG), a glenoid notch, and no sexual dimorphism, except for the longest dorsal length (Ld) and the scapular index (SI). C. p. jejuensis had a larger scapular index (SI) (61.74 ± 0.74%), compared with the SIs of H. i. argyropus and C. p. tianschanicus. The unique features of the scapula in C. p. jejuensis include its S-shaped cranial border. The C. p. jejuensis had a cranially pointed acromion, less frequent presence of glenoid notch and NBSG, short length of supraglenoid tubercle, and no sexual dimorphism. The C. p. tianschanicus had elevated cranial margin of the glenoid cavity, and frequent presence of glenoid notch and NBSG, similar to the H. i. argyropus. Similar to C. p. jejuensis, C. p. tianschanicus had a cranially pointed acromion. However, sexual dimorphism was observed in C. p. tianschanicus. DFA using osteometric data showed 97.22% of specimens were classified correctly into their species, meaning the osteometric parameters can be used for interspecies discrimination of Korean wild deer. Our findings indicate that the scapular morphologies of the three Korean wild deer have certain similarities and differences, suggesting that C. p. jejuensis are distinct from C. p. tianschanicus.

Do We Need A Bone Block Procedure in Recurrent Anterior Shoulder Instability?: A Case Report

Background: Recurrent Anterior Shoulder Instability (RASI) is usually preceded by trauma. The incidence recurrence rate is high in trauma Induced RASI, especially in younger patients. The right diagnosis and management must be ruled out immediately for a better outcome. Case Report: The 28-year-old man complained of right shoulder instability for the past eight years, which worsened in the last year. The patient had a history of trauma. Anterior apprehension and relocation test for the right shoulder showed a positive result. Radiologic imaging showed bony bankart loss (27%) and an on-track hillsach lesion of the humeral head. The Instability Severity Index Score (ISIS) is 7 points. Based on these results, an open surgery bone block-Latarjet procedure was done. The surgery was successfully performed, and there was no sign of recurrent instability and pain after one year.Discussion: The number of recurrent shoulder dislocations is over 75%. Bone loss found in the patient will increase the chance of RASI. No block procedure effectively prevented future recurrence from the bone stop effect, which increases the glenoid cavity, stretching effect, and tensioning effect that prevents excessive humeral translation.Conclusion: In the case of RASI, treatment decisions need to be based on the patient's exact condition. Bone block-Latarjet procedure is indicated in patients with bony bankart loss &gt;25%, on track hillsach lesion, and &gt;6 ISIS. In this research, the patient showed improved functional and clinical outcomes after eight years of chronic shoulder instability.

Morphological study of glenoid cavity of scapula

Scapula is a flat triangular bone lies on chest wall from second to sixth ribs. Its lateral angle is truncated and shows variable morphology in shape. The objectives of the present study were to obtain morphometric data of scapulae and the glenoid cavity specifically the diameters and various shape of glenoid.: The present study was conducted on 90 right scapulae and 90 left scapulae. Metrical and nonmetrical measurements were noted. Length of scapulae, breadth of scapulae, height of Glenoid cavity, antero-posterior diameter 1 and antero-posterior diameter 2 were observed. Shape of Glenoid cavity was noted.Length of scapula on right side was 135.40±13.2mm and on left side it was 136.5±12.9mm. Breadth of scapula on right side was 98.7 ±7.2mm on left side it was 98.2±6.8mm but the difference was not statistically significant. The height of Glenoid cavity on right side was 35.2±2.9mm and on left side it was 35.8±3.1. Antero-posterior diameter 1 of Glenoid cavity on right side was 24.2±2.3 mm and on left side it was 23.9±2.1 mm. Antero-posterior diameter 2 of Glenoid cavity on right side was16.8±2.5 mm and on left side it was 16.7±2.4mm. The most common shape of glenoid cavity was pear shaped followed by oval and least common was inverted comma shape.Knowledge of various measurements of Glenoid cavity is important for prosthesis of shoulder orthoplasty. It is useful in evaluation of various pathological conditions of shoulder joint. Since this study was conducted on limited number of scapulae further clinical, cadaveric and radiological studies are required.

Abduction Arthro-Fluoroscopy in Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder.

This technical note describes a method of diagnosing adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder based on the real-time study of abduction movement under fluoroscopy control after opacification of the joint cavity with contrast media. This movement passively or actively shows a limitation of the abduction, a scapulohumeral block, or a weak or even an absence of rolling of the humeral head in the glenoid cavity, transforming the abduction into a shoulder elevation.

The morphofunctional implications of the glenoid labrum of the glenohumeral joint in hominoids.

A morphocline of the glenoid cavity has been used to infer differences in locomotor behaviors; however, the glenoid cavity is surrounded by the glenoid labrum, a fibrocartilaginous structure that could influence the functionality of the glenoid. The objectives of this study are to explore the effects of the glenoid labrum on the area, depth, and morphology of the glenoid cavity in primates. Photogrammetry was used to build 3D models of the glenoid, with and without the labrum, and three- (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) geometric morphometrics (GM) was applied. 2D areas were collected from zenithal images for glenoids with and without labrum to evaluate the availability of articular surface area. In the 2D GM the morphocline is present in the dry-bone sample but not with the presence of the glenoid labrum. In the 3D GM there are differences between species mainly concerning the depth of the glenoid cavity. 2D areas reveal that the amount of articular area of the glenoid cavity increases with the presence of the labrum, particularly in humans. The glenoid labrum changes the shape, increases the depth and the surface area of the glenoid cavity, particularly in humans. Therefore, the glenoid labrum might hold a functional role, increasing the stability of the glenohumeral joint of primates in general, and especially in humans.

Glenohumeral Cartilage Thickness: Implications in Prosthetic Design and Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation.

A complete understanding of the glenohumeral joint anatomy is crucial for osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation and prosthetic design. However, existing data on the cartilage thickness distribution are not consistent. This study aims to describe the cartilage thickness distribution at both the glenoid cavity and humeral head in males and females. Sixteen fresh cadaveric shoulder specimens were dissected and separated to expose the glenoid and humeral head articular surfaces. The glenoid and humeral head were cut into 5-mm coronal sections. Sections were imaged and cartilage thickness was measured at 5 standardized points on each section. Measurements were analyzed based on age, sex, and regional location. For the humeral head, cartilage was thickest centrally (M = 1.77 ± 0.35 mm) and thinnest superiorly and inferiorly (M = 1.42 ± 0.37 mm, 1.42 ± 0.29 mm). At the glenoid cavity, cartilage was thickest in the superior and inferior areas (M = 2.61 ± 0.47 mm, 2.53 ± 0.58 mm) and thinnest centrally (M = 1.69 ± 0.22 mm). Males were found to have thicker cartilage at both the humeral head and glenoid (P = 0.0014, P = 0.0133). Articular cartilage thickness distribution of the glenoid and humeral head is nonuniform and reciprocal in nature. These results can be used to further inform prosthetic design and OCA transplantation. We noted a significant difference in cartilage thickness between males and females. This suggests that the sex of the patient should be taken into consideration when matching donors for OCA transplantation.

Glenoid shape is sexually dimorphic

Uniform assessment of the glenoid anatomy is fundamental in establishing uniform standards of care. Subjectivity in classification inherent in the absence of quantification permits deficiency in glenoid assessment methods (e.g., Walch classifications). Therefore, this report aims to objectively quantify the variance of glenoid fossa contours in both sexes via geometric morphometric techniques. A total of 135 glenoid fossae from 135 adult Mexican individuals, who had undergone CT scanning for non-shoulder-related reasons, were randomly selected for this study. Geometric morphometric analysis, including principal component analysis, canonical variate analysis, and two-block partial least squares analysis, was performed on glenoid contours in coronal and axial planes among males and females of varied age groups. The canonical variate analysis of the glenoid revealed sexual dimorphism in both the coronal and axial glenoid contours. Males tend to have a move concave glenoid contour than females, especially in the axial plane. Partial least squares analysis revealed a shape-relationship between coronal and axial contours— when coronal contours are relatively concave, axial contours also exhibit concavity; conversely, when there is minimal concavity in one dimension, there tends to be minimal concavity in the other. This manuscript establishes a novel means of assessing the glenoid cavity through geometric morphometrics; in doing so, the objective and quantifiable methods can be an important supplement to evolving glenoid assessments such as the Walch classification system. The novel approach used in this research revealed sexual dimorphism in the shape of the glenoid cavity as well as a relationship between coronal and axial contours.

Robotic biomechanical evaluation of six different reverse shoulder implants

BackgroundThe reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is a popular surgical treatment for a degenerative shoulder with a nonfunctional rotator cuff. Currently, more than 36 different brands with small different features are available. This creates choice stress among many surgeons, who no longer know which parameters and surgical factors are important to optimize the placement of the implant. PurposeThe first purpose of this pilot study was to compare the passive range of motion (ROM) of 6 different implant designs implanted following the manufacturer’s guidelines. The second goal was to identify the impingements after implantation which determines the maximal ROM. The last goal of the study was to link the different parameters of an implant with the ROM. MethodsSix implant systems were implanted on identical sawbones. The procedure was repeated 3 times on a different sawbone to objectify the surgical repeatability of the procedures. A Stäubli TX-90 robot was used to perform and control the humerus' kinematic movement. An optical tracking system was used to perform the system's calibrations, track the humerus and scapula in space, and compute the center of rotation. ResultsThere was a wide ROM in the scapular plane (44.8°-105.5°) while the minimal elevation (adduction) varied between −4.8° and 35.6°. The rotational movements were limited by contact of the superior humeral polyethylene inlay and the inferior scapular neck. The adduction in the coronal and scapular plane was limited by inferior scapular impingement, whereas the maximal abduction was limited either by bony contact between the humerus and acromion or by contact between the humeral polyethylene inlay and the superior glenoid cavity. A bigger radius of the glenosphere resulted in a larger passive humeroscapular ROM (P < .001). A larger Neck-Shaft-Angle results in a better abduction (P < .001) but compromised adduction (P < .001). The localization of the center of rotation has a significant impact on the ROM. The medialized designs have larger abduction and rotational angles (P < .001). ConclusionThere is a wide variation in the measured glenohumeral ROM between the 6 frequently implanted prostheses. The most important factor to optimize the impingement-free ROM in all types of prostheses is the creation of the prosthetic overhang of the glenosphere to the bone. Too much lateralization of the center of the glenosphere with or without lateralization of the humeral stem can create a subacromial and/or subcoracoidal impingement.

Morphological and Morphometric Study of Glenoid Cavity and It’s Clinical Application in Western Rajasthan Population

Background: Glenoid cavity (GC) is a shallow, concave and oval fossa at superolateral border of scapula and form glenohumeral joint with scapula. There is a notch present on its anterosuperior part which gives its different shape. When this glenoid notch is indistinct its shape is pear shaped, when it is distinct it looks like inverted comma shape and when it is absent its oval shape. Understanding morphometric and morphological variation of GC plays an important role for surgeon while designing and fitting of glenoid component for total shoulder arthroplasty. Aims: A morphometric study of the glenoid cavity of 120 adult dry human scapulae in Western Rajasthan Population was done to evaluate the shape and various diameters of the GC. Material and methods: 120 dry scapulae (60 Right and 60 Left) of unknown sex, were taken for the study. Damaged bones were excluded from the study. Supero-Inferior Diameter (SI-D), Antero-Posterior Diameters (AP-D1 and AP-D2) of both sides were analysed and compared by unpaired t-test. Results: Most common shape of GC was pear shaped (45.83%) followed by oval shape (35%). Least common shape was inverted comma shape (19.16%). Difference in mean SI-D of both sides were statistically insignificant while AP-D1 and AP-D2 were found statistically significant. Mean Glenoid Cavity Index on right and left sides were 64.57 ± 6.91% and 68.33 ± 6.29% respectively. Conclusions: The above study helps Orthopedicians in shoulder dislocation, fractures and treating shoulder pathological conditions like glenohumeral instability and rotator cuff pathology.

Long-term outcomes of teres major transfer for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears in patients aged

Massive rotator cuff tears are defined as irreparable when tendon-to-bone or tendon-to-tendon continuity with the adducted arm cannot be restored and severe muscle fatty infiltration is present. Tendon transfer is a palliative procedure that improves shoulder function and relieves pain. We reviewed the records of patients aged <65 years, whose irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears had been managed with teres major tendon transfer at our institution. Their 5- and 10-year clinical and radiographic follow-up records were examined to assess long-term outcomes. Patients' Constant Score, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score, and the visual analog scale for pain were calculated before the procedure and at 5 and 10 years. There were 24 consecutive patients aged <65 years (mean, 59; 12 men and 12 women) who had received no prior treatment except rehabilitation. All patients underwent teres major tendon transfer due to the failure of conservative treatment. The mean Constant Score was 26 preoperatively and 68 and 66 at 5 and 10 years, respectively (P=.0001 and P=.25). The mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores were 62.2 preoperatively and 7.8 and 9.3 at 5 and 10 years, respectively (P=.0009 and P=.1). The mean visual analog scale scores at rest were 6.1 preoperatively, and 0.3 and 0.5 at 5 and 10 years, respectively (P=.0003 and P=.1). Based on Hamada's classification, at 5 years, 3 patients showed grade 2 changes, and another had grade 3 changes; at 10 years, 7 patients showed grade 2 changes, and one showed grade 3 changes. Complications (8%) developed after the 10-year evaluation and included pain in 1 patient and secondary rupture of the transfer in another. Improving shoulder function and reducing pain in relatively young patients with irreparable posterosuperior cuff tears involves replacing the lost muscle with a muscle-tendon transfer. The chief aims of the procedure are to restore the balance with the subscapularis muscle, achieve joint stability, keep the humeral head in the glenoid cavity, and improve shoulder abduction and external rotation. Teres major tendon transfer can achieve these goals. Altogether, 22 of our 24 patients experienced improved daily activity function and pain relief that became stable after 5 years. Teres major transfers are useful surgical procedures, particularly in younger patients and in those with high functional demands, providing good and stable long-term results.

Correlation of some anatomical angles of the shoulder with rotator cuff syndrome

Background: Shoulder movement occurs through the coordinated work of muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones, primarily that affect the glenohumeral joint. Some distances and the angles between the bones forming this joint are important in shoulder pathologies. In this study, we aimed to determine the evaluation of nine different radiological parameters related to acromion and humerus in rotator cuff syndrome and control group patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 400 patients’ routine clinic radiographs were retrospectively assessed, which have rotator cuff syndrome (n = 210), and control group (n = 190). We measured the critical shoulder angle (CSA), distance of glenoid-acromion (GA), distance of glenoid-humeral head (GH), acromial index, lateral acromial angle (LAA), total shoulder arthroplasty angle (TSA), reverse shoulder arthroplasty angle (RSA), Point T represents the superior border of the glenoid cavity, Point S represents the inferior border of the glenoid cavity, point R represents the intersection of the supraspinatus fossa line with the glenoid surface. RST angle, and greater tuberosity angle (GTA) angle. We determined the type of acromion. Results: We determined that the GH, TSA, RST, and GTA were significantly different between rotator cuff syndrome and control group patients. When we evaluated the acromion type, Type 2 was the most common type. Different from the literature, when we evaluated the relationship between acromion types and angles, we determined that LAA, GA, and TSA parameters were significantly different between acromion types. Conclusions: In this study, we determined the importance of measurements and angles in rotator cuff syndrome. We think that the relationship between acromion types and parameters can contribute to the literature. Moreover, we believe that our study will contribute to the literature in terms of gathering many angles that are important in shoulder pathologies in a single study.

Morphometry of the Glenoid Cavity of Dry Scapulae of Human Adults

Objective: The shoulder joint is considered the most unstable in the human body and this is due to the measurement relationships between the bone surfaces of its components. This joint is subject to frequent dislocations, which can result in acute fracture or gradual bone loss, which can lead to recurrent instability, additional injury and pain. In this study, it was aimed to carry out a study of the maximum height and width measurements of the glenoid cavity of dry scapulae, correlating them with sex and dimidium. Methods: Measurements of the maximum heights and widths of 90 dry scapulae glenoid cavities were performed using a 0.01 mm precision digital caliper, 54 were males and 36 were females, with a mean age of 51.9 years. Values of p&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: In general, the height and width measurements of the glenoid cavity, as well as the correlation between these measurements in relation to gender, were slightly higher in the right side (p&gt;0.05). When we correlated the mean height and width of the GC with respect to homologous sides and sexes, they were also higher in males, but this finding was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The findings of these measurements of the glenoid cavity represent a contribution not only for anatomy, but especially for orthopedists, when planning shoulder arthroplasty procedures, as well as helping the industry to develop more accurate and functional joint prostheses for the Brazilian population

Scapula ile İlgili Bazı Ölçümler Rotator Cuff Sendromu ile İlgili Olabilir mi?

Background: The scapula plays a unique role in shoulder movement and stability. The dimensions of the scapula and its geometry, however, are of essential importance in the pathomechanics of rotator cuff syndrome, total shoulder arthroplasty, and recurrent shoulder dislocation. The aim of this study is to determine the scapula morphology and to investigate with the relationship between rotator cuff syndrome. Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective, observational study, and a total of 232 radiographs, 125 of which were male and 107 were female, were analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups as follows: Patients with rotator cuff syndrome (116 patients) and patients with no history of shoulder problems (116 patients). 9 different parameters were measured: The maximum scapular length, the maximum scapular width, the scapular index, the maximum glenoid cavity length, the maximum glenoid cavity width, the glenoid cavity index, the length of acromion, the distances between the acromion and coracoid process and length of the spina scapula. Results: The maximum scapular length, the maximum glenoid cavity length (p=0.009) and the length of spina scapula (p=0.041) were significantly different between the rotator cuff and control groups in evaluating parameters. All parameters were significantly different between male and female patients (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion: A detailed knowledge of scapular anatomy is essential for successful total shoulder arthroplasty or surgical treatment of disorders related to scapula and shoulder. We think that the measurements of acromion, glenoid and scapula sizes obtained from our study will help surgeons to better understand shoulder morphology and to decide on the appropriate glenoid component size for shoulder arthroplasty. The fact that the lengths of the scapula, glenoid cavity and spina scapula are significantly different in rotator cuff syndrome suggests that scapula morphology may be effective in rotator cuff syndrome.

Glenoid cavity morphometric study in human scapula

Relevance. Scapula is one of the bones that takes part in the formation of shoulder joint and has variable morphology. It is weak joint because glenoid cavity is variable in vertical diameter and transverse diameter. Hence glenoid cavity is shallow and gives rise to frequent dislocation of shoulder joint. Aim of the present study was to know various dimensions of glenoid cavity like vertical diameter and horizontal diameter and their variations in percentages. Materials and Methods. Fifty unknown dry human scapulae from the department of anatomy (Mahatma Gandhi Medical College, Sitapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India) constituted the materials for the present study. Each scapula was studied for glenoid cavity. The vertical diameter and horizontal diameters were studied from each above scapula. Twenty five scapulae were from right side and twenty five were from left side. The different shapes of glenoid cavity were observed. The shapes were pear shaped, inverted comma shaped and oval shaped. Results and Discussion. In the present study pear shaped glenoid cavity was found in 56 %, Inverted comma shape was found in 26 % and oval shape was observed in 18 %. The most common shape was pear shape (56 %) and least common shape was oval shape (18 %). The mean glenoid height was 35.52 mm. The maximum glenoid height was 41.22 mm and minimum glenoid height was 30.19 mm. The mean glenoid width was 20.77 mm. The maximum glenoid width was 24.31 mm and minimum glenoid width was 17.93 mm. Conclusion. Study showed that glenoid cavity has varied morphology. This varied morphology will be of great useful in various clinical and surgical procedures like hip replacement and in posterior glenoid osteotomy.

Morphological Determination of Glenohumeral Joint and Acromioclavicular Joint with Computed Tomography

Although acute and chronic pathologies of the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints are frequently encountered in the population, the anatomy and morphometry are not fully known. The aim of this study is to determine the measurements of morphometric parameters according to age groups and sex in a large series of Turkish population. Nine hundred and forty-one shoulders computed tomography (CT) images were screened and those of subjects with healthy anatomical structure were included. Humeral head diameter (HDD) was measured on CT images. Measurements were made using 3D-CT images of: width (GW) and height (GH) of the glenoid cavity; width (CW) and height (CH) of the distal clavicular joint surface; and width (AW) and height (AH) of the acromial joint surface. Data were compared, stratified by age and sex. Images of 223 patients (118 men, 105 women) were analyzed. The following mean measurements were determined: HDD, 41.77±3.77 mm; GH, 34.66±3.26 mm; GW, 25.50±2.90 mm; CW, 14.85±3.51 mm; CH, 8.49±2.27 mm; AW, 12.97±2.94 mm; AH, 7.01±1.77 mm. When startified by sex, HDD (p<0.001), GH (p<0.001), GW (p<0.001), CW (p<0.001), CH (p=0.002), AW (p<0.001) and AH (p<0.001) measurements were significantly different and mean values were greater in men. Similarly for age, significant differences were found for GH (p=0.028), CW (p<0.001), AW (p<0.001), AH (p<0.001). The parametric values we have obtained in the Turkish population we measure differ from the measurements made in different populations according to age groups and sex. Knowing these features will contribute to treatment planning, implant and prosthesis applications.

MORPHOLOGICAL MEASURES OF SCAPULA IN SOUTH INDIAN POPULATION USING CT

Introduction: An immense knowledge about the shape of the glenoid cavity is necessary for TSA. This study aims to evaluate the dimension of the glenoid cavity and to compare the morphological measures of scapula between genders. Materials and methods: A total of 32 males and 32 females were selected for the shoulder scan and the measurements were taken in 2D axial plane and 3D reconstructed images. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 21.0. [Formula: see text] 0.05 was taken as significant. Result: Out of five diameters that we considered in this study, the superior–inferior (SI) mean glenoid diameter is 33.09 ± 3.82 mm. The anterior–posterior average glenoid diameters AP1, AP2, AP3 and AP4 are 15.08 ± 3.03 mm, 18.12 ± 3.26 mm, 21.03 ± 2.41 mm, 22.1 ± 2.54 mm, respectively, in total population. Six angles were considered, the Axis of glenoid, Axis of scapula, Axis of humeral head, axis of the glenoid neck, Resch angle and version of glenoid, measured 132.51[Formula: see text]± 5.46[Formula: see text], 43.03[Formula: see text]± 5.04[Formula: see text], 132.44[Formula: see text]± 5.04[Formula: see text], 58.48[Formula: see text]± 6.42[Formula: see text], 72.92[Formula: see text]± 4.79[Formula: see text], − 5.21[Formula: see text]± 1.45[Formula: see text], respectively, for the total population. The specific cut-off points for SI, AP1, AP2, AP3 and AP4 are 35, 15.35, 18.1, 21.55 and 22.65, respectively. Conclusion: The morphological measures such as Axis of glenoid, Axis of humeral head, Resch angle and Axis of scapula show that there exists a statistically significant difference between two genders. Hence, these four measures have a vital role in gender identification of an unknown scapula. All the diameters in this study have got specific cut-off points and it will be most useful to discriminate the gender from an unknown scapula.