Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode Research Articles

Coral reef-like zinc niobate nanostructures decorated functionalized carbon nanofiber as electrode modifier for detection of oxidative stress biomarker: 3-nitro-L-tyrosine

Oxidative stress can transform immunologic disorders to malignancy by enhancing the effect of pathogenic factors associated with adverse health problems. Biomarkers generated during oxidative stress are essential in assessing the in vivo condition of the cell for evaluating health and diagnosing the disease at an early stage, prognosis, benign and effectual drug development, and testing the drug efficacy. 3-Nitro-L-tyrosine is an oxidative stress biomarker produced from L-tyrosine through nitration mediated by active metabolites. Thus, precise detection of 3-NO2-Tyr in the biological medium is significantly important to monitor the cell environment. Consequently, a novel electrochemical sensing platform had been designed using ZnNb2O6 nanostructures anchored f-CNF as a glassy carbon electrode modifier. The crystalline and structural features, morphology, and elemental composition of ZnNb2O6/f-CNF nanocomposite were keenly verified. The synchronic activation of ZnNb2O6/f-CNF nanocomposite for effective detection of 3-NO2-Tyr is mainly due to the synergic effect between its counterparts. Accordingly, the fabricated sensor possesses a remarkably low limit of detection (0.021 μM) with a good linear range, and sensitivity is noted to be 7.745 μA/μM⋅cm⁻2. The consistency of this sensor was evinced through real-time monitoring of 3-NO2-Tyr in urine and saliva samples which is beneficial in monitoring the pathological situation.

The Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode by MWCNTs-PLL to Detect Both Paracetamol and Ibuprofen in Human Biological Fluid

The MWCNTs-PLL material was effectively synthesized in this study. The UV–vis spectrum and FT-IR spectroscopy are used to determine the structure of nanoparticles. The electrochemical characteristics of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) were examined after the MWCNTs-PLL material with nanosized particles was dropped onto its surface to create MWCNTs-PLL/GCE. Furthermore, employing electrodes, PAR and IBU were examined via applying CV and DP-ASV techniques. In comparison to employing the bare GCE, the modified MWCNTs-PLL/GCE electrode showed good responsiveness toward PAR and IBU applying the DP-ASV technique, with LODs were 0.40 for PAR, 0.34 μM for IBU. The linear concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 210 μM. These factors like Na+, SO4 2−, CO3 2−, K+, Ca2+, Cl−, Mg2+, NH4 +, NO3 − ions, uric acid, oxalate and AA, did not interfere during the modified electrode’s operation. Within this paper, it is worth emphasizing that these analytical processes for the PAR and IBU in practical sample solutions are more dependable than the HPLC tool. Additionally, this work would be considered the state-of-the-art study for both using MWCNTs-PLL to simultaneously determine PAR and IBU, and employing successfully the cheap, fast, reliable method.

Modification of glassy carbon electrode with manganese cobalt oxide-cubic like structures incorporated graphitic carbon nitride sheets for the voltammetric determination of 2,4,6 -trichlorophenol.

Novel cube-like transition metal oxide embedded on graphitic carbon nitride (MCO@GCN) formed a hybrid composite via hydrothermal assisted sonochemical synthesis. Thesynthesized composite was examined with various physical characterizations such as morphological SEM, EDX, XRD, andFT-IR spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic activity of MCO@GCN composite was further investigated when used to modify aglassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrochemical sensor was investigated using modified MCO@GCN/GCE towards environmental pollutant 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) detection with at a potential of (+ 0.654V vs Ag/AgCl) in pH-7. The structural features have favored a high charge transfer ratio with excellent conductivity which showed a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.0068μM and sensitivity of 23.57 μA·μM-1·cm-2 comprising a wide linear working range of 0.01-1720μM by using differential pulse voltammetry. Besides, the MCO@GCN/GCE displayed excellent selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, storage, and operational stability. Notably, the proposed MCO@GCN/GCE was validated with different environmental samples (tap, river, and industrial water) with RSD 0.62-2.86% and 96.51-99.66% (n = 3) recovery.

Label-Free ZnIn2S4/UiO-66-NH2 Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Electrochemically Assessing Fish Freshness by Monitoring Xanthine and Hypoxanthine

Considering that simultaneous detection of xanthine (XA) and hypoxanthine (HXA) has been proved to be a reliable and feasible method for assessing fish freshness, a novel electrochemical sensing platform based on the ZnIn2S4/UiO-66-NH2 modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was constructed in this study for XA and HXA determination. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were performed to exhibit the morphology and structural characteristics of ZnIn2S4/UiO-66-NH2. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) displayed that the introduction of UiO-66-NH2 can improve the specific surface area of the hybrid. Besides, the electrochemical sensing performance of ZnIn2S4/UiO-66-NH2 was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). For simultaneously detecting XA and HXA, the fabricated electrochemical sensor shows wide linear ranges (0.025–40 µM and 0.3–40 µM) with low detection limits (0.0083 µM and 0.1 µM). This sensor also has 96–103% recovery in detecting XA and HXA content in large yellow croaker meat samples, demonstrating a promising application in the marine food industry.

Sensitive Detection of 8‐Hydroxyquinoline in Cosmetics by Using a Poly(tannic acid)‐Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

AbstractTannic acid (TA) as a natural plant polyphenol bearing multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups could cause considerable interactions with organic compounds. This work aims at detecting 8‐hydroxyquinoline (8‐HQ) based on poly (tannic acid) (PTA) by electropolymerization of TA on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Owing to enhanced modified electrode surface area and interactions of PTA with 8‐HQ via hydrogen bonding and π‐π stacking, PTA/GCE exhibits electrocatalytic activity to 8‐HQ. Using Differential pulse voltammetry, PTA/GCE shows two linear plots with 8‐HQ concentrations from 0.5 to 5 μmol L−1 and 5 to 50 μmol L−1, the detection limit is 0.036 μmol L−1. The PTA modified electrode also shows great reproducibility and stability. The application of the sensor for real hair conditioner samples is demonstrated with satisfactory result.

Electrochemical sensor for the detection of dopamine using carbon quantum dots/copper oxide nanocomposite modified electrode

This paper presented a facile fabrication of an electrochemical sensor from carbon quantum dots CQDs and copper oxide (CuO) nanocomposite for dopamine detection. Individual components of the sensor and the composite were characterized with UV–visible, FT-IR, EDS, XRD spectroscopy, and microscopic methods such as the SEM and TEM. The nanocomposite (CQDs/CuO) was applied for modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electroanalysis of DA at CQDs/CuO nanocomposite modified GCE showed that DA detection can best be achieved at about 0.3 V. The detection limit of this sensor (GCE/CQDs/CuO) determined via square wave voltammetry (SWV) was 25.40 µM over a wide linear range of 1–180 µM. This sensor also demonstrated outstanding reproducibility even though it has relatively low stability. The percentage recovery of dopamine from dopamine hydrochloride injection obtained with this sensor confirmed its suitability for DA detection in pharmaceutical samples and possibly some other dopamine-containing real samples.

Novel Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of Bisphenol A Using a Molybdenum(IV) Sulfide Quantum Dots Polysodium Styrene Sulfonate Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) by Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)

A sensitive electrochemical platform for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) was constructed. A hybrid of MoS2 quantum dots decorated poly sodium styrene sulfonate functionalized reduced graphene oxide (MoS2 QDS@PSS-rGO) was prepared by a simple method. The hybrid was cast on a bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to form the MoS2 QDs@PSS-rGO/GCE. The electrochemical response of BPA on the MoS2 QDs@PSS-rGO/GCE was significantly enhanced compared to the unmodified electrode, indicating that the nanocomposite possessed an electrocatalytic effect. A novel method was established to determine BPA with a detection limit of 0.008 μM. The applicability of the prepared sensor was demonstrated to determine BPA in real samples with high recoveries.

Fabrication of Novel Potentiometric Sensor for Lead Ion Detection in Blood Samples: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches

One of the significant health problems in some developing countries such as Iran is lead toxicity. Potentiometric plasticizer-free Pb2+ selective electrode based on a simple and biocompatible ionophore, curcumin, for lead (II) detection in erythrocytes have been developed. Glassy carbon electrode modification was done with curcumin as an ionophore. Curcumin and its interaction with lead (II) were characterized using FT-IR, FE-SEM, and UV–Vis spectroscopic techniques. Match potential method (MPM) was applying for determining selectivity coefficients of the proposed sensor. Furthermore, the structures were optimized in various media for both tautomeric structures of curcumin, and then the binding mechanism was supported by DFT calculation, being in a high correlation and agreement by experiment. Also, noncovalent interaction studies were done to obtain a description of the sensing process. The fabricated ISE based on photocurable self-plasticizing (n-butylacrylate) membrane with curcumin shows a potentiometric response with a Nernstain slop of 28.348 ± 0.68 mV per decade in a linear range from 1.0 × 10-9 to 1.0 × 10-2 and detection limit of 3.98 × 10-10 M. The sensor' s response time was about 20 s at room temperature. The sensor shows a sensitive detection of Pb2+ in human erythrocytes and standard solutions.

Electrochemical Analysis of Sulfisoxazole Using Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) and MWCNTs/Rare Earth Oxide (CeO2 and Yb2O3) Modified-GCE Sensors.

In this work, new electrochemical sensors based on the modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)—rare metal oxides (REMO) nanocomposites were fabricated by drop-to-drop method of MWCNTs-REMO dispersion in ethanol. REMO nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation followed by hydrothermal treatment at 180 °C in absence and presence of TritonTM X-100 surfactant. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis using MWCNTs-CeO2@GCE and MWCNTs-Yb2O3@GCE sensors were used for the analysis of sulfisoxazole (SFX) drug in water samples. The results of CV analysis showed that MWCNTs-REMO@GCE sensors have up to 40-fold higher sensitivity with CeO2 compared to the bare GCE sensor. The estimated values of the limit of detection (LoD) of this electrochemical sensing using MWCNTs-CeO2@GCE and MWCNTs-Yb2O3@GCE electrodes reached 0.4 and 0.7 μM SFX in phosphate buffer pH = 7, respectively. These findings indicate that MWCNTs-REMO@GCE electrodes are potential sensors for analysis of sulfonamide drugs in water and biological samples.

Electrochemical Determination of Dopamine at Nafion and β-Cyclodextrin-Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Composite Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Dopamine (DA) has been found as a significant neurotransmitter. Since abnormal concentrations of DA can induce a series of serious diseases. Simple, economical and efficient sensors should be developed to detect DA. In this study, a highly selective electrochemical sensor was developed to detect DA using nafion (NA) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -cyclodextrin (MWCNTs- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -CD) composite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The MWCNTs- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -CD composite was prepared by mechanical grinding at ambient temperature, which could be an environment-friendly method. The as-prepared MWCNTs- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -CD composite was characterized with Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectra. Such NA/MWCNTs- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -CD/GCE based sensor had high performance with a detection ranges from 0.01 to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1 ~\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and from 1 to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10 ~\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> as well as a detection limit of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.005 ~\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . Moreover, the sensor was found with high selectivity, stability, reproducibility and satisfying recovery rate to detect DA in samples. A novel DA sensor was developed with high sensitivity using NA/MWCNTs- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -CD/GCE, which could be promising to detect DA in pharmaceutical samples.

Review Article: Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticle and Its Application for Glassy Carbon Electrode Modification

Nanomaterials have various unique properties and characteristics so that they can apply in many sectors. One of the most popular nanoparticles today is magnetite nanoparticles. Magnetite particles have several properties such as being super magnetic, having a high saturation field, chemical stability, biocompatibility, and low production costs. The purpose of this article is to review the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles and their application to Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) modification. This modified GCE can applied as an electrochemical sensor to detect various organic and inorganic substances. In this study, type synthesis methods of magnetite nanoparticles which taken from kind literature well investigation include coprecipitation, sol-gel, microemulsion, hydrothermal, and thermal decomposition. The five routes have their respective advantages and disadvantages. Then the nano magnetite made can applied to modify the GCE as an electrochemical sensor that can detect uric acid, bacteria, and even metals dissolved in water.

Construction of La2O3-CeO2 Composites Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as a Novel Electrochemical Sensor for Sensitive Detection of Nitrite

Abstract An electrochemical sensor for the determination of nitrite based on La2O3-CeO2 composite modified glassy carbon electrode (La2O3-CeO2/GCE) was fabricated in this study. La2O3-CeO2 composites were prepared by reflux condensation, and their morphology and structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical behavior of nitrite on the modified electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and an irreversible oxidation peak emerged at 0.7 V (pH = 7). The effects of scan rate and pH on electron transfer efficiency of fabricated electrode were investigated by CV. Under the optimum conditions, the modified electrode performed outstanding electrocatalytic activity for nitrite detection with a linear range of 0.25–4000 µM and a low detection limit of 0.015 µM (S/N = 3). The constructed sensor was successfully used for the determination of nitrite in real water samples with satisfactory results (recoveries between 94.0% and 106.6%). It provides a foundation and reference for the determination of nitrite in various environmental samples.

Silver ferrite embellished graphene oxide heterogenous nanocomposite for efficient electrochemical detection of gallic acid

Ferrites have attracted the research community owing to their invincible properties corresponding to their magnetic recoverability, recycling efficacy, and environmentally friendly behaviour. They are gaining importance in catalysis, sensors, supercapacitors, batteries, magnetic tunnel ferrofluids, magnetic drug delivery, and information storage. By taking advantage of ferrites, in this study, we have developed a silver ferrite embellished graphene oxide (AgFe2O4/GO) nanocomposite by decorating AgFe2O4 on graphene oxide (GO) by a viable route. The crystal structure, size, morphology, and magnetic behaviour of the fabricated nanocomposites have been investigated with the assistance of fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, RAMAN spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) techniques. The composite has been examined for the electrocatalytic determination of gallic acid (GA) by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry by its modification of glassy carbon electrode. This modified glassy carbon electrode has shown excellent electrocatalytic behaviour toward the detection of GA. These results can be used as an electrochemical standard in the estimation of total polyphenol content in the foodstuffs and extended to pharmaceutical and industrial applications.

Atrazine Voltammetric Determination in the Pesticide Industries Wastewater by Gold Nanoparticles at a Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Atrazine Voltammetric Determination in the Pesticide Industries Wastewater by Gold Nanoparticles at a Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Highly Sensitive Square Wave Voltammetric Method for Determination of Brucine in Artificial Urine Sample Based on Choline Chloride Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Highly Sensitive Square Wave Voltammetric Method for Determination of Brucine in Artificial Urine Sample Based on Choline Chloride Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Glucose on Nickel Oxides/Graphene Nanoparticles Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Glucose on Nickel Oxides/Graphene Nanoparticles Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Modification of Glassy Carbon Electrode with Palladium Doped Conducting Poly(thionine) Film

The glassy carbon electrode was modified with Pd particles using a conducting poly(thionine) as the support material. Polymerization of thionine was carried by electrochemical process from aqueous thionine acetate solution using cyclic voltammetry. K2PdCl4 was used as the Pd precursor and the Pd immobilization was performed with constant potential electrolysis. The modified electrode was characterized electrochemically using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. The results revealed that the modification process significantly increases the conductivity properties of the electrode material.

Electrochemical Recognition and Electrochemical Oxidation of Mesalazine Drug at PMA Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Background: Electrochemistry was the foremost subdivision of the chemistry its interred correlated to the entire other chemistries. Primarily it can settle on the nature of compound reactions by physically depends on the applying extent of electricity. The magnitude container is agreed away in connecting the optimistic and negative electrodes at the being there of analytic nearby in solution medium. Thus the electrochemistry is essentially depended on the reaction of chemical changes are by the persuade current of applying, on this perception the electricity is on the inside associated to the chemical type which are in attendance in the chemical compounds. These genus are sensitive to the functionalised electric value of potentials, and it was seen in varying of chemical reactions. In that basis, the changing of reactions is extensive in electrochemical reactions. Methods: In this Cyclic Voltammetry experimental method, crucial principal subsequent, instrumentation, and chemical changing noticing potentiostat of the electrochemical cell and recording apparatus are studied. The working electrodes are glassy carbon electrode was used for the harvest of this research work. How the glassy carbon electrode is useful to bring good results from using analytes. The procedures for doing a modification with modifiers on the surface of the electrode are clearly discussed. Results: A quick-tempered and miniature responsive analytical advance became evolved for the electrochemical oxidation of Mesalazine (MSZ) the procedure of electro ionic deposited modified PMA altered glassy carbon electrode (MGCE). The distorted electrode specify electrocatalytic attention in the bearing of the oxidation of MSZ drug in 0.2M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 7.4 with the assist of using cyclic voltammetric (CV) technique. The restrict of detection develop into calculated to be 79.50nM at misused electrode. The impacts of experiment charge observe shows evidence of an adsorption deal with electrode phenomenon. The altered electrode might be used as an analytical apparatus for the enthusiasm MSZ drug in pharmaceutical formulations. Conclusion: The planned electrode deposited PMA MGCE grows to be engaged for the electro-oxidation and stamina of an imperative drug MSZ at physiological pH by revenue of the use of CV modus operandi. The discovery perimeter grows to be calculated to be 79.50nM on behalf of MSZ with the method of CV.

Signal amplification by electropolymerization of alizarin red S for improved diuron detection at organosmectite modified glassy carbon electrode

AbstractAn electrochemical sensor was prepared by modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with an organoclay obtained by intercalation of smectite‐type clay Sa(Na) with dimethydioctadecylammonium ions (DODAB) and polymer of alizarin red S (poly[ARS]). The synthesized materials were analyzed by physicochemical and electrochemical techniques. The fabricated sensor GCE/Sa(DODAB)/poly(ARS) was employed toward the detection of diuron and the detection limit was found to be 0.48 μM (0.11 mg/L). Additionally, the elaborated electrochemical sensor was found to exhibit good sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility toward the determination of diuron, and it was applied successfully in real samples.

Synthesis and Application of r-rhuEPO/NiO/CNTs modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as Sensor for Determination of Erythropoietin in the Blood of Athlete

Synthesis and Application of r-rhuEPO/NiO/CNTs modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as Sensor for Determination of Erythropoietin in the Blood of Athlete