Glass Frame Research Articles

Polyamide-66/Glass fiber 블렌드 조성물의 물리적 특성 및 안경테 소재로써의 적용성에 관한 연구

목적: 본 연구에서는 사출형 안경테 소재로 사용되고 있는 폴리아미드-12 수지인 TR-90을 대체하기 위하여 폴리아미드-66에 유리섬유(glass fiber)를 함량별로 블렌드하여 각 조성물의 물리적, 열적 특성을 평가하여 안경테로써의 적용 가능성을 검토하였다. 방법: 유리섬유의 함량 변화에 따른 폴리아미드-66 조성물의 특성변화를 고찰하기 위해 이축압출기를 이용하여 함량별 조성물을 제조하였다. 제조된 조성물의 기계적강도, 열적 특성, 코팅성 및 절삭가공성을 평가하였다. 이를 통하여 기존 TR 안경테 제품과의 성능 비교 및 안경테로써 적용 가능성을 평가하였다. 결과: 폴리아미드-66/유리섬유 조성물의 특성 평가 결과, 유리섬유의 함량이 증가할수록 성형수축율이 감소하며, 기계적 강도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 유리섬유의 함량이 0 wt%인 경우 인장강도는 <TEX>$498kg/cm^2$</TEX>에서 30 wt%가 함유된 경우 <TEX>$849kg/cm^2$</TEX>까지 증가하였다. 코팅성 평가 결과 유리섬유 5 wt%에서는 코팅강도가 4 B였고, 그 이상에서는 5 B로 매우 우수한 코팅 특성을 나타내었다. 결론: 30 wt%의 유리섬유가 블렌드된 경우 기계적 강도가 크게 향상되나 이와 더불어 경도가 상승되며, 점도가 증가하여 사출온도가 높아지며, 제품에 플로우 마크가 생기는 것으로 나타났다. 유리섬유가 블렌드된 폴리아미드-66의 도료 코팅성은 모두 우수하였다. 전반적으로 물성 및 가공성 등을 평가해볼 때, 유리섬유의 함량이 약 10 wt% 내외의 경우 안경테로써의 적용이 가능하다고 판단된다. Purpose: In this study, we evaluated the physical and thermal properties of the compositions made by blending glass fiber (GF) of different contents into glass fiber polyamide-66, and investigated if the compositions applying to the glasses frame to replace the TR-90, which is polyamide-12 resin used as an injection-type spectacle frame material. Methods: To investigate the characteristics change of polyamide-66 (PA-66) compositions with the change of the content of glass fibers, we produced a composition of the content by using a twin-screw extruder. The mechanical strength of the composition production was measured and coating properties as well as cutting processability were evaluated. We evaluated the applicability of the glasses frame by comparison the results of new compositions with characterizations of traditional TR. Results: For the results of the characterization of Polyamide-66/GF composition, we found that the higher increase of content of the glass fiber, the less mold shrinkage rate, and the mechanical strength was increased. Tensile strength increased from <TEX>$498kg/cm^2$</TEX> for 0 wt% of the content of the glass fibers to <TEX>$849kg/cm^2$</TEX> for 30 wt% of the content of the glass fibers. As a result of a coating evaluation, the strength of coating was 4B in the GF 5wt% and 5B, which was extremely good coating characteristics, in the over than GF 5 wt%. Conclusions: In case that 30 wt% of the glass fiber was blended, the mechanical strength was greatly improved, the hardness was increased, injection temperature increased due to increase of the viscosity, and the flow mark of the product may occur. The paint coating of PA-66 blended with glass fiber was all excellent. With general evaluating physical properties and workability properties it was determined that around 10 wt% of the content of the glass fibers was possible to apply a spectacle frame.

Calculation of Bonded Joint of Window Panels Railway Vehicles

Abstract The article is focused on the calculation of bonded joint of window panels railway vehicles. It is bonding with a 1K- polyurethane between glass and aluminum vehicle frame. In assessing the deformation is necessary first of all to assess changes of length due to thermal expansion. In addition, the calculation focuses on the glass plate deflection when passing trains and at last calculates the allowable voltage that is compared with the allowable stress. Calculation of bonded joints is very important for critical bonded joints, which may endanger the lives of people.

Magnetic structure of the frustratedS=12chain magnet LiCu2O2doped with nonmagnetic Zn

We present the results of magnetization, ESR and NMR measurements on single crystal samples of the frustrated S=1/2 chain cuprate LiCu2O2 doped with nonmagnetic Zn^2+. As shown by the x-ray techniques the crystals of Li(Cu{1-x}Zn{x})2O2 with x<0.12 are single-phase, whereas for higher Zn concentrations the samples were polyphase. ESR spectra for all monophase samples (0<= x<0.12) can be explained within the model of a planar spin structure with a uniaxial type anisotropy. The NMR spectra of the highly doped single crystal sample Li(Cu0.9Zn0.1)2O2 can be described in the frame of a planar spin glass like magnetic structure with short range spiral correlations in the crystal (ab)-planes with strongest exchange bonds. The value of magnetic moments of Cu^2+ ions in this structure is close to value obtained for undoped crystals: (0.8 +- 0.1) mu_B.

Evaluation of SAR in a human head with glasses exposed to radiation of a mobile phone

In this paper, we evaluate specific absorption rates (SAR) in a human head exposed to radiation of a mobile phone at two frequencies of Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communications, when people do and don’t wear glasses. The simulation includes phone call and internet surfing states. Since the eyes are sensitive to electromagnetic radiation, we focus on the maximal SAR in eyes. Based on finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculation method, we find that wearing glasses obviously alters the distribution of SAR and may increase SAR. The maximal SAR in eyes with glasses is even eight times more than that without glasses. The maximal SAR is more sensitive to the frame of glasses than the spectacle lens. In all, wearing glasses may possibly induce higher risk of the health hazard to eyes exposed to the radiation of a mobile phone. The results could offer valuable results for designing glasses to reduce SAR in eyes.

MO‐F‐141‐01: X‐Ray Tubes for Medical Imaging

Why do we find 500+ types of X‐ray tubes on the market? Why still vacuum technology to generate Bremsstrahlung, ca. 120 years after Conrad Roentgen's discovery? How do X‐ray tubes function and look like? What's next? (When?) Will we see the X‐ray LED' s, compact X‐ray Lasers or flat panel sources in medical imaging? These and more questions will be answered in this lecture. We will shortly dive into physics of X‐ray generation, study key characteristics, material boundary conditions, manufacturing technology. We will identify the quality parameters, which allow us to compare and select the proper source.In more detail we will understand design concepts of glass and metal frame, single ended and dual polar tubes, stationary anode tubes with reflection and transmission targets. We will devote a larger portion to rotating anode tubes, their bearings, anode discs, motors, cooling, heat balance. We will talk about electron emitters and beam focusing, focal spot characteristics, MTF, off‐focal radiation, focal spot deflection, stability. Side effects need to be mentioned like leakage and scattered radiation. Tube life will be discussed, ageing effects, failure pareto distributions, end‐of‐life indicators and overall cost drivers.Employee of Philips Healthcare

친환경 안경테 판재의 심입 가공성 향상을 위한 고비열 가소제 혼입에 관한 연구

목적: 본 연구는 cellulose acetate/poly ethylene glycol(CA/PEG) 안경테용 판재의 심입가공성을 향상시키기 위하여 심입가공온도 영역에서 비교적 높은 비열을 갖는 친환경 가소제인 triacetin을 2차 가소제로 도입함으로써 가공 효율이 향상 된 친환경 안경테 판재를 제조하는데 목적이 있다. 방법: 전체 가소제의 양을 CA 대비 30 wt%로 고정하고 1차 가소제인 PEG와 2차 가소제인 triacetin의 함량을 조절하여 제조된 CA/PEG/triacetin 조성물의 비열 및 열적특성을 분석하고, 다양한 기계적 물성과 광학적 특성의 비교분석을 통해 우수한 가공성을 갖는 안경테 소재를 위한 최적의 가소제 조성을 결정하였다. 결과: Triacetin 도입을 통해 CA 판재의 비열 상승을 확인하였으며, triacetin 함량비가 증가할수록 유리전이온도(Tg)가 낮아지고 심입가공성의 척도가 되는 감온속도의 감소를 확인하였다. 또한 기존의 CA/PEG 안경테 소재와 비교 시 우수한 광택특성 및 경도를 확인하였으며, 동등수준 이상의 기계적 물성을 보임을 확인하였다. 결론: PEG/triacetin의 투입비율을 조절하여 심입가공성을 향상시키고, 안경테 판재로 사용되기 적합한 물성 및 특유의 광택과 우수한 심미성을 만족하는 CA 판재를 제조할 수 있다. Purpose: To improve glasses temple's insert processibility of CA/PEG blend, triacetin with higher specific heat values in the processing temperature range is used as second plasticizer. Methods: The total amount of plasticizer is fixed at 30 wt% by CA. To determine optimal CA/PEG/triacetin blend for glasses frame, blends with different composition ratio were examined by various analysis: thermal properties, mechanical properties, glossiness. Results: Specific heat of the CA/PEG blend increased as the content of triacetin. In CA/PEG/triacetin blends, as triacetin concentration is increased, glass transition temperature is decreased and heat conservation rate of composites is increased. Furthermore, CA/PEG/triacetin blend exhibited higher mechanical properties and similar gloss characterization with CA/PEG blend. Conclusions: It is possible to improve the processibility inserting metal support to CA temple through varying the weight ratio of PEG/triacetin. The extruded sheets of CA/PEG/triacetin blend had better glossiness and mechanical properties than those of CA/PEG blend.

Nasal prosthesis for a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum

Acquired facial defects caused by extirpation of neoplasms, congenital malformations or traumatic injury results in a huge functional, cosmetic and psychological handicap in those patients. These defects can be restored by facial prosthesis using different materials and retention methods to achieve a lifelike appearance and function. This clinical report describes a treatment schedule using silicone nasal prosthesis, which is mechanically retained for a patient who has undergone a partial rhinectomy due to basal cell carcinoma of the nose. The prosthesis was made to restore the esthetic appearance of patient with a mechanically retained design using a spectacle glass frame without any prosthetic adhesives so that the patient is more comfortable and confident to resume daily activities.

Outline of Testing and Evaluation Program Used in Selection of Adhesives for Transparent Adhesive Joints in All-Glass Load-Bearing Structures

Abstract Architects are increasingly demanding all-glass load-bearing structures with fully transparent adhesive joints. Usually, such structures are classed as nonregulated forms of construction. The Institute of Building Construction at Dresden’s Technische Universität has now obtained the first individual approvals in Germany for all-glass structures with transparent adhesive joints for two buildings in Dresden and Grimma. In these cases, the loads are carried via load-bearing glued frames that rely on a material bond between the individual parts without any metal fixings. This solution is based on the results of many years of development. Currently, various frame corners covering a wide range of parameters are being studied in a follow-up project. The aim is to optimize the adhesive joints and the bonding technology. The requirements placed on the joint are being identified and corresponding adhesive systems researched. Preliminary studies of numerous material specimens form the starting point for determining the material parameters. Small-scale specimens are being tested under various boundary conditions and aging scenarios to establish the strengths of a number of suitable adhesives. These results will enable prototypes to be designed for numerical simulation. Numerical calculations and experimental investigations are being carried out in parallel to optimize the geometry, load-carrying capacity, long-term reliability, and durability of the glued all-glass frame corners. Specimen components are loaded in a testing machine to study the structural effect of these glued glass frame corners. The findings will be incorporated in the design of the adhesive joint and in the development of a numerical simulation for the glued connection. Data for executing an adhesive joint, specific to each adhesive and crucial for the quality of the transparency, conclude the project.

Revision of subjects of the Korean Optometrist Licensing Examination suggested by optometrists

Since the introduction of the optometrist licensing system to the medical technician law in 1987, the first Korean Optometrist Licensing Examination was carried out on October 22, 1989. After that, there have been a variety of environmental changes. An optometry major was newly created in a number of colleges. There was a change of curriculum from a 2-year program to a 3-year program, and eventually to a 4-year one. As a result, a profound approach to subject revision of the Korean Optometrist Licensing Examination became necessary from the perspective of optometrist manpower and its management system. Before these changes, the Korean Optometrist Licensing Examination consisted of four written examination categories: optometry, ophthalmic optics, ophthalmology, and medical health law. There was another separate performance examination. The detailed subjects covered by the written examination were as follows: ophthalmic optics, geometric optics, physical optics, ophthalmic optics instruments, prescribing and dispensing of eyeglasses, introduction to eyeglasses, glasses materials, ophthalmic anatomy, ophthalmic physiology, ophthalmic diseases, and abnormal ophthalmic function. The improvements to the Korean Optometrist Licensing Examination were focused on specific subjects and items. In 1988 we published the results of a job analysis through a questionnaire survey on the optometrist's job from 813 optometrists and 89 ophthalmic optic professors. It showed that optometric dispensing was the most important among their essential tasks and educational needs. Meanwhile, medical health law and business management was ranked least important out of six duty categories of optometrists, specifically, preliminary examination for visual acuity, visual test and refraction, prescription, optometric dispensing, follow-up, and medical health law and management [1]. After the analysis of the survey results, the findings were opened to be discussed by optometry professionals. The consensus of opinions from public hearings and workshops with ophthalmic optics professors were reflected in the suggestion of subjects. Revision of the subjects of the Korean Optometrist Licensing Examination was suggested as follows: First, the examination subject entitled 'introduction to eyeglasses' should be removed and the corresponding contents included in other specific subjects. Second, content on contact lens included in 'glasses materials' should be allocated to a new subject entitled 'eyesight correction materials' composed of the subsections 'contact lens materials' and 'glasses frame and lens materials'. Third, the subject 'optometry' containing refraction examination and stereovision function tests should be added and be emphasized. Some of these changes are still under consideration by the National Health Licensing Examination Board of Korea. Further discussion is also necessary for the revision of the performance test after considering the availability of space and instruments in each college as well as the building of the National Health Licensing Examination Board.

Are human faces more attractive with glasses?

This article investigates whether a glasses frame, which is symmetrically designed, can be used as an accessory to enhance an individual's facial attractiveness and the affective responses. We carry out a series of experiments using 16 prototypical glasses frame, each of which consists of different combinations of design features. The frames are fitted on one male and one female faces selected from the facial portraits of 200 university students. The participants rate the faces with and without wearing the glasses frames with the 7-point Likert scales on the included perceptual measures. The results show that wearing the glasses frames does generally improve facial symmetry. However, the facial attractiveness is not enhanced accordingly. Some designs such as the glasses frames with smaller rims have less impact on facial attractiveness than those with larger rims. To conclude, artificially improving the facial attractiveness requires more than just an enhancement of facial symmetry.

Use of a Stud Attachment to Retain a Silicone Orbital Prosthesis: A Clinical Report

Orbital defects with total loss of eyelids and eyeball cannot be satisfactorily repaired by reconstructive surgery. Prosthetic replacement is the treatment of choice owing to its acceptable lifelike appearance. The use of semiprecision attachments in maxillofacial prostheses is limited to osseointegrated prostheses. Therefore, this article describes a conventional glasses frame technique, to retain the silicone orbital prosthesis using a Dalla Bona stud attachment.

レーザ溶接技術の最近の発展

Laser welding processes are more and more used in various industrial fields because high-efficiency, high quality and high-power lasers such as fiber lasers, disk lasers and diode lasers are developed. Remote welding can be used in the car industry due to the development of high brightness fiber or disk lasers. Deep penetration welds are produced by welding with a high power single laser or tandem lasers at 1 atm or under low vacuum conditions, or by hybrid welding with a high power laser and a MAG or MIG arc for the heavy industry. Deep welds are also made by the multi-layers method. Focused laser beams of small diameters are also utilized in industrial applications of small parts such as battery cells and glass frames. Laser joining of metal and plastic or CFRP dissimilar materials has been newly developed. In-process monitoring and adaptive control are also intensively studied for industrial applications. (http://www.jwri.osaka-u.ac.jp/research/research02_2.html).

Correlation between electrophoretic clearcoats properties and electrochemical characteristics of noble substrates

The use of transparent organic coatings as protection for noble metal layers has a wide application especially in the costume jewellery and glass frames industry. The role of a clearcoat is to protect the noble substrate from scratches, tarnishing, and changes in gloss due to the interaction with the environment and human body. In this study electrodeposited organic coatings have been considered for this purpose. The application of clearcoats by electrophoresis usually assures a good adhesion to the substrate and the formation of a compact and protective layer. Electrophoresis has been developed especially under cathodic deposition and was mainly optimized for corrosion protection of active metals, but in this work both anodic and cathodic e-coats have been applied and analyzed. Since the substrates were noble metals, the surface could show a different reactivity during the application of the deposition voltage. The relationship between electrochemical behaviour of the substrate and the final properties of the clear coatings was investigated with electrochemical tests such as polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The correlation between deposition parameters and coatings properties as thickness and presence of defects was discussed according to the electrochemical results.

Human-centric design personalization of 3D glasses frame in markerless augmented reality

This paper presents a virtual try-on system based on augmented reality for design personalization of facial accessory products. The system offers several novel functions that support real-time evaluation and modification of eyeglasses frame. 3D glasses model is embedded within video stream of the person who is wearing the glasses. Machine learning algorithms are developed for instantaneous tracking of facial features without use of markers. The tracking result enables continuously positioning of the glasses model on the user’s face while it is moving during the try-on process. In addition to color and texture, the user can instantly modify the glasses shape through simple semantic parameters. These functions not only facilitate evaluating products highly interactive with human users, but also engage them in the design process. This work has thus implemented the concept of human-centric design personalization.

Nasal Prosthesis Rehabilitation: A Case Report

Facial defects resulting from neoplasm, congenital malformation or trauma can be restored with facial prosthesis using different materials and retention methods to achieve life-like look and function. A nasal prosthesis can re-establish esthetic form and anatomic contours for mid-facial defects, often more effectively than by surgical reconstruction as the nose is relatively immobile structure. For successful results, lot of factors such as harmony, texture, color matching and blending of tissue interface with the prosthesis are important. The aim of the presented case report is to describe the non-surgical rehabilitation, with polymethyl meth-acrylate resin, nasal prosthesis for a patient who received partial rhinectomy as a result of squamous cell carcinoma of the nose. The prosthesis was made to restore the esthetic appearance of the patient with a mechanical retained design using a spectacle glass frame without inserting craniofacial implants.

A method of concurrent thermographic–photographic visualization of flow boiling in a minichannel

A method is developed to capture the distribution of surface temperature while simultaneously imaging the bubble motions in diabatic flow boiling in a horizontal minichannel. Liquid crystal thermography is used to obtain highly resolved surface temperature measurements on the uniformly heated upper surface of the channel. High-speed images of the flow field are acquired simultaneously and are overlaid with the thermal images. The local surface temperature and heat transfer coefficient can be analyzed with the knowledge of the nucleation site density and location, and bubble motion and size evolution. The horizontal channel is 1.2 mm high × 23 mm wide × 357 mm long, and the working fluids are Novec 649 and R-11. Optical access is through a machined glass plate which forms the bottom of the channel. The top surface is an electrically heated 76 μm-thick Hastelloy foil held in place by a water-cooled aluminum and glass frame. The heat loss resulting from this construction is computed using a conduction model in Fluent. The model is driven by temperature measurements on the foil, glass plate and aluminum frame. This model produces a corrected value for the local surface heat flux and enables the computation of the bulk fluid temperature and heat transfer coefficient along the channel. The streamwise evolution of the heat transfer coefficient for single-phase laminar flow is compared to theoretical values for a uniform-flux boundary condition. Examples of the use of the facility for visualizing subcooled two-phase flows are presented. These examples include measurements of the surface temperature distribution around active nucleation sites and the construction of boiling curves for locations along the test surface. Points on the curve can be associated with specific image sequences so that the role of mechanisms such as nucleation and the sliding of confined bubbles may be discerned.

Spontaneous Superficial Temporal Artery Pseudoaneurysm in Elderly Women -Three Case Reports-

Three women older than 75 years presented with spontaneous superficial temporal artery (STA) pseudoaneurysms manifesting as a pulsatile mass in the preauricular region. None of the patients had a history of trauma. Histological examination of the surgically removed masses identified pseudoaneurysms based on the presence of connective tissue and adventitia. Spontaneous STA pseudoaneurysms are extremely rare. We suggest that all 3 aneurysms were associated with latent dissection and external force exerted by the frames of glasses.

PV module durability testing under high voltage biased damp heat conditions

Abstract Ten commercially available photovoltaic module technologies were selected for this study including five thin-film technologies and five silicon wafer based technologies. These modules were subjected to accelerated ageing tests in a dark climate chamber under conditions of 85C and 85% relative humidity and electrical bias for 650 hours. The bias voltage ± 1000 V DC was applied between the active circuit of each module and module frame to study the impact of electrical bias on PV module durability under hot and humid conditions. Module performance assessed with a Class A solar simulator under standard testing conditions (STC) showed the biased stressing condition in damp heat test could significantly degrade electrical performance and cause various defects such as delamination, glass surface deterioration, frame corrosion, and metal grid discoloration, depending on module type and bias polarity.

Application and Integrity Evaluation of Monolithic Fire-resistant Glass

This article introduced the classification and fire testing of monolithic fire-resistant glass in China. The integrity of monolithic fire-resistant glass is determined by both the ability to resist surface stress and the softening temperature. In the application of monolithic fire-resistant glass in China, there are some problems, include the wrong use of glass frame, the disordered production, the author gave some advices at last.

Image processing by interpolation using polyharmonic function and increase in processing speed

AbstractDigital images are usually represented in the form of a matrix that indicates the data of intensity of each pixel. When the data of intensity of each pixel are considered as the data of the height in the coordinates of the pixel and the pixels are smoothly connected, the digital image can be reconstructed as a curved surface. Interpolation using a polyharmonic function can interpolate a curved surface smoothly using the boundary geometry of the region and arbitrary internal points in the region. In this study, we applied the interpolation method to image processing, and propose a method which can restore and enlarge images smoothly. The method proposed here can realize the simultaneous restoration and smooth enlargement of images, which has been difficult to achieve by conventional methods. This method is applied to the enlargement of images while restoring damaged areas or to the enlargement of an image of the face of persons who is wearing glasses while removing the glasses frame from the image, and its effectiveness is demonstrated. In addition, a method of increasing processing speed by division processing is also examined, and its validity is confirmed. © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.