Types Of Glass Research Articles

An Environmental Quality Assessment of Office Buildings: The Impact of a Glass Façade on Users in Different Climate Contexts in Croatia

Glass façades are being increasingly applied in the typology of office buildings. The environmental quality parameters of indoor spaces have an exceptional influence on the wellbeing and productivity of users. In the past, climate defined the architecture of a particular area. Façades of contemporary office buildings have similar characteristics regardless of their location. This study comprises four office buildings with different types of glass façades located in areas of continental and coastal climate in Croatia. Also, the research relates to a graduate study course, during which the students designed a survey to gain insight into the satisfaction of users of the analyzed buildings. The aim of this research is to explore the impact of the design of glass façades in a certain climate context on users. This paper will address the following research questions: (1) Is a fully glazed office building pleasant to work in? (2) Is a fully glazed façade an appropriate solution for office buildings in hot and sunny climates? The research results show that to achieve a comfortable indoor environment for buildings’ users, it is necessary to design the façade according to the orientation, especially in terms of glazing characteristics, a sun protection system, and window control.

Comparison of fast daylighting climate-based simulation methods for parametric design: two-phase, three-phase method and path tracing

ABSTRACT Computer modeling and simulation are essential for predicting architectural solutions performance. When integrated into the design process; they are known as performance-based design. During the design process, fast analytical cycles are required. However, daylighting simulations are challenging due to computational processing and time requirements. This paper presents a comparative study of fast daylight simulation methods, two-phase, three-phase and path tracing, in a hypothetical commercial building located in Miami, Florida. Five types of static glass and one electrochromic glass were tested with six parametric models of a translucent horizontal shading device. Daysim was used as reference. The two-phase method produced results similar to the reference results with faster processing times for static facades. For dynamic facades, the path tracing method with the tested interface enabled faster simulations and parametric variations. However, the three-phase method yielded a lower average error.

Study on the ancient glass composition based on the multivariate statistical analysis method

The Silk Road was a channel of cultural exchange between China and the West, and glass was the precious material evidence of early trade. The study of the relationship between the weathering of ancient glass products and glass types and chemical composition contributes to the preservation of ancient cultural relics and promotes the further study of the history of the Silk Road. Based on this, this paper analyzed the surface weathering of cultural relics, and the type, ornamentation, color, and chemical composition of cultural relics, and it was finally found that there is a significant correlation between glass type and surface weathering. Then, discriminant analysis and systematic cluster analysis were applied to establish the classification function for the glass type variables and the chemical composition variables. Finally, gray correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between each chemical component, and found that SiO2-Al2O3 was the most associated with each other in lead-barium glass, and K2O-CaO was the highest in high potassium glass.

3D bioprinting bioglass to construct vascularized full-thickness skin substitutes for wound healing

Constructing three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted skin tissues that accurately replicate the mechanical properties of native skin and provide adequate oxygen and nutrient support remains a formidable challenge. In this study, we incorporated phosphosilicate calcium bioglasses (PSCs), a type of bioactive glass (BG), into the bioinks used for 3D bioprinting. The resulting bioink exhibited mechanical properties and biocompatibility that closely resembled those of natural skin. Utilizing 3D bioprinting technology, we successfully fabricated full-thickness skin substitutes, which underwent comprehensive evaluation to assess their regenerative potential in treating full-thickness skin injuries in rats. Remarkably, the skin substitutes loaded with PSCs exhibited exceptional angiogenic activity, as evidenced by the upregulation of angiogenesis-related genes in vitro and the observation of enhanced vascularization in wound tissue sections in vivo. These findings conclusively demonstrated the outstanding efficacy of PSCs in promoting angiogenesis and facilitating the repair of full-thickness skin wounds. The insights garnered from this study provide a valuable reference strategy for the development of skin tissue grafts with potent angiogenesis-inducing capabilities.

Advanced Glass Carriers for Buildup Structure Warp Control and Wafer Ultra-thinning

Tailorable CTE of glass carriers enables effective warp control of buildup structures such as fan-Out wafer level package and multi-layer laminates. Corning’s Advanced Packaging Carrier (APC) product family covers CTE from 4.9-12.6 ppm/C with fine granularity down to 0.2 ppm/C, and other glass types go down in CTE all the way to 0 ppm/C. We illustrate the benefits of having such CTE capabilities using several use cases. Carrier supported wafer thinning down to single digit microns is another emerging need. In addition to CTE matching, such ultra-thinning requires the carrier and the associated temporary bonding method to deliver very low total thickness variation (TTV), typically a small fraction of the final wafer thickness. We will introduce Corning’s recently announced ultra-low-TTV (ULTTV) glass carriers as well as near-zero-TTV temporary bonding methods that enable ultra-thinning of wafers of various types.

In vitro bioactivity and biocompatibility assessment of PCL/PLA–scaffolded mesoporous silicate bioactive glass: Role of boron activation

Bioactive glasses with rapid biodegradation and efficient biomineralization for damaged bone tissue repair remain deficient. Based on this fact, some new types of boron-activated mesoporous Bioactive silicate glasses (BMSGs) were made to determine the feasibility of achieving their improved mechanical strength, structure, porosity, biodegradability and bone healing performance. Four samples of the form xB2O3 – (80–x) SiO2 – 15CaO – 5P2O5 with x is 0, 5, 10, and 15 mol% were prepared using a unified sol-gel/evaporation induced self-assembly (SG-EISA) process. Furthermore, the solvent casting/partial leaching method was used to Scaffold the proposed BMSGs by polycaprolactone/polylacticacid (named as BMSG-PPS). The role of boron concentration fine-tuning in modifying the glasses morphology, structure, Bioactivity and Biocompatibility was assessed in vitro by immersing them in simulated body fluid (SBF) at various durations. Intense XRD peak at 31.7° confirmed the existence of crystalline hydroxyl carbonate apatite (HCA) in the glasses. Glass made with 10 mol% of boron (BMSG-PPS10) showed the strongest crystalline peak of HCA amongst all the studied samples. FESEM image of the Scaffold surface also revealed the presence of HCA agglomeration after 168 h of immersion in the SBF. The boron-free sample (BMSG-PPS0) showed strong agglomeration of HCA and Ca to P ratio (1.78±0.01) close to bone. After 168 h of immersion in the SBF solution, the symmetric stretching of PO43–and CO32–bands in the glass became more prominent. After 168 h of immersion in the SBF, the samples’ weight loss and solution pH correspondingly varied in the range of 5.66–7.37 % and 6.80–7.02. In addition, ICP–OES analyses of the glasses verified an increase of Si release in the SBF from the silicate network, indicating their rapid biodegradation. Briefly, the proposed BMSG–PPS with improved Bioactivity and Biocompatibility may be beneficial for various bio-medical implant coating applications.

Enhanced Blast Response Simulation of LG Panels Using an Elasto-Damage Model with the Finite Element Method

Laminated glass (LG) windows significantly enhance building safety due to their ability to retain shattered glass within the interlayer, but their susceptibility to failure under blast loading remains a concern. Compared with simplified models, detailed constitutive modeling is essential to evaluate these complex scenarios, as experimental investigation faces limitations in spatial and temporal resolutions. This study presents a robust model-based simulation approach for predicting the brittle failure response of glass in blast-resistant LG windows. An elasto-damage relation for glass (EDG) was integrated with the finite element model (FEM) to predict the blast response. Validation against shock tube testing results was performed to ensure the reliability of the FEM. Material parameters for the polymeric interlayer were obtained through dynamic experiments, enabling a reasonable representation of its constitutive behavior using the Johnson–Cook (JC) model. Additionally, a numerical parametric study was conducted to investigate how different glass types influence blast resistance performance. Tempered glass stood out for its blast resistance compared with annealed and heat-strengthened glass, displaying superior strength against blast loads. The Rankine-based elasto-damage description provides a more precise representation of the failure response than commonly used approaches. These findings contribute to advancing model-based simulation approaches for designing better blast-resistant LG windows, ensuring safer buildings.

Environments of Glass Patination in Western Australia

Patina on ancient glass holds potential to interpreting formative environments climatically, pedogenically, hydrologically, hydro chemically, and biologically and, in more recent times, has the potential to interpreting sub-recent formative environments. In addition to experimental information, if patina is to be used as reliable indicators of past environmental conditions, there also needs to be a systematic examination of its development under a variety of fieldoriented conditions using varying glass types, i.e., various climate and soil types. We believe that it is useful to document the weathering effects on glass under a variety of field conditions, and this paper focuses on the range of patination in different environmental settings.

Oxide Glasses for Removal of Ammonia and Nitrogen Derivatives from Industrial Wastewater

Adsorption is a rapid and known method to treat wastewater and remove contaminants such as ammonia (NH3+) and nitrogen derivatives. Herein, novel adsorption materials are demonstrated to eliminate the most hazard industrial and municipal contaminants including ammonia and nitrogen derivatives. Oxide glasses as new adsorbing media are beneficial for wastewater treatment due to dangling bond defects and non-bridging oxygen, which act as adsorption centers. Oxide glasses are characterized by their low cost and simple preparation method. Different types of oxide glasses including borate, phosphate, silicate, and germinate glasses are used as adsorbents to estimate the glass type of the optimal removal efficiency. It is found that the higher removal efficiency is exhibited for both borate and silicate glasses. Therefore, by preparing hybrid borate-silicate (borosilicate) glass, the best efficiency is achieved. The influences of boundary conditions including contact time, adsorption temperature, and adsorbent dosage on the efficiency of adsorption process are demonstrated. The optimal removal efficiency is achieved when using borosilicate glass sample (as adsorbent) with contact time of 90 min, adsorption temperature of 70 °C, and adsorbent dosage of 1.5 mg/100 ml. Finally, by comparing our results with the previous adsorption treatment works, it is found that adsorption capacity of ammonia reached to 9.12 mg/g, which is a valid and acceptable value.

Design of full vehicle PBNR based on side windows with embedded acoustic black holes

Acoustic black holes (ABH) have been proven to be a lightweight structure with wide application prospects in wave tuning, energy recovery, and vibration and noise reduction. The side window glass is one of the important noise propagating paths into vehicle interior. In this paper, a new side window glass based on ABHs is designed and the influence of the new side window glass on the full vehicle PBNR is analyzed. A full vehicle SEA model is established and verified using the PBNR test. The transmission paths contributing the most noise energy to the driver's head cavity under excitations at different positions are analyzed. The results show that the side window glass is the main weak component needed to be optimized in the analysis frequency band. The influence of the new type of side window glass on the whole vehicle PBNR is studied based on the full vehicle SEA model. It is observed that by comparing with the traditional glass, the new glass can significantly improve the PBNR at the coincidence frequency of glass under different paths and meanwhile reduce the weight of the glass. It can provide a new technology for improving vehicle interior noise control.

Lethal threat in the use of glass doors at home: A case report

BackgroundVarious instruments, including glass fragments, can inflict sharp-force damage, resulting in injuries ranging from superficial wounds to life-threatening trauma. This case report explores the lethal consequences of a 78-year-old man accidentally sustaining a stabbed-incised wound after falling against an ordinary glass door, leading to fatal bleeding from the subclavian artery. Case Report:The man's fall caused a sharp-edged glass fragment to penetrate his neck, resulting in a fatal outcome despite resuscitation attempts. Autopsy Findings:The autopsy revealed a transected subclavian artery, additional injuries to the thorax. Notably, the type of glass used in construction played a crucial role in the severity of injuries, emphasizing the need for safety standards and awareness in architectural design. DiscussionThe discussion delves into the historical use of annealed glass in construction and the evolution of safety standards for architectural glazing materials. A comparison between annealed and tempered glass underscores the importance of the latter in preventing severe injuries. The prevalence of annealed glass in older constructions raises concerns, given its propensity to cause larger and more dangerous shards upon breakage. The report highlights cases of glass-related fatalities, emphasizing the unexpected dangers associated with glass-topped furniture. ConclusionsRecommendations include the adoption of safety glass in new constructions, particularly in residences with elderly occupants, and the installation of night lights to mitigate the risk of injuries from glass and other furniture. The report contributes to enhancing understanding in forensic pathology, emphasizing the evolving role of glass in fatal incidents.

Research on Glass Classification and Identification Based on Cluster Analysis and Multiple Regression Models

Ancient glass undergoes a large exchange of internal elements with environmental elements in burial, and its composition changes, thus affecting the correct judgement of its category. In order to classify and identify the types of ancient glass, this paper sets different types of glass as the dependent variable, and the grain, weathering or not, and their chemical composition characteristics as the independent variables, so as to form an interpretable classification law. In order to carry out the sub-classification under the same type of glass, then a chemical element content is selected and then the colour of the glass grain is observed under that content. In order to identify the type of glass, this paper builds a multiple regression model on the data of chemical composition and glass type, from which the type of glass is identified. The models established in this paper have passed the stability test.

Machine learning molecular dynamics reveals the structural origin of the first sharp diffraction peak in high-density silica glasses

The first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) in the total structure factor has long been regarded as a characteristic feature of medium-range order (MRO) in amorphous materials with a polyhedron network, and its underlying structural origin is a subject of ongoing debate. In this study, we utilized machine learning molecular dynamics (MLMD) simulations to explore the origin of FSDP in two typical high-density silica glasses: silica glass under pressure and permanently densified glass. Our MLMD simulations accurately reproduce the structural properties of high-density silica glasses observed in experiments, including changes in the FSDP intensity depending on the compression temperature. By analyzing the simulated silica glass structures, we uncover the structural origin responsible for the changes in the MRO at high density in terms of the periodicity between the ring centers and the shape of the rings. The reduction or enhancement of MRO in the high-density silica glasses can be attributed to how the rings deform under compression.

Daylighting Simulation for Sustainable Certified Building - Tokyo Global Square, Minato City, Japan

According to the World Green Building Council, Sustainable Building or Green building refers to a building that, in its design, construction, or operation, minimises or eliminates negative impacts on the climate and natural environment while also creating positive impacts and improving our quality of life. It aims to conserve natural resources. This study focuses on assessing the effectiveness of daylighting in enhancing the overall efficiency of an office building. The selected office building, Tokyo Toranomon Global Square, located in Minato City, Tokyo, Japan, is certified by LEED and has received sustainable ratings. LightStanza has been utilised as a daylighting simulation tool for this study. The findings reveal that several factors influence the efficiency of the space, including building orientation, window type, glass type, facade materials, and room depth. Through computer simulations, it has been determined that the average illuminance level of daylight entering the building meets the ideal illuminance values specified by specific organisations that provide criteria for optimal lighting in office working spaces, namely as the Japanese Industrial Standard, (JIS Z 9110, 2010 – General rules of recommended Lighting Levels).

Direct fabrication of glass microfluidic channel using CO2 laser

The design and development of small and compact devices with numerous new functions and vast benefits to the society is steadily receiving global attention. These sophisticated small devices require the production of accurate and intricate micro and nano-scale patterns with different three-dimensional (3D) shapes, sizes, and aspect ratios. Microfluidic device or so-called lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is one example of a highly sensitive and compact integrated device capable of detecting multiple analytes, usually used as a diagnostic device. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility study for direct fabrication of microfluidic channel on transparent optical glass substrate via CO2 direct laser structuring. A custom-built direct laser structuring setup mainly consist of a commercial continuous type of CO2 laser source and glass preheating apparatus is utilized. First, the relationship between the process parameters, mainly the laser scanning speed, number of lasers passes and initial glass preheating temperature to the formation of microchannel of different width, height and shape were established. Then, the form accuracy and the morphology of the microchannels were characterized using laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) and surface profiler. Overall, the result reveals that the combination of higher laser power, lower scanning speed and higher number of laser passes promotes the increase of both the width and height of the microchannel. Preheating was found to be necessary for the glass used in this study in avoiding either micro-cracks or bulk glass cracking. Based on the relationship between laser scanning speed and the number of laser passes, a prototype of a microfluidic channel with average width and height of about 235 ± 10 µm and 6 ± 0.3 µm, respectively was successfully fabricated. This study opens an opportunity for further improvement and research for fabrication of crack-free and smooth microfluidic channels using low-cost CO2 laser structuring setup.

Influence of pulse-tail energy of short-pulse CO2 laser in drilling of various glasses

In a short-pulse CO2 laser based on discharge excitation, there is a pulse tail that depends on the device configuration and operating conditions. The pulse tail is longer than the spike pulse and causes thermal effects such as a crack, heat-affected zones (HAZ), and so on. There are various types of glass having different physical constants related to heat, such as the thermal expansion coefficient and the softening point. Even if the same CO2 laser pulse is radiated onto glass, the processing results may differ depending on the glass material. Four types of glass, namely, crown glass, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, and synthetic quartz glass were irradiated with two types of short CO2 laser pulses, one with a large pulse tail and one with a small pulse tail, at a repetition rate of 200 Hz and a fluence per pulse of 22 J/cm2. As the processing characteristics, the ratios of the surface hole diameter and the HAZ diameter to the irradiation diameter, as well as the drilling depth, were investigated. The pulse-tail energy of the short CO2 laser pulses did not affect the surface hole diameter. In the glasses with small softening points of 740 °C or less, the pulse-tail energy of short CO2 laser pulses affected the HAZ with a large number of pulse irradiations with a total irradiation fluence of 2000 J/cm2 or more. The short CO2 laser pulses with a small tail produced a smaller HAZ than the short CO2 laser pulses with a large tail. In drilling with a large number of pulse irradiations, the short CO2 laser pulses with a small tail produced deeper drilling than the short CO2 laser pulses with a large tail. The glass material did not affect the surface hole diameter and the drilling depth. The glass material affected the HAZ.

Assessments of Order-Picking Tasks Using a Paper List and Augmented Reality Glasses with Different Order Information Displays

This study investigated the effects of wearing AR devices on users’ performance and comfort ratings while performing order-picking (OP) tasks. In addition to a picking-by-paper list, two AR devices combined with three order information display designs were examined. Thirty adult participants joined. They searched for and found the boxes in the order list, picked them up, and returned to the origin. The time to complete the task and the number of incorrect boxes picked up were analyzed to assess the performance of the tasks. The subjective ratings of the participants on the comfort rating scale (CRS) and the simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) were collected to assess the designs of both the AR devices and the order information displays. It was found that the participants could complete the OP tasks faster when adopting the order map (4.97 ± 1.57 min) or the 3D graph display (4.87 ± 1.50 min) using either one of the AR devices than when using a paper list (6.03 ± 1.28 min). However, they needed more time to complete the OP tasks when wearing both types of AR glasses when the Quick Response (QR) code option was adopted (10.16 ± 4.30 min) than when using a paper list. The QR code scanning and display design using either one of the AR devices guaranteed 100% accuracy but sacrificed efficiency in task completion. The AR device with a binocular display and hand gesture recognition functions had a significantly lower CRS score in the dimensions of attachment and movement (5.6 and 6.3, respectively) than the corresponding dimensions (8.0 and 8.3, respectively) of the other device with a monocular and hand touch input design. There were complaints of eye strain after using both AR devices examined in this study. This implies that these AR devices may not be suitable to wear for extended periods of time. Users should take off the AR device whenever they do not need to view the virtual image to avoid eye strain and other discomfort symptoms.

A Review of the Laser Cladding of Metal-Based Alloys, Ceramic-Reinforced Composites, Amorphous Alloys, and High-Entropy Alloys on Aluminum Alloys

As one of the lightest structural metals, the application breadth of aluminum alloys is, to some extent, constrained by their relatively low wear resistance and hardness. However, laser cladding technology, with its low dilution rate, compact structure, excellent coating-to-substrate bonding, and environmental advantages, can significantly enhance the surface hardness and wear resistance of aluminum alloys, thus proving to be an effective surface modification strategy. This review focuses on the topic of surface laser cladding materials for aluminum alloys, detailing the application background, process, microstructure, hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of six types of coatings, namely Al-based, Ni-based, Fe-based, ceramic-based, amorphous glass, and high-entropy alloys. Each coating type’s characteristics are summarized, providing theoretical references for designing and selecting laser cladding coatings for aluminum alloy surfaces. Furthermore, a prediction and outlook for the future development of laser cladding on the surface of aluminum alloys is also presented.

Composition and affinities of glass from the Ma'agan Mikhael B shipwreck, Israel

AbstractMaterial recovered from the Ma'agan Mikhael B shipwreck, off the coast of northern Israel, includes a significant assemblage of glass, which appears to represent waste workshop material (cullet) collected for recycling. Twenty‐three samples were selected for analysis for major and minor elements using SEM‐EDS, to provide insight into the activities and dating of the ship. The glass corresponds to known primary glass types, comprising a high‐ and a low‐lime subgroup of Levantine 1 (Apollonia type), and Egypt 1b. The assemblage is likely to date to the early part of the eighth century CE and, in conjunction with the radiocarbon dating of the ship, gives a possible date range for the wreck of 710–740 C.E. All groups contain glass‐working waste, glass chunks, and vessel fragments, and the majority are likely to have been collected from one or more workshops. It is unclear whether this cargo represents the byproducts of several campaigns of a single workshop which used different consignments of raw glass, or material from different workshops, collected at different ports of call.

Study on the influence of weathering process on the chemical composition of ancient glass based on CLR

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of weathering processes on the chemical composition of high-potassium and lead-barium glass. First, correlation and difference analyses were performed on the surface weathering of glass artifacts in relation to their glass type, ornaments, and color, all of which showed that glass type had a significant effect on surface weathering, and that lead-barium glass was more susceptible to weathering than high-potassium glass. Then, the complex and difficult compositional data of glass artifacts were transformed into simple and easy to handle CLR data by central logarithmic ratio transformation (CLR), and independent sample t-tests or Satterthwaite approximate t-tests were performed for each chemical composition content of high-potassium glass and lead-barium glass before and after weathering, respectively, to identify the influence of weathering process on the chemical composition content of the two glasses. Finally, the chemical composition content of the weathered glass artifacts before weathering was predicted from their chemical composition content after weathering by distribution matching method and transformed back to the compositional data by CLR inversion.