Glass Substrates Research Articles

Additively manufactured microwave sensor for glucose level detection in saliva.

In this paper, a novel realization of an ink-on-glass microwave sensor for biomedical applications is proposed. The Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP) technology is leveraged to implement a compact single-layer coplanar waveguide sensor featuring arc-shaped interdigital fingers that can accommodate a droplet of the Material-Under-Test (MUT). Such geometry provides a high sensitivity to even a very small deviation of MUT`s electrical properties when placed as a superstrate. An application towards the detection of trace amounts of glucose in saliva, which is a biomarker for diabetes, is showcased. The design and fabrication process of an exemplary sensor is discussed in detail. A circular geometry feature is introduced that helps a droplet to lie over the sensitive region due to wettability difference of glass substrate and silver ink. Sensor operating in K-band is developed providing a tradeoff between circuit size and droplet volume. The study is conducted for an artificial saliva requiring roughly a 0.5 µL droplet where changes in mixture content are proportional to relative changes of sensor`s transmission coefficient in a broad frequency range for occupied vs. empty states. The obtained results show that 10mg of glucose per 100ml of saliva can be easily distinguished in a frequency range of 20-30GHz, whereas a monotonical change is visible for frequencies 20-26GHz, which indicates the applicability of this sensor towards the detection of saliva-glucose levels and potential application in the detection of small amounts of other substances in liquids.

Fabrication of superhydrophobic transparent coatings prepared by spraying dual-sized silica particles

Abstract Photovoltaic modules exposed to severe wind and sand conditions over extended periods often accumulate dust, significantly impacting their power generation efficiency. Superhydrophobic self-cleaning coatings present a promising solution to mitigate this issue. In this study, a SiO2/PU coating was applied to glass substrates using a combined sol-gel spraying technique. The sol system comprised a mixture of SiO2 particles with diameters of 20 nm and 200 nm, enabling the construction of a micro-nano structure that enhances surface hydrophobicity. The SiO2/PU coatings prepared with mixed particle sizes demonstrated significant improvements in contact angle, rolling angle, self-cleaning, and antifouling properties compared to those made with a single particle size, achieving a water contact angle of 164.52°. Furthermore, the prepared SiO2/PU coatings possess excellent stability and transmittance. It is anticipated that this superhydrophobic SiO2/PU coating will be a candidate for anti- dust applications in photovoltaic modules.

Synthesis of lignin-based elastomers via ARGET ATRP: Exceptional mechanical strength, adhesion, and self-repair properties.

In this study, ARGET ATRP method was employed to graft two functional monomers from lignin, resulting in the synthesis of a series of Lignin-graft-poly(lauryl methacrylate-co-cyclohexyl methacrylate) (Lignin-g-P(LMA-co-CMA)) copolymers with varying feed ratios and lignin content. The results demonstrate that by varying the feed ratios of the two monomers, the glass transition temperature of lignin-based elastomers can be finely tuned. Importantly, the introduction of lignin and CMA imparts outstanding mechanical properties to the lignin-based elastomers, with a maximum tensile strength reaching 20.13 MPa. The elastic recovery rate of the lignin-based elastomers was exceptional, with the elastic recovery coefficient (ER) of Lignin0.52-PLMA500 exceeding 90 %. Adhesion tests on various substrates revealed the remarkable adhesion properties of these copolymers. In particular, Lignin0.52-PLMA500 exhibited strong adhesion on both iron plate and glass substrate, with adhesion strengths of 2.23 MPa and 2.33 MPa, respectively. Notably, Lignin0.52-PLMA500 demonstrated significant self-healing ability after damage. Furthermore, the lignin-based elastomer exhibited exceptional ultraviolet absorption performance. In conclusion, the incorporation of lignin opens up a novel pathway for the development of high-strength and tough lignin-based elastomers. However，more effort still needs to be paid for increasing the adhesive properties aiming to explore more potential application field.

Fabrication of amorphous lamellar freestanding poly(N‐dodecyl acrylamide) films and their mechanical properties

AbstractAn amorphous lamellar freestanding film composed of poly(N‐dodecyl acrylamide) (pDDA) was prepared by annealing a micrometer‐thick film under humid conditions (humid‐annealing). pDDA was blade‐coated onto a glass substrate, and its lamellar formation was studied by XRD and polarized optical microscopy (POM). The XRD pattern indicates that pDDA formed a highly oriented lamellar structure by humid‐annealing at 80 °C for 6 h. Moreover, the POM image of the cross‐section of the film indicates that lamellar formation started at the polymer–substrate interface, and the amorphous lamella covered the entire film area without randomly oriented regions. In contrast, the open Nicol microscopic image exhibited large cracks in the highly oriented film owing to shrinkage of the film. A crack‐free film was prepared using water‐saturated chloroform as the solvent for blade coating. Water is thought to adsorb to an amide moiety to induce a ‘pre‐lamellar’ structure in the solution. The formation of pre‐lamellae and the decrease in the humid‐annealing temperature reduced the shrinkage of the film by lamellar formation to form a crack‐free film. The mechanical properties of the crack‐free, freestanding pDDA films were studied using a simple tensile test. The film became increasingly stronger with the formation of an amorphous lamellar structure. These results indicate that the mechanical properties of polymer films can be improved without crystallization. © 2024 The Author(s). Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Magnetoresistance Behavior of Silver‐Doped Zinc Oxide Films

Silver (0.24 at%) doped zinc oxide (AgZnO) films are deposited on glass substrates using electron beam evaporation. The resistance is measured in the temperature range of 4–380 K under magnetic fields (H ) of 0.1 and 0.25 T. In the low‐temperature range, the resistance of the annealed AgZnO film exhibits peaks at 101, 130, and 160 K when H = 0 T. The peaks at 130 and 160 K disappear at H = 0.1 T, while the peak at 101 K exhibits positive magnetoresistance (MR) below 122 K and transitions to negative MR above 122 K at 0.25 T. At high temperatures, the resistance of the annealed AgZnO film follows the Arrhenius equation, with the activation energy increasing from 0.59 to 0.73 and 0.74 eV under H = 0.1 and 0.25 T, respectively, in the temperature ranges of 230–380 K and 230–320 K. In the low‐temperature range, the resistance is governed by Mott variable‐range hopping (VRH) model. A crossover from Mott to Efros–Shklovskii VRH mechanism is observed at different temperature ranges: 165–170 K, 145–165 K, and 135–165 K for H = 0, 0.1 and 0.25 T, respectively. Moreover, the Coulomb gap decreases, and the TM/TES ratio increases with the magnetic field, indicating changes in the electronic structure of the AgZnO film.

Optimizing Na2EDTA Concentration for Enhanced Properties of SILAR - Deposited CTS Thin Films

Abstract This study investigates the impact of varying Na2EDTA concentrations on the properties of copper tin sulfide (CTS) thin films deposited on soda lime glass substrates using the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. The aim is to optimize CTS thin film growth for photovoltaic technology applications. CTS thin films were prepared using SILAR with Na2EDTA concentrations of 0.01M, 0.04M, and 0.07M, resulting in samples CTS01, CTS04, and CTS07. Characterization techniques included XRD, SEM, EDAX, FTIR, I-V curves, transmittance spectra, and Tauc plots. The results reveal significant variations in film properties with changing Na2EDTA concentration. XRD patterns indicate polycrystalline films with an orthorhombic CTS phase. SEM images show smooth, dense films with localized clusters. FTIR spectra detect hydrocarbon chains, aromatic rings, and hydroxyl or ether groups. The I-V curves of three samples (CTS01, CTS04, and CTS07) show a voltage-dependent transition from semiconducting to ohmic behavior. The CTS01 exhibits superior conductivity (3.13x10-5/Ωm), while the samples' resistance and conductivity values show an inverse relationship. Transmittance curves display low UV transmittance and high visible transmittance,suggests that the samples are highly absorptive in the UV range and become more transparent in the visible range, indicating potential applications in optical filtering and photovoltaic devices. Tauc plots estimate band gap energies of 3.66, 3.89, and 3.23 eV, indicating high band gap energies suitable for buffer layers in solar cells. The correlation between band gap energy and crystallite size as a function of Na2EDTA concentration is also observed. The study demonstrates the importance of optimizing Na2EDTA concentration for achieving high-quality CTS thin films with desirable properties for photovoltaic applications. The findings highlight the potential of CTS thin films for solar cells, optical filtering, and photonic devices.

Preparation and properties of Cu2MgSnS4 thin films and fabrication of heterojunction devices

Abstract Copper based chalcogenides have garnered growing importance in the area of thin film photovoltaics. Cu2MgSnS4 (CMTS) is one of the newest materials in this family of materials. It is a p-type material which find multiple applications in the field of photovoltaics. Cu2MgSnS4 thin films were deposited onto soda lime glass substrates using automated vacuum spray pyrolysis technique at a substrate temperature of 300 °C and annealed at different temperatures from 300 °C to 375 °C in steps of 25°C. The structural, elemental, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of the material were studied. X-Ray Diffraction studies showed that annealing eliminates impurity phases and improves crystallinity. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy studies showed improved grain size and uniform deposition of the films. The energy bandgap of the as-prepared film is 2.02 eV and that of annealed films are around 2.5 eV. Hall measurements show that the material exhibit p-type conductivity with high value of conductivity, mobility and bulk concentration. Heterojunction devices were fabricated with chemical bath deposited CdS as a buffer layer and spray deposited Aluminium doped Zinc Oxide (Al:ZnO) as n-layer. Silver contacts were placed as electrodes over the top layer. The fabricated device architecture is <FTO/AZO/CdS/CMTS/Ag>. The junction parameters including rectification ratio, knee voltage, series resistance and Ideality factor of all the devices are calculated. The device annealed at 375 °C showed an ideality factor of 2.23, which is the best among all the fabricated devices.

Viscosity regulates cell spreading and cell-extracellular matrix interactions.

Fluid viscosity and osmolarity are among some of the underappreciated mechanical stimuli that cells can detect. Abnormal changes of multiple fluidic factors such as viscosity and osmolarity have been linked with diseases such as cystic fibrosis, cancer, and coronary heart disease. Changes in viscosity have been recently suggested as a regulator of cell locomotion. These novel studies focus on cell migration and spreading on glass substrates and through microchannels, and it remains a question whether viscosity impacts the cellular remodeling of extracellular matrices (ECMs). Here, we demonstrate that elevated viscosity induces cellular remodeling of collagen substrates and enhances cell spreading on ECM-mimetic substrates. Our results expand on recent work showing that viscosity induces increased cellular forces and demonstrates that viscosity can drive local ECM densification. Our data further show that microtubules, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex, Rho-associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK), and myosin are important regulators of viscosity-induced ECM remodeling. In the context of viscosity-induced cell spreading, cells cultured on glass and collagen substrates exhibit markedly different responses to pharmacological treatments, indicating that microtubules, Rac1, and Arp2/3 play distinct roles in regulating cellular spreading depending on the substrate. In addition, our results demonstrate that high osmotic pressures override viscosity-induced cell spreading by suppressing membrane ruffling. Our results demonstrate viscosity as a regulator of ECM remodeling and cell spreading in a fibrillar microenvironment. We also reveal a complex interplay between viscosity and osmolarity. We anticipate that our research can pave the way for future investigations into the crucial roles played by viscosity in both physiological and pathological conditions.

Emergent metal-insulator transition in Fe-doped LaNiO3 thin films on glass substrate

Emergent metal-insulator transition in Fe-doped LaNiO3 thin films on glass substrate

Impact of metal deposition on the optical and interface properties of NiO: growth and characterization of NiO/metal thin bilayer films

Abstract Since transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) provide electrical conductivity together with optical transparency, they have found wide applications in optoelectronic devices and photovoltaics. Among the TCOs, nickel oxide (NiO) is challenging due to its inherent trade-off between transparency and electrical conductivity. To address this challenge, one effective approach is to deposit a metal layer onto NiO thin films. In this work, NiO, NiO/Au, NiO/Ag, and NiO/Cu thin films are prepared by sputtering and thermal evaporation techniques on glass substrates and fully characterized finding the proper film for optoelectronic applications. The electrical and optical properties of the fabricated films are examined by four-point probe measurements and optical spectrometry. According to the obtained results, the NiO/Au, NiO/Ag, and NiO/Cu bilayers show sheet resistance of 200, 338, and 925 Ω sq−1 respectively while their optical bandgaps vary from 3.2 to 3.76 eV. These findings provide valuable insights into the performance of these films, making them potentially viable choices for various optoelectronic applications.

Leaftronics: Natural lignocellulose scaffolds for sustainable electronics.

The global rise in electronic waste is alarming, driven by the persistent use of glass, epoxy, and plastic substrates owing to their cost, stability, flexibility, and transparency. This underscores the need for biodegradable alternatives with similar properties. This study shows that leaf-derived lignocellulose scaffolds can stabilize bio-sourced, solution-processed polymers by acting as natural sequestering media. Such reinforced films, even when based on gelatin (Tg ~ 60°C), can endure processes over 200°C. We demonstrate dip-coated ethyl cellulose films for commercially viable reflow soldered circuitry. The films offer high flexibility, more than 80% transparency, and surface roughness below 5.5 nm. Advanced OPDs and OECTs fabricated on these films perform comparably to those on glass and the low material cost and simple fabrication process yields a minimal carbon footprint of 1.6 kgCO2/m2. This work thus opens a vista of possibilities for biodegradable polymers heretofore considered unsuitable for making temperature-stable substrates for state-of-the-art electronics applications.

Nanostructure of TiO\(_{2}\) and WO\(_{3}\) multilayer films deposited on ITO glass for electrochromic enhanced photocatalytic activity

The photocatalytic activity (PA) by electrochromic (EC) enhancement of single and multilayer films of TiO2, WO3, TiO2/WO3, and WO3/TiO2 was investigated. All films were deposited from metal on an ITO glass substrate using direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering via an oblique angle deposition (OAD) technique at 85°. Subsequently, a thermal oxidation (TO) process at 500℃ was applied for the samples to form metal oxide films. The morphology, elemental composition, crystal structure, and optical properties were studied by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and UV-vis spectroscopy, respectively. The photocatalytic properties were investigated by showing the degradation rate of methylene blue (MB) solution as an organic pollutant that was examined under ultraviolet irradiation of 300 µW∙cm‒2. The film samples were investigated by comparing the pre-color and colored states that were achieved through the EC process. The EC properties of WO3 led to increased charge insertion on the film surface. This observation was further supported by cyclic voltammetry (CV) testing, which revealed a higher current density for the thin film samples. The photodegradation results showed that the samples in the colored state exhibited a significantly higher degradation rate of MB compared to the pre-color state.

ZnS Thin Films Prepared Using Spray Pyrolysis Technique

It is well known that spray pyrolysis of an aqueous solution of thiourea and zinc acetate onto a glass substrate at spray rates of (3 mlmin-1) may successfully synthesize thin coatings of zinc sulfide. The impact of several substrate temperatures (150, 200, 300, and 400 oC) on the structural and optical characteristics was also discussed in this research. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV-Vis-NIR spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the films. On each one of the deposited ZnS sheets, a cubic structure was seen. On the other hand, the temperature of the substrate appeared to affect the crystallinity and morphology. It was discovered that as the substrate temperature was lowered, the bandgap value of ZnS films somewhat rose. Furthermore, it is most likely that the Zn(S,O) production inside the solid solution is responsible for the fluctuations seen in the 3.5-3.8 eV region.

SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS ON SELF-CLEANING FILMS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC GLASSES

Titanium dioxide thin coatings are widely used in different fields for the manufacture of various products:electrochromic displays, photocatalytic systems, photosensitized solar cells and many others. At the same time, the possibilities for obtaining protective coatings based on TiO2 are of interest. The chemical and physical characteristics of the TiO2 coatings depend on a large extent of the applied technological method and the temperature values of the heat treatment used. Coatings are prepared by sol gel method applying dip coating technique. The present study characterizes self-cleaning TiO2 thin films for the photovoltaic application. The studies were carried out at different ratios of the components involved, rate of application of the solution on the glass substrate and different curing and holding temperatures. The coatings are dense and nanocrystal line according to AFM studies and optically transparent according to UV-Vis-NIR spectra.

Synthesis and characterization of p-CuO/n-ZnO heterostructured composite thin films for the detection of formaldehyde gas.

We report the synthesis and characterization of pure CuO and CuO-ZnO nanostructured composite thin films sprayed on particle-free glass substrates using chemical spray pyrolysis method. The films were systematically analyzed through microstructural, morphological, chemical, and gas-sensing studies. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed the polycrystalline nature of the films, with a predominant monoclinic phase along the (002) direction. Key structural parameters, such as crystallite size, dislocation density, strain, and the number of crystallites per unit area, were reported from XRD analysis. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed a bundled-like morphology with uniform particle distribution, enhancing the surface area for effective gas interaction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated that Cu and Zn ions existed predominantly in the 2+ oxidation state, contributing to the films' reactivity. Significantly, the gas sensing studies were investigated with static liquid distribution method, highlighting the remarkable performance of the 30 wt.% CuO-ZnO composite thin film. This composite exhibited a substantial response to 5 ppm formaldehyde at ambient conditions, showing a recovery time of 22 seconds and a response time of 15 seconds. These findings underscore the potential of CuO-ZnO composites for efficient formaldehyde gas sensing applications, marking a notable advancement in the field of environmental monitoring.

Tilted columnar metal film as transducer of transverse coherent acoustic phonons in picosecond acoustics

Picosecond acoustics has been widely used to study thin film elasticity, hypersound attenuation, and adhesion of thin films to substrates. A major limitation of the technique is its restriction to only longitudinal waves. Although work has been reported on the ultrafast generation and detection of transverse waves, a general method compatible with thin films deposited on silicon is still missing. In this work, we show that by depositing a tilted columnar metal film and using an optical detection sensitive to light polarization, it is possible to excite and detect optically both types of bulk acoustic waves in thin films. The protocol is first established on metalized glass substrates, then applied to a range of transparent films deposited on silicon (silica, AlN, AlScN, and SiC). In each case, Brillouin oscillations are detected at two frequencies, one being the longitudinal mode, the other the transverse. The film thickness and two sound velocities are measured in each thin film. Transverse coherent phonons as high as 116 GHz are observed in the SiC thin film.

Investigation of NiAl Intermetallic Compound Formation in Layered Ni–Al‐Thin Film Systems by Grazing Incidence X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

NiAl bi‐ and trilayers are prepared by alternating evaporation of aluminum and nickel on float glass substrates under high vacuum, with individual layer thicknesses between 20 and 100 nm. The samples are subjected to an annealing procedure to temperatures of up to 300 °C in vacuum, and the structural changes induced by the heat treatments are followed by in situ grazing incidence X‐ray absorption spectroscopy experiments at the Ni K‐edge. The results show that the elemental metallic deposits are stable up to 180 °C, while a slow formation of the intermetallic NiAl compound occurs at temperatures above 200 °C. No additional reaction intermediates are detected. Linear combination fits employing spectra of face‐centered metallic Ni and body‐centered NiAl as references allow to quantify the contributions of the respective phases as a function of the temperature and the depth in the multilayer. In general, an increase of the phase fraction of the intermetallic NiAl phase is detected. While the deposited elemental metals cannot completely be transformed into this intermetallic compound for the Al–Ni bilayer system even after prolonged annealing at 240 °C, the analysis of the spectra of the Al–Ni–Al trilayer suggests almost complete conversion to NiAl with body‐centered‐cubic structure.

Improving the crystallinity of quaternary sputtered CIGS absorber layer properties via optimized deposition and annealing temperature

This study presents a method to improve Cu(In1−xGax)Se2 (CIGS) absorber layer performance through an annealing technique that enhances the quality of as-deposited CIGS films. CIGS films were deposited on soda-lime glass substrates using RF magnetron sputtering at 300 °C, 400 °C, and 500 °C, followed by annealing at 500 °C for 30 min. By annealing, the crystal structure of the CIGS films is aligned, and surface strain is minimized. It can significantly boost the films’ crystallinity, crystallite sizes, carrier concentration, mobility, and energy gap. The highest temperatures enhanced crystallinity due to larger crystallite size, resulting in lower resistivity. The properties improvements are crucial for optimizing CIGS absorber layer performance. Complete CIGS solar cell at 300 °C yield Voc = 253 mV, Jsc = 1.78 mA/cm2, and efficiency = 0.15 %.

Semiconductor WO3 thin films deposited by pulsed reactive magnetron sputtering

A pulsed reactive magnetron sputtering system with a tungsten target and a gas mixture of argon and oxygen was investigated as a source for the deposition of semiconductor WO3 thin films on soda lime glass substrates and on the glass with transparent conductive SnO2:F (FTO) electrode. The reactive sputtering process was performed in HiPIMS mode with low pulse repetition frequency fp ≈ 50–100 Hz and short pulse duration in HiPIMS discharge Ton = 100 μs. The second mode investigated was the mid-frequency (MF) magnetron discharge with pulse frequency fp = 40 kHz and pulse length Ton = 15 μs. The plasma parameters were investigated for both HiPIMS and MF modes using the planar RF probe operating at the frequency fprobe = 350 kHz and the grid QCM with biased collector electrode. Ion density ni and tail electron temperature (Te) were determined in both pulsed reactive magnetron sputtering discharge modes with time resolution. The maximum value ni ≈ 5 · 1017 m−3 was found in the reactive HiPIMS mode, and the maximum value ni ≈ 7 · 1016 m−3 was found in the reactive MF (40 kHz) mode. The degree of ionization of sputtered particles in reactive HiPIMS was determined for different values of (QO2) and was found to be in the range of ri ≈ 0.1–0.3. The deposition rate determined by QCM in reactive HiPIMS was practically independent on (QO2), but in the case of reactive MF, the measured deposition rate decreased significantly with increasing (QO2). The WO3 films deposited in both modes have a predominantly monoclinic crystal structure. The light and dark conductivity and the light/dark conductivity ratio (Ld) were measured under dark conditions and UV light illumination. At higher (QO2), the maximum value of Ld ≈ 300 was found for MF deposited WO3 and the maximum value of Ld ≈ 30 was found for HiPIMS deposited WO3. The photoelectrochemical measurement of WO3 deposited on FTO electrodes confirmed the n-type conductivity, and these films functioned as photoanodes in photoelectrochemical cells. MF deposited WO3 films systematically exhibited slightly higher photocurrents than HiPIMS deposited WO3. It was shown that these optimum photocurrents for HiPIMS and MF were found at QO2 ≈ 80 sccm and could not be improved by further increasing of (QO2).

Physical, optical properties and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles: Nanoclusters to nanoparticles formation on glass substrate by in-situ annealing

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) formed on in-situ annealed microscopic glass substrates from silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) generated by DC magnetron sputtering with inert gas condensation (IGC) technique. The substrate’s annealing temperature was below and above the glass transition temperature of 500 ºC and 600 ºC. The influence of annealing temperature on the surface morphology was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) were employed to investigate the surface composition, chemical states, and electronic states of the AgNPs on the glass substrates. On the in-situ annealed glass substrate at 500 ºC, the produced AgNPs revealed accumulation and aggregation. For in-situ annealed at 600 ºC, a homogeneous distribution of AgNPs on the glass substrate was witnessed. The refractive index test revealed that AgNPs deposition at 600 ºC achieved higher sensitivity with 27nm/RIU (Refractive index unit). The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was also investigated using Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. In contrast, better antibacterial activity was obtained with in-situ annealing at 500 ºC, where 4-fold reductions compared with the control sample. Pre-determined properties can be precisely executed to achieve the desired performance as the so-called application-oriented engineered surface in the UHV system is established. This research highlighted the differences between two different annealing temperatures' effect on the base substrate material, which subsequently impacts the structure of AgNPs and their applications. Furthermore, the outcome of this work could contribute to the multifunctional surface for detecting heavy metals, various organic pollutants, and disinfection of water and food-borne pathogenic diseases.