Glass Solution Research Articles

Taking Control of Metalwork Cutting

Steel & Glass Solutions takes sheet metal cutting in-house with investment in first fibre laser cutting machine; and Metalline boosts throughput by growing capacity and capabilities

A high-strength red mud–fly ash geopolymer and the implications of curing temperature

In response to the requirement for the comprehensive utilization of industrial waste, high-strength geopolymers were prepared from red mud (RM) and Class 1, 2, and C fly ash (FA) rich in active substances (FA1, FA2, and FAC, respectively) in the presence of an alkali activator (AA). Increasing the curing temperature from room temperature (22 °C) to 60 °C rapidly increased the strength of the geopolymer, while maintaining a certain level of humidity during curing inhibited crack formation in the geopolymer. The use of a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution improved the strength of the geopolymer. However, an excessively high concentration of NaOH solution induced considerable efflorescence. The strength of the geopolymer prepared with a mixed solution (MS) composed of a NaOH solution and a water glass (WG) solution increased as the concentration of the MS increased and reached 63.5 MPa when the NaOH concentration in the MS was 10 mol/L.

Stability of Co-amorphous Solid Dispersions: Physical and Chemical Aspects

Drug amorphization is one of the major approaches in pharmaceutical sciences to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs. Amorphous solid dispersions are widely discussed approach to convert the drug into an amorphous state but due to its high energy state, the system tends to recrystallize upon storage. Co-amorphous system is a single-phase low energy system that falls under the glass solution, a type of solid dispersion. Being low-energy state and single-phase, co-amorphous dispersions are more stable than amorphous solid dispersions. In co-amorphous dispersions, the homogeneous single phase is formed only with low molecular weight co-formers, so the amount of co-former required is relatively low and this reduces the bulk of the system. This aspect of co-amorphous dispersions makes it popular over the amorphous solid dispersions in the area of solid dispersion researchers. This review provides an overview of co-amorphous dispersions and their recent advances. Particularly, this review will discuss various factors (physical and chemical) that affect and provide the stability of the co-amorphous dispersions formulation.

Two phases of trans-stilbene in a polystyrene matrix.

Variability in the spectral properties of solid conformations of stilbene under various external conditions still remains obscure. The photophysical properties of trans-stilbene solution in solid polystyrene glass have been studied by absorption and time-resolved fluorescence. Concentration-induced quenching has been observed for small concentrations of stilbene. At large concentrations, the spectroscopic characteristics become split between the two phases of the sample: single-molecule properties are responsible for absorption, while the micro-crystalline phase dominates in fluorescence. Ab initio and molecular dynamics analyses suggest permanent twisting of the stilbene molecular structure upon crystallization, which supports spectroscopic phase separation.

Нанесение жидкого стекла на подложки оптических элементов и его молекулярный состав

The article presents the results obtained by coating a liquid glass solution to the substrates of optical elements, followed by their etching with an ion beam. Particular attention is turned on the surface roughness of the optical element both after the deposition of liquid glass and after etching. A film of the applied glass composition was studied using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).

The Effect of Bayer Red Mud Blending on the Mechanical Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag-Red Mud and the Mechanism

In this paper, Bayer red mud and ground granulated blast furnace slag were formed into three different ratios (7:3, 5:5 and 3:7) of alkali-activated cementitious materials (AASR) using a water glass solution as the alkali activator. By studying the compressive strength of different red mud content, the effect of Bayer red mud content on the mechanical properties of AASR was analyzed. The influence mechanism of red mud content on the mechanical properties of AASR was revealed by the variation of micro-porosity, connected porosity, Isothermal calorimetry, XRD, FTIR, and BSE/EDS testing techniques. The results show that the compressive strength of the specimens at the same age decreases with the increase of red mud content. On one hand, the addition of red mud makes the connected porosity in the AASR system increase, and the densification of the slurry structure decreases; on the other hand, the inert minerals in red mud participate in the hydration reaction to a lesser extent, the overall hydration reaction process becomes lower, and the generation of hydration products providing strength decreases.

Properties of flame-retardant leaf fiber cement-based composites at high temperatures

Flame retardant modification of leaf fibers was carried out to solve the technical problem of poor fire resistance of plant fibers and improve the utilization rate of urban fallen leaves in building materials. The modification scheme adopts three flame retardants, i.e., ammonium polyphosphate (APP), magnesium hydroxide (MH), and aluminum hydroxide (ATH), and two covering layers, i.e., pure acrylic polymer lotion and water glass (Na2O · nSiO2) solution. The modified leaf fiber's combustion behavior and pyrolysis properties were tested and analyzed. The physical and mechanical characteristics, as well as the thermal insulation qualities, of leaf fiber cement-based composites (LFCC) were studied at high temperatures. The findings revealed that the three flame retardants had an effect on the chemical structure of leaf fibers. In comparison to leaf fibers without flame-retardant modification, flame-retardant-modified leaf fibers have a much greater thermal stability. and its LOI is greater than 27.0%, which is a fire-retardant material. Except for the sample with water glass as the modified cover layer, at high temperatures, the composite flame-retardant fiber LFCC's mass-loss rate is lower compared with fibers without flame-retardant modification or fibers modified with only one kind of flame-retardant. In the composite flame-retardant modified fiber LFCC, the samples with better strength at high temperature are those with ATH replacing 30% and 50% MH. The thermal conductivity of LFCC is negatively correlated with the range of temperature change.

Algicidal granules from ceramized rocks. Part 1. Development of criteria for the selection of rocks

Until recently, there was no production of ceramized roofing granules as a product in the Russian Federation. The basis for obtaining such granules is the formation of a protective and decorative shell on a mineral carrier (rock). Such granules should have chemical elements in their shell that prevent biofouling and destruction of the protective layer. The criteria for the selection of rocks in Russia with a certain mineral form of iron fixation are established. A scale of thermogravimetric activity of the rock has been developed. The production technology involves the application of two layers, of which the inner layer contains a biocide in the form of copper-zinc brass. The ceramic shell is formed from a solution of kaolin, pigments and sodium liquid glass. As a result of firing, the ceramized granules are covered with a colored insoluble shell. The solubility of the shell of granules is determined by their surface alkalinity. Ill. 2. Ref. 20.

EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES FOR CEMENT CONCRETE ON MORTAR FLOW AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF GEOPOLYMER

Huge amounts of Portland cement which is a main constituent material of concrete is manufactured and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by the manufacturing process of cement can cause global warming. Geopolymer (GP) contains no cement as a binder and several industrial by-products such as fly ash and blast furnace slag, so the spread of GP contributes to the reduction of global warming and the environmental load. GP has low CO2 emissions, high durability due to chemical attack and fire resistance, however, viscosity of GP is higher than that of cement concrete. Although chemical admixtures can be effective to the improvement of workability, most commercial products of them are for cement concrete. In this study, mortar flow and compressive strength of GP were experimentally evaluated in order to investigate effects of several chemical admixtures for cement concrete. Water glass and caustic soda solution were used as an alkaline-activating solution, and water glass causes high viscosity of GP mortar, so mortar flow test and compression test were conducted by using GP mortar with and without water glass. Test results indicate that the GP mortar without water glass had lower viscosity and lower compressive strength than that with water glass. The chemical admixture whose base component is naphthalenesulfonic acid was most effective to fluidity and compressive strength of GP mortar without water glass.

CO2-assisted fabrication of silica gel adsorbent in honeycomb rotary wheels for air dehumidification.

A honeycomb rotary wheel fabricated from sheet adsorbent of silica gel is a competitive drying facility for air dehumidification in modern drying and air conditioning industries due to its large contacting area (3,000 m2/m3) and the rapid diffusion of the adsorbate compared to silica gel pellets. The delicate preparation procedure of hygroscopic silica gel is paramount for improved adsorption capacity by optimizing the surface area, pore size, and pore volume of silica gel. In this article, silica gel adsorbent in a honeycomb rotary wheel was fabricated by neutralizing the impregnated water glass solution with a modulus of 3.3 on the glass fiber sheet of the honeycomb matrix using CO2 at different pressure at room temperature instead of corrosive acids. The as-obtained silica gel absorbent was characterized by XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specific surface area and pore size analysis, and dynamic vapor/gas sorption analysis. The results showed that the as-obtained silica gel adsorbent is uniform in size and tunable in terms of specific surface area, pore size, pore volume, and adsorption capacity by CO2 pressure. The typical silica gel fabricated by CO2 of 0.25 MPa with a specific surface area of 764.86 m2/g, an average micropore size with a diameter of 2.94 nm, and a pore volume of 0.45 ml/g delivers a saturated adsorption capacity of as high as 287.24 mg/g at RH 50%, which is the best in adsorption performance compared to the previously reported results. This provides a new strategy for environment-friendly manufacturing of silica gel adsorbent in honeycomb rotary wheels for air dehumidification.

Mössbauer Study of Amorphous Films Deposited from Solutions of Halide-Chalcogenide Glasses in n-Butylamine

Mössbauer Study of Amorphous Films Deposited from Solutions of Halide-Chalcogenide Glasses in n-Butylamine

Progress in optical adhesive and lamination process of touch screen in 3C products

AbstractCompared with the traditional keyboard and mouse input method, touch screen technique has high convenience for users. With the development of technology, touch screen is widely application in various electronic products because of their high transmittance, clear images, and convenient operation. This review mainly introduces the optical clear adhesive (OCA), liquid optical clear adhesive (LOCA), and the most commonly used LOCA ultra violet (UV)‐curable adhesives. Preparation and performance of UV‐curable adhesives are deeply explored. The structure of touch screen, such as one glass solution (OGS), on‐cell and in‐cell is discussed. Moreover, lamination process includes full lamination and non‐full lamination is also discussed. This review introduces the alignment technique comprise mechanical alignment technique and non‐mechanical alignment technique (such as machine vision) and laminating equipment. The recent development and existing problems with the touch screen lamination process are discussed. Furthermore, this review describes the latest developments in the adhesive of touch screen lamination process and predicts possible future development trends, which could provide references for subsequent research work.

Tunable luminescence and nonlinear optical properties of nano colloidal Ge20Te75Bi5 chalcogenide glass

In this article, we report spectral studies and optical nonlinearities of optical grade thin films fabricated from nano colloidal solutions of Ge20Te75Bi5 chalcogenide glass. Emission peaks of varying concentrations of Ge20Te75Bi5 nanocomposites shift from 426 nm to 492 nm. Bandgap Eg also varies in the proportion tunable to emission peaks depending on the grain size of the films. The existence of reverse saturable absorption (RSA) is confirmed by the open aperture z-scan traces of nanocomposites with a valley-like pattern. Enhancement of third-order optical nonlinearities in Ge20Te75Bi5 chalcogenide nano colloids studied using the z-scan technique can be exploited to improve the desirable features for usage in nonlinear optical systems.

Potential Assessment of E-Waste Plastic in Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Using Petrography Image Analysis

Concrete’s binder can be substituted with rice husk ash, metakaolin, kaolin clay, GGBS, and other agricultural and industrial byproducts and waste materials, which lowers greenhouse gas emissions, namely carbon dioxide (CO2). When employed in the manufacturing of concrete, the aforementioned items reduce the amount of water required and have no discernible impact on the material’s long-term performance. Combination of metakaolin and class-F fly ash is taken for this experimental study to create geopolymer concrete, as both the materials are very good sources of alumino-silicates, which is the foremost requirement for the material to be the binder in geopolymer concrete. Also, the percentage replacement of crushed aggregates with crushed E-waste plastic (EWP) is are created for making the concrete eco-friendlier as the EWP is a big problem for us to dispose of it. To activate raw ingredients and mixing of concrete, alkaline solution is used, made from sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and water glass solution, i.e., sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). Low molarity metakaolin geopolymer concrete (MGPC) was created to have benefits over standard cement concrete in terms of performance, durability, and mechanical properties. This study describes the findings of a comprehensive experimental test and analysis to investigate the characteristics of MGPC-EWP with a change in different factors of the mix design. The study’s findings demonstrated that MGPC performance is closely correlated with its molarity, as the molarity increases, the mechanical strengths of the MGPC also increases. Also, the optimum percentages of the EWP are to be incorporated in the MGPC. This study also uses the petrographic image analysis to validate the geopolymerization products forms in the MGPC and check the microstructure growth of geopolymerization of particles with age. The petrographic image analysis provides photographs of the microstructure of hydration products of the samples with good details. As the petrographic microscope is very affordable as compared to the SEM setup and requires less skilled worker, it comes out to be a good approach for the microstructural analysis.

Personalised paediatric chewable Ibuprofen tablets fabricated using 3D micro-extrusion printing technology

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is becoming an attractive technology for the design and development of personalized paediatric dosage forms with improved palatability. In this work micro-extrusion based printing was implemented for the fabrication of chewable paediatric ibuprofen (IBU) tablets by assessing a range of front runner polymers in taste masking. Due to the drug-polymer miscibility and the IBU plasticization effect, micro-extrusion was proved to be an ideal technology for processing the drug/polymer powder blends for the printing of paediatric dosage forms. The printed tablets presented high printing quality with reproducible layer thickness and a smooth surface. Due to the drug-polymer interactions induced during printing processing, IBU was found to form a glass solution confirmed by differential calorimetry (DSC) while H-bonding interactions were identified by confocal Raman mapping. IBU was also found to be uniformly distributed within the polymer matrices at molecular level. The tablet palatability was assessed by panellists and revealed excellent taste masking of the IBU’s bitter taste. Overall micro-extrusion demonstrated promising processing capabilities of powder blends for rapid printing and development of personalised dosage forms.

51‐2: Glass Solution for Zero Border Design (ZBD) TVs: Advantages and Prevention of Border Light Leakage

For over 15 years, Corning Eagle XG™ Glass has been a mainstream display substrate in the industry. Recently, it is also used as a back‐lighting unit (BLU) component, a Glass Diffuser Plate (GDP), to enable “Zero‐Border” Design (ZBD) LCD TV. In this article, we first review requirements of BLU of ZBD TV, and contrasts Eagle XG™ against a polymeric and other glass materials to demonstrate the benefit of its use. We also discuss the origin of edge light leakage, a bright line artifact, seen in ZBD TV. Through our simulation, we demonstrate that Corning's precise cutting tolerance (± 0.1 mm) and bottom cut edge finishing of GDP leads to light leakage reduction (~40%). In addition, we investigated the impact of GDP size control and thickness, and GDP‐optical film lamination geometry on the edge light leakage.

Time-domain numerical analysis of single pedestrian random walks on laminated glass slabs in pre- or post-breakage regime

Mechanical performance assessment of load-bearing elements under ordinary design actions is a priority when material degradation or even severe damage may be experienced. This is especially the case of unconventional constructional materials, or assembled systems like laminated glass (LG) solutions, in which multiple load-bearing components may suffer of different mechanical issues. This turns out in potential risk for customers, and in the need of specific design assumptions to address the problem. For load-bearing elements with direct interaction with final users (as pedestrian systems), a reciprocal modification of mechanical and dynamic parameters should be properly taken into account in the early design process.This paper explores the sensitivity of human-structure interaction effects and performance indicators for LG slab modules subjected to various walking paths of single pedestrians. An extended set of Finite Element (FE) nonlinear dynamic numerical simulations is presented, in which the variation of conventional performance indicators (such as acceleration peaks, deflection, vibration frequency) is investigated for two in-service LG modular units with intact (LGU) or partially fractured (LGF) glass layers. Walking scenarios are described with the support of consolidated deterministic method in use for pedestrian loads, in which walking features do not account for the features of structural background. The comparative analysis of numerical results with earlier experimental outcomes for two reference LG slab modules subjected to random walking conditions shows that time-domain nonlinear simulations with simplified pedestrian loads can efficiently capture some major effects of pedestrians, as well as the presence of damage in glass. At the same time, it is shown that fractured glass layers in LG pedestrian modules can still provide partial post-breakage contribution to the resisting section.

Influence of Different Parameters on the Performance of Alkali-Activated Slag/Fly Ash Composite System.

In order to study the influence law of each parameter on the performance of the alkali-activated composite gelling system, the influence degree was sorted, and the most important parameter affecting each performance was found. The solution of liquid water glass and solid sodium hydroxide was used as the alkaline activator, and the mixing ratio was designed by the orthogonal test method. The effects of four parameters of fly ash content, water glass modulus, water glass solid content, and water–solid ratio on the working performance and mechanical properties of alkali-activated slag–fly ash composite cementation system were discussed. The gelling system was studied by microscopic experiments such as SEM and FTIR. The results show that the solid content of water glass has the greatest influence on the fluidity of the composite cementitious system, and the content of fly ash is the primary factor affecting the setting time of the material. The flexural and compressive strengths at the age of 7 d and 28 d were most affected by the content of fly ash, and the solid content of water glass had the greatest influence on the flexural and compressive strengths at the age of 2 d. From the perspective of microscopic morphology, in the high-strength samples, the fly ash particles and the remaining outer shell are embedded in the gel to form a dense whole. When the amount of silica in the composite gelling system is too high, it will cause the phenomenon of low macroscopic mechanical properties.

The dimensional evolution of structure and dynamics in hard sphere liquids.

The formulation of the mean-field infinite-dimensional solution of hard sphere glasses is a significant milestone for theoretical physics. How relevant this description might be for understanding low-dimensional glass-forming liquids, however, remains unclear. These liquids indeed exhibit a complex interplay between structure and dynamics, and the importance of this interplay might only slowly diminish as dimension d increases. A careful numerical assessment of the matter has long been hindered by the exponential increase in computational costs with d. By revisiting a once common simulation technique involving the use of periodic boundary conditions modeled on Dd lattices, we here partly sidestep this difficulty, thus allowing the study of hard sphere liquids up to d = 13. Parallel efforts by Mangeat and Zamponi [Phys. Rev. E 93, 012609 (2016)] have expanded the mean-field description of glasses to finite d by leveraging the standard liquid-state theory and, thus, help bridge the gap from the other direction. The relatively smooth evolution of both the structure and dynamics across the d gap allows us to relate the two approaches and to identify some of the missing features that a finite-d theory of glasses might hope to include to achieve near quantitative agreement.

Improving the Durability of Lime Finishing Mortars by Modifying Them with Silicic Acid Sol.

Lime materials are in great demand for the restoration of the walls of historical buildings. However, lime coatings have insufficient resistance during operation. The purpose of this work was the modification of lime mortars with silicic acid sol in order to obtain more durable crystalline materials for construction purposes. A technology has been developed for obtaining a silica-containing additive, which consists in passing a liquid glass solution with a density of 1.053 kg/m3 through a cationic column and obtaining a silicic acid sol with a pH of 3–4 and a charge of (−) 0.053 V. The regeneration time and the amount of sol have been determined. Regularities of change in the radius of particles of silicic acid sol depending on age are determined. It is established that at an early age (up to 5 days), the radius of sol particles can be determined in accordance with the Rayleigh equation, and at a later age, in accordance with the Heller equation. The results of the calculation show that at the age of 1–5 days, the radius of the sol particles is 17.1–17.9 nm, and then the particles become coarser and the particle radius is 131.2–143 nm at the age of 19 days. The work of adhesion of silicic acid sol to lime and the heat of wetting are estimated. It is shown that the work of adhesion of water to lime is 28.9 erg/cm2, and that of the sol is 32.8 erg/cm2. The amount of heat Q released when lime is wetted with SiO2 sol is 15.0 kJ/kg, and when lime is wetted with water, it is 10.6 kJ/kg.