Surface Of Glass Plate Research Articles

Synthesis of immobilised Ni-doped TiO2 nanoparticles through hydrothermal route and their efficiency evaluation in photodegradation of formaldehyde

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to synthesis Ni-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in order to evaluate their effectiveness in photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde in the aqueous phase. The Ni-doped TiO2 NPs were synthesised using a mild hydrothermal method. They were then immobilized on glass plates by the calcination method. Characterisation of Ni-doped TiO2 NPs was also carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The SEM images showed the uniform distribution of as-synthesised NPs on the surface of glass plates, with multidimensional crystalline structures. The results indicated that increasing the dopant weight ratio to 0.7% enhanced the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of formaldehyde; however, a further increase in the dopant weight ratio reduced the process efficacy. According to the results, increasing the initial pH from acidic and neutral to alkaline conditions decreased the efficacy of the process. Furthermore, the results showed that increasing the amount of nanocatalyst and decreasing the initial concentration of formaldehyde favoured the photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde.

In vitro Response of Human Osteoblasts Cultured on Strontium Substituted Hydroxyapatites

The goal of this study was to analyze the response of osteoblasts cultured on strontium substituted hydroxyapatites (HAP-Sr) of well-defined high crystallinity deposited as thin films on glass plates. Up to now, this aspect has not been carefully investigated in the context of bio-ceramics. In this study, we present the osteoblasts activity on synthesized HAP-Sr for different amounts of strontium substitution for calcium within the hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAP) lattice, namely HAP-5%Sr, HAP-10%Sr, HAP-15%Sr and HAP-59.2%Sr (Sr-HAP, of formula Sr10(PO4)6(OH)2), in comparison with stoichiometric pure HAP, chosen as control. Each bio-ceramic was deposited as thin multilayers self-assembled substrate (scaffold) and chemically bonded to the surface of glass plates. These coatings revealed by AFM and SEM imaging a granular texture formed from bio-ceramic nanoparticles. They possessed a high degree of crystallinity, i.e. 68% to 86%, depending on the Sr amount within the HAP lattice, as judged by XRD. Osteoblasts were cultured up to 21days and displayed enhanced adhesion and proliferation particularly evidenced on relatively high strontium contents (especially 5 and 10 weight %, determined by SEM-EDX), where the alkaline phosphatase activity and type I collagen were strongly evidenced. These bio-ceramics showed a high in vitro biocompatibility stimulating the activity of osteoblasts in the process of bone formation. These nano biomaterials can have applications in orthopedic and dental surgery improving the osteointegration as coatings of bone implants as well as for bone repair and regeneration.

Repair of ultrasonic machining induced surface/subsurface cracks by laser irradiation

In ultrasonic machining (USM), a mirror-like surface cannot be readily obtained on hard and brittle materials owing to easily generated microcracks. This drawback greatly limits the utilisation of USM as a finish machining technology. Therefore, minimizing the crack size or even eliminating the cracks is necessary to improve surface quality. In this study, fine abrasive particles are first applied to minimize the crack size during USM. Material removal efficiency and surface quality are then evaluated. However, crack formation during this process is unavoidable, and microcracks left on the machined surface cannot be completely removed by merely decreasing the particle size. In addition, minimizing the particle size is not beneficial to maintaining a desired machining rate. Therefore, a new method to repair the cracks by laser irradiation is proposed. The USM machined surfaces of glass plates are irradiated by a carbon dioxide laser at a wavelength of 10.6 μm to repair the cracks because glass has a high absorption coefficient at this wavelength. The temperature field generated during this process is evaluated using the finite element method. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the scanning speed of the laser beam has a considerable effect on the temperature increase, thereby influencing the repair result accordingly. Finally, a smoothed surface without cracks is obtained under a scanning speed of 300 mm/min and 5 W power. The combination of micro-USM and laser irradiation exhibits great potential for fabricating various micro-shapes and structures on hard and brittle materials, such as glass with high efficiency, high form precision and high surface quality.

Monolithic thin-layer chromatography plates with covalently bonded matrix for hyphenation with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization.

Monolithic layers prepared by the copolymerization of ethylene dimethacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate and deposited onto the surface of glass and silicon plates were investigated as thin-layer chromatography separation media in hyphenated thin-layer chromatography with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis. Varying composition of the polymerization mixture and polymerization conditions layers of different porosities and MALDI-MS compatibility were synthesized. Compatibility with MALDI-MS was tested using polyethylene glycol and it was demonstrated that layers prepared without glycidyl methacrylate are not compatible with MALDI-MS and do not allow obtaining any mass spectra. Best results were achieved with layers containing 19 to 29% glycidyl methacrylate. These layers allow the measurement of mass spectra without additional depositing matrix compounds supplying mass spectra almost "clean" in low molar mass range.

Polarization properties of reflected light with natural light incidence and elimination of angle of incidence ambiguity.

Polarization imaging technology provides information about not only the irradiance of a target but also the degree of polarization and angle of polarization, which indicate extensive application potential in the field of ocean remote sensing. Natural light can be converted into partially polarized light by the reflection from an interface, and the Fresnel equations can describe the quantitative relationship between the angle of incidence and the degree of polarization of the reflected light. However, the relationship between the angle of polarization and angle of incidence has rarely been studied. In this study, we investigate the polarization state model of reflected light and establish the relationship between the angle of polarization and angle of incidence. This is verified using polarization imaging experiments on a glass plate and calm water surface. The results indicate that the theoretical model agrees well with the experimental results. A method to eliminate the ambiguity of the angle of incidence is proposed based on the model, and its effectiveness and feasibility are verified. It lays the theoretical foundation for imaging detection based on the polarization imaging of transparent media surfaces and sea surface ripples.

Simultaneously spatially and temporally focused femtosecond vortex beams for laser micromachining

We combine conventional beam shaping with simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing (SSTF) to generate femtosecond SSTF vortex beams. We demonstrate the utility of these beam structures by producing single-shot encryption of doughnut-shaped ablation marks on the back surfaces of glass plates. The SSTF enables this type of machining by significantly reducing the nonlinear beam distortions on propagation through the glass.

Static magnetic field alters properties of confined alkylammonium nitrate ionic liquids

Ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and propylammonium nitrate (PAN) ionic liquids confined between polar glass plates and exposed to a strong magnetic field of 9.4 T demonstrate gradually slowing diffusivity, a process that can be reversed by removing the sample from the magnetic field. The process can be described well by the Avrami equation, which is typical for autocatalytic (particularly, nucleation controlled) processes. The transition can be stopped by freezing the sample. Cooling and heating investigations showed differences in the freezing and melting behavior of the sample depending on whether it had been exposed to the magnetic field. After exposure to the magnetic field, the sample demonstrated decrease in the 1H NMR signal of residual water. 1H NMR spectroscopy with presaturation demonstrates that the most probable mechanism of the decrease of the bulk water signal is adsorption of water on polar surfaces of glass plates. Generally, our findings confirm our previous suggestion that alteration of the dynamic properties of confined alkylammonium nitrate ionic liquids exposed to a magnetic field is related to the alteration of real physical-chemical phases.

Preparation of polydimethylsiloxane with amino end group via Pd-catalyzed dehydrogenative coupling of terminal hydrosilyl unit and amine

Ring-opening polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) with organolithium reagents (R1Li) followed by quenching of the resulting anions with chlorodimethylsilane yielded the corresponding polysiloxanes with R1 and SiMe2H groups at each end. The hydrosilyl end groups readily underwent palladium-catalyzed dehydrogenative amination reactions with secondary amines (R22NH) to produce polysiloxanes with amino end groups, R1(SiMe2O)nSiMe2NR22. The aminopolysiloxanes were applied as hydrophobic modifiers of glass surface and treatment of glass plates with THF solutions of the aminopolysiloxanes increased the water contact angles of the glass surface from 5° to 22°–65°, depending on the aminopolysiloxane structures and the reaction conditions.

Preparation and characterization of a stable nano-sized Zn x Co1–x Al2O4 ink for glass decoration by ink-jet printing

A stable inorganic glass ink was prepared by mechanically grinding a mixture of a blue pigment (Zn x Co1–x Al2O4) and low-melting-point glass powders in a specific organic solvent, which possesses a lower annealing temperature compared with ceramic ink. The Zn x Co1–x Al2O4 based pigment was synthesized by solid-state reaction and the best sintering temperature should be at 1300°C or above according to the observation of XRD. Zn x Co1–x Al2O4 shows blue color both in a powder form and coating. The average particle size of pigments and glass powders mixture decreases with the increase of glass powders and milling time. SEM cross-sectional images of annealed coating samples illustrate that the pigments are well dispersed in the ink layer and the glass adhesive binds well on the surface of glass plate, enhancing the mechanical strength of the ink layer. All the obtained results collectively revealed that the prepared nano-sized Zn x Co1–x Al2O4 ink can be applied in glass decoration.

Experimental investigation of the relationship between heat transfer rate and number of broken glass particles in tempering process of glass plates

Thermal glass tempering process is based on heating the glass in a furnace and suddenly cooling it down in a cooling unit. The quality of the glass obtained at the end largely depends on the heat transferred from the glass surface. In this study, the glass tempering process was conducted in a specially designed and manufactured glass tempering unit prototype, and the change in the local number of broken glass particles was examined based on the local heat transfer rate. A 6-mm-thick flat glass in 170×170mm dimensions was used in the study. Two single nozzles, 13mm in diameter and 300mm in length that were placed against each other were used for the cooling process. The distance between the nozzle and the glass plate surface was taken as 1⩽H/D⩽10, and the Reynolds number as 40,000⩽Re⩽60,000. In the sudden cooling process conducted according to different H/D ratios and Reynold numbers, the cooling times, and the local, average and stagnation-point Nusselt numbers were obtained. Then, the tempered glasses produced under these conditions were broken apart, and the number of particles was determined. The results showed that the cooling time firstly decreased and then increased with H/D ratio generally, whereas it decreased as the Reynolds number increased. It was also observed that as the average Nusselt number increased, the number of particles also increased. Besides, as the air jet moved away from the stagnation point, the Nusselt number decreased, and concordantly, the number of particles also decreased. It was found that the number of particles was substantially proportional to the heat transfer rate.

Specular Reflection from Rough Surfaces Revisited

In his beautiful paper, Hasan Fakhruddin reported observations of mirror-like reflections in the rough surface of a ground glass plate. Similar effects have been recently employed for metrology of the roughness of optical diffusers used in modern light emitting device illumination systems. We report the observations of specular reflection in nontransparent rough surfaces at oblique angles, where roughness was treated as a variable. We present a simple trigonometry-based model explaining the observed phenomenon, which we experimentally validated using aluminum surfaces that have controlled roughness. The reported demonstration requires no special equipment, other than cellphone cameras, dielectric or metal plate, and sandpaper, and serves as an introduction to wave optics. This activity can be used to get further insight into everyday applications of wave optics for students already familiar with wave optics fundamentals.

Synthesis of nylon-6.6 using cetyltrimethylammonium chloride reverse micelles immobilized on silica surfaces

Nylon-6,6 was synthesized in cetyltrimethylammonium chloride reverse micelles adsorbed on silica surfaces to study the feasibility of preparing a surface modified with grafted polyamide brushes using the immobilized reverse micelle as a microreactor. The nylon-modified silica gel preparation procedure involved: (1) adsorption of the CTAC reverse micelles containing 1,6-hexanediamine and sodium hydroxide onto silica gel surfaces, (2) in situ polymerization of 1,6-hexanediamine and adipoyl dichloride at the reversed micellar interfaces, and (3) the removal of residual components such as CTAC or reverse micelles. The nylon produced on silica surface was characterized in detail. The principal interaction in the immobilization of nylon on silica surface may be hydrogen bonding between the terminal amine groups of nylon and the surface silanol groups. Atomic force microscopy images of the nylon monolayers attached to glass plate surfaces showed the formation of grafted polymer brushes or nanoclusters on the surfaces. To characterize the prepared surface of the silica gel, the modified silica gel particles were successfully employed in chromatographic analysis as a stationary phase for the separation of o-, m-, and p-nitroanisoles using cyclohexane as a mobile phase.

Fabrication and humidity sensing performance studies of a fluorescent film based on a cholesteryl derivative of perylene bisimide

A fluorescent film based on a cholesteryl derivative of perylene bisimide (PTCDI-co-CholDEA) was fabricated via utilization of an electrostatic spinning technique on a glass plate surface. SEM studies revealed that the film was characterized by fibrous network structure. It is the structure and the chemical composition that make the fluorescence emission of the film sensitive to the variation of local environmental humidity. The sensitivity of the sensing is 0.1497 (×104a.u. of the intensity)/1% RH, of which RH is the abbreviation of relative humidity. The maximum quenching efficiency of the film is 55.4% when humidity reaches 97% RH. Furthermore, the sensing process is fully reversible, and presence of other commonly found liquids shows little effect to the monitoring process.

Characteristics of electrical charging on smooth and rough surfaces of glass plates under vacuum

To investigate the electric-charging characteristics of an insulator under vacuum, a system for measuring the potential distribution on the surface of an insulator under vacuum was developed and used to measure potential distributions on smooth and rough surfaces of several glass plates. The measured potential distributions after surface discharges indicate that compared to discharges on the rough surface, the discharges on the smooth surface tend to occur at lower positive potential. On the other hand, during micro discharge caused by partial discharge of the electrode, in the potential distributions of both the smooth and rough surfaces, a negative peak near the negative HV electrode and a positive peak near the GND electrode were observed. Moreover, the positive electric field on the rough surface is lower than that on the smooth surface during micro discharge. These potential distributions are supposed to be caused by scattering and attachment of electrons drifting on the surface. Sandblasting was applied for roughening the insulators, and it is considered to be suitable for mass production of the vacuum-insulated DC high-voltage systems because it is low cost and easy to perform.

Fabrication of a new fluorescent film and its superior sensing performance to N-methamphetamine in vapor phase

A super-sensitive fluorescent film for N-methamphetamine (MAPA), one of the most widely abused drugs throughout the world, was designed and fabricated. The film was realized through the self-assembly of a newly developed fluorescent compound, PDC, onto a glass plate surface, where PDC is a rational combination of a new perylene bisimide derivative and cholesterol. The film as prepared exhibits unprecedented sensing performances: (1) the film is super-sensitive to the presence of either N-methyl-phenethylamine (MPEA, a simulant of MAPA) or MAPA in vapor state, and the detection limit (DL) of MPEA is ∼5.5ppb, a lowest value in vapor state detection reported till now, (2) the presence of potential interferences (amines, organic solvents, water, apple pomace and etc) shows little effect on MAPA sensing, (3) the sensing process is highly fast and fully reversible. Moreover, the film as developed is photo-chemically stable. Based on this favorable film, a conceptual MAPA detector for practical application was successfully developed and presented.

Fabrication of Periodic Plasmonic Structures Using Interference Lithography and Chalcogenide Photoresist.

This study reports on the employment of the interference lithography (IL) technique, using photoresist based on the chalcogenide glass (ChG) films, for fabrication of one-dimensional (gratings) and two-dimensional (arrays) periodic plasmonic structures on the surface of glass plates. The IL technique was optimized for patterning of the Au and Al layers and formation of gratings and arrays with a spatial frequency of 2000 mm−1. Optical properties of obtained structures were studied using measurements of spectral and angular dependence of transmission and reflection of polarized light. It was shown that the spectral and angular position of the surface plasmon polariton and local surface plasmon resonance, which are observed in these samples, can be adjusted over a wide range by selecting the geometric parameters of structures and technological modes of their manufacturing.

Behavior and mechanism of ultralow friction of basil seed gel

Abstract In the present work, a plant-based biomaterial named basil seed gel (BSG) is found to have an excellent lubricating property. The lubricating behavior of BSG is evaluated by a specifically designed apparatus without damaging its natural structure. An ultralow friction coefficient about 0.003 is obtained between BSG and the glass plate surface. Further characterizations reveal that the gel of basil seed has a three-dimensional network microstructure, which may provide a favorable condition for holding water molecules and forming hydration layers. The network constitutes of crosslinking polysaccharide sheets, which are easy to shear and easily adsorbed on the glass surface to form a stable nanoscale flat layer. A possible lubrication mechanism is employed that the easy-to-shear and easy-to-adsorb performance of BSG as well as the superior lubricating properties of hydration layer lead to the ultralow friction.

G0300806 熱源分布がレーザーかんなに及ぼす影響の解析

In recent years, it was experienced in laboratory that a highly concentrated moving carbon dioxide gas laser beam applied to the surface of a soda glass plate causes a continuous peeling of the material surface. That is, as if a peeler for vegetables, there is a possibility that a damaged surface of the glass plate can be removed by laser beam if the mechanical background of this phenomenon is fully understood. In the present study, in order to grasp the characteristics of thermal stress distribution, a quasi-stationary thermoelastic analysis near the moving heat applied along the surface of the semi-infinite plate was carried out.

In Situ Method for Determining Combination of Organic Compounds Interacting with Each Other on Silicon Oxide Surface

An experimental process for determining a combination of organic compounds, interacting with each other on a silicon oxide surface, was developed using a quartz crystal microbalance. The surface concentration of the four organic compounds, such as L-menthone (Mth), decylacetate (DA), diethylphthalate (DEP) and octanol (OCT), on a silicon oxide surface was evaluated in multi-component systems. The increase and decrease in the surface concentrations were not reversible with the changing gas phase concentrations in the two-component system consisting of Mth and DEP. Additionally, the small droplet shape of Mth placed on the DEP-coated glass plate surface was significantly different from that of DEP on the Mth-coated surface. Based on these results, Mth and DEP molecules were considered to have a significant interaction with each other.

Поверхностно-активные свойства композиционных систем на основе синтетических полиэлектролитов и неионных ПАВ в условиях засоленности среды

For intensification of the imbibition process of porous systems and for displacing liquids by other liquids, particularly in secondary oil production, the polycomplexes based on synthetic polyelectrolytes and non-ionic surfactants are of interest. The surface activity of solutions of composite systems based on polyethyleneimine (PEI) and ethoxylated isooctylphenol (OP-10), PEI and ethylene and propylene oxide block copolymer in pure and mineralized water at the water/air, water/oil interfaces have been studied. In comparison with pure water, a medium salinity causes the increase of solutions surface tension of the surfactants and their mixtures with PEI by 2-4 mJ/m 2 . The surface tension value increases weakly (by 1-4 mJ/m2) under the mineralization of water. At increased relative concentration of OP-10, ethylene and propylene oxide block copolymer, patterns of surface tension change are similar to those ones in pure water. The wetting action of salt solutions of PEI and block copolymer on the oil substrate formed on the glass plate surface was established.