Glass Pipe Research Articles

A piezoelectric linear ultrasonic motor with the structure of a circular cylindrical statorand slider

A piezoelectric linear ultrasonic motor is proposed, with a cylindrical stator and sliderstructure. The length and diameter of the motor are about 10 and 1.5 mm, respectively. Thestator consists of two piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) tubes connected by a thinfilm metallic glass (TFMG) pipe. The stator is designed based on theoreticalanalyses and finite element method (FEM) simulation. The traveling wavepropagation is obtained in the FEM simulation under the proper geometricalsizes, suitable boundary conditions and driving voltage signals. The trajectoriesof particles on the TFMG pipe are elliptical motion. In the experiment, a 25 µm thick TFMG pipe is fabricated using the rotating magnetron sputtering technique and thevibration characteristics of the stator are measured by a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) system.Bidirectional motion of the slider is observed around 600 kHz, the maximum velocity is near to 40 mm s − 1 at 50 Vp–p for the loose slider and the maximum output force is 6 mN at 70 Vp–p for thetight slider.

MNM-3B-4 円筒形超音波リニアマイクロアクチュエータ(セッション 3B 情報・精密機器におけるマイクロ・ナノテクノロジー2)

A piezoelectric ultrasonic microactuator with a cylindrical stator and slider structure is presented. The length and diameter of the microactuator are about 10 and 1.5 mm, respectively. The stator consists of two piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) tubes connected by a thin film metallic glass (TFMG) pipe, which is fabricated using the rotating magnetron sputtering technique. Traveling wave propagation is generated on the TFMG pipe in finite element method (FEM) simulations. In the experiment, bi-directional motion of the slider was observed at the frequency of around 600 kHz and applied voltage of 70 V_<p-p>. At this condition, the maximum output force and maximum velocity were about 6mN and 340mm/s, respectively.

Cylindrical ultrasonic linear microactuator based on quasi-traveling wave propagation on a thin film metallic glass pipe supported by a piezoelectric ceramic tube

A novel ultrasonic linear microactuator with a circular cylindrical stator and slider structure is presented. The stator consists of a cylindrical piezoelectric ceramic tube and an elastic material, a thin film metallic glass (TFMG) pipe. In finite element simulations, a quasi-traveling wave is generated on the TFMG pipe, and trajectories of particles on the pipe are determined to be elliptical motion. There is good agreement between the simulations and measurement results for the vibration of the fabricated stator. Bi-directional motion of the slider is successfully observed at 613 kHz, and the maximum velocity is about 25 mm/s at 30 V.

Interfacial Area Transport in Horizontal Bubbly Flow with 90-deg Elbow

The present study develops an interfacial area transport equation applicable to an air-water horizontal bubbly flow with a flow restriction. The experiments are performed in a round glass pipe of 50.3-mm inner diameter, along which a 90-deg elbow is installed at L/D = 206.6 from the two-phase mixture inlet. In total, 15 different flow conditions in the bubbly flow regime are studied. The detailed local two-phase flow parameters are acquired by a double-sensor conductivity probe at four different axial locations. The effect of the elbow is evident in the distribution of local parameters as well as in the development of interfacial structures. The elbow clearly promotes bubble interactions resulting in significant changes in both the void fraction and interfacial area concentration. In the present study, the elbow is found to promote the coalescence mechanism while reducing the disintegration mechanism. These geometric effects are also reflected in the axial development of one-dimensional two-phase flow parameters. In the present analysis, the interfacial area transport equation is developed in one-dimensional form via area-averaging based on the existing model for vertical flow. In the averaging process, characteristic nonuniform distributions of the two-phase flow parameters in horizontal two-phase flow are treated mathematically by covariance calculations. Furthermore, the change in pressure due to the minor loss of the elbow is taken into consideration by using a newly developed correlation analogous to Lockhart and Martinelli’s. In total, 60 area-averaged data points are employed to benchmark the present model. The present model predicts the data well with an average percent difference of approximately ±10%.

Solid−Liquid Circulating Multistage Fluidized Bed: Hydrodynamic Study

The solid-liquid circulating multistage fluidized bed (SLCMFB) was constructed with the principal components being the riser column and the multistage column. The riser column was made up of 50 mm i.d. and 2 m long glass pipe while the multistage column was made up of seven glass stages of 100 mm i.d. and 100 mm length. The ion-exchange resin was used as solid phase and water as fluidizing medium. The flow characteristics of SLCMFB were investigated for 0.365, 0.605, and 0.725 mm particle sizes (dry basis). The voidage in the riser and multistage column was measured using γ-ray tomography (GRT). In the riser column, the voidage was found to be maximum at the center and minimum near the wall. However, in the multistage column, voidage was found to be uniform over cross section of the column. The solid particle velocity was measured using ultrasonic velocity profiler (UVP) in the riser column. The particle velocity profiles show similar trend as the voidage, confirming the existence of the radial non-uniformity in the riser column. Further, the non-uniformity was analyzed using the drift flux model (DFM) and the effect of particle size and superficial liquid velocity on the non-uniformity was also investigated.

Driving mechanism and experimental realization of a cylindrical ultrasonic linear microactuator

A novel ultrasonic linear microactuator with bi-directional motion is presented, which is composed of the compact structure of the cylindrical stator and slider. The stator consists of a cylindrical piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) tube and an elastic material, which is a thin film metallic glass (TFMG) pipe. The basic principle is based on the traveling wave propagation generated on the TFMG pipe, which is investigated by using the finite element method (FEM) software. There is good agreement between the simulation and measurement results for the vibration of the fabricated stator. For the prototype, the bi-direction motion of the slider is observed, and the initial performance is tested. The driving frequency is 613 kHz, and the maximum velocity is about 25 mm/s at the voltage of 30 V. This kind device is promising to make the stable performance microactuator with higher energy efficiency.

Three-channel three-dimensional self-mixing thin-slice solid-state laser-Doppler measurements

We report successful real-time three-channel self-mixing laser-Doppler measurements with extreme optical sensitivity using a laser-diode-pumped thin-slice Nd:GdVO(4) laser in the carrier-frequency-division-multiplexing scheme with three pairs of acoustic optical modulators (i.e., frequency shifters) and a three-channel FM-wave demodulation circuit. We demonstrate (1) simultaneous independent measurement of three different nanometer-vibrating targets, (2) simultaneous measurements of small particles in Brownian motion from three directions, and (3) identification of the velocity vector of small particles moving in water flowing in a small-diameter glass pipe.

Experimental investigation on liquid–liquid–gas flow: Flow patterns and pressure-gradient

The use of core-annular flow pattern, where a thin fluid surrounds a viscous one, may be attractive to heavy oil transportation and as an artificial lifting method in heavy oil wells, a situation that can become frequent in the Brazilian offshore scenario. However, in petroleum production operations gas is frequently present. Therefore, the study of three-phase flow of heavy oil, water and gas is in order. This paper reports pressure drop measurements and three-phase flow patterns observed in horizontal and vertical 2.84-cm i.d. glass pipes. The focus was a mixture of heavy crude oil (3400 mPa s, 970 kg/m 3 at 20 °C), water an air at several combinations of the individual flow rates. Three-phase pressure drop data were compared with single-phase oil and two-phase oil-gas flows to assess the gains due to water injection. In addition, three-phase flow patterns formed inside vertical and slightly inclined 1.0 cm i.d. pipes are also presented. Thus, scale-up and inclination effects could be qualitatively analyzed. Full-scale onshore-field experiments were conducted in order to investigate the applicability of using water to transport heavy oil in actual lines in the presence of gas. A big steel pipeline (7.7 cm i.d. and 274 m) conveying a very viscous crude oil (36950 mPa s, 972.1 kg/m 3 at 20 °C), natural gas (GOR 15 m 3/m 3) and water was used. Onshore-field three-phase flow tests were carried out and pressure gradient data are reported. The observed improvements in oil production rates and the pressure drop reductions obtained are remarkable.

PRE-10 DESIGN AND FABRICATION ON A NOVEL TRAVELING WAVE TYPE CYLINDRICAL ULTRASONIC LINEAR MICROACTUATOR(MM/Micro/Nano Precision Equipments IV,Technical Program of Oral Presentations)

A piezoelectric ultrasonic microactuator is presented, with a cylindrical stator and slider structure. The length and diameter of the microactuator are about 10 and 1.5 mm, respectively. The stator consists of two piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) tubes connected by a thin film metallic glass (TFMG) pipe, which is fabricated using the rotating magnetron sputtering technique. Traveling wave propagation is generated on the TFMG pipe in finite element method (FEM) simulations. Bi-directional motion of the slider was observed successfully around 600 kHz, and the maximum velocity was about 40 mm/s at 25 V.

M5-6 マイクロマニピュレータ用メニスカスチップの研究(M5 アクチュエータ/フィジカルセンサ)

With a miniaturization of mechanical parts and devices in the engineering, the manipulation of them becomes more difficult. The change of the object scale from macro to micro requires new micromanipulation technology, fitting to micro physics. In the micromanipulation, the release action of a micro object is more difficult than the pick-up action because of the adhesion force larger than gravitational force. In this study, we focus the meniscus force which is important for the adhesion phenomenon in the micro scale. The purpose of this study is development of the manipulator tip which enables to control adhesion and detachment of the micro object by the control of the meniscus force. Two types of the tip were developed with thin glass pipe. Those Meniscus tip can control dry and wet states of the tip with heating near the tip. The ability of the thermal wetting control was confirmed by adhesion test.

The Excavation, Conservation, Storage, and Display of Rubber Artifacts Recovered From the USS Monitor (1862)

In joint research efforts between the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, the United States Navy, and the Mariners' Museum, more than 50 rubber artifacts have been recovered from the rotating gun turret and steam engine of the USS Monitor. These rubber items include a glass jar seal, a comb, uniform buttons, and pipe gaskets. Waterlogged rubber artifacts from a highly saline environment present a unique opportunity for examining current conservation issues such as handling, treatment, and storage of rubber objects manufactured during the Civil War. Research into conservation treatments, such as chemical cleaning and electrophoresis, was conducted to determine the efficacy of specific methods to remove chlorides and corrosion products. Oxygen-free storage, using the Mitsubishi RP System, was elected as a preventive conservation step. The opening of the USS Monitor Center, a state-of-the-art laboratory and exhibition gallery for objects from the Monitor, has afforded the opportunity to increase public awareness of conservation processes through interactive exhibits and laboratory viewing stations.

Red-F* Laser and VUV-F2 Emission Pumped at Low Pressure by Longitudinal, Lamp-Like Discharge

Red-fluorine-atom (Red-F* ) laser oscillation (λ = 630-780 nm) and strong fluorescence of VUV-F2 emission (λ = 157 nm) are observed in a lamp-like discharge in a longitudinal discharge excitation tube. The laser tube consists of a 30 cm long Pyrex glass pipe with an inner diameter of 2 mm, and a step-up transformer coupled directly to the discharge tube without a high-voltage switch. Excitation is produced by wall-coupled discharge. The laser pulse width is 6.1 ns at 100 Torr (13.3 kPa, with an F2 concentration of 5 %) when a slow-rising voltage pulse of -40 kV (rise time: 253 ns) is applied. VUV-F2 emission of a 24.5 ns (FWHM) pulse width was generated simultaneously with the red-F* laser.

Two-phase steady flow along a horizontal glass pipe in the presence of the magnetic and electrical fields

This study examines the effect of the electrical and magnetic field which is applied perpendicular to the flow and each other on the two-phase steady flow in a glass pipe. Micron-sized iron powder, which are highly conductive, magnetizable, are used for the first phase of the fluid and then pure water which is not magnetizable and has very low electrical conductivity is used for the second phase. The mathematical model is derived by adding a term representing the impact of electro-magnetic force to the momentum equation of the multi-phase fluids in the interactive magnetizable phase. The derived model is analytically solved by using the methods of Laplace and D’Alambert. According to obtained results, when only magnetic and electrical fields are applied perpendicular to the flow of the mixture, local flow velocity of the first phase is decreased due to the direct effect of the magnetic field. The second phase local flow velocity is decreased due to the indirect effect of the magnetic field which is caused by the interaction of the phases. As a result, it is seen that the electromagnetic force is effecting the nonconductor phase of the mixture through the conductor phase which it can directly affect.

Cocaine and Metabolites Urinary Excretion after Controlled Smoked Administration*

Understanding cocaine and metabolites urinary excretion following smoking is important for interpretation of urine test results in judicial, workplace and treatment settings. In National Institute on Drug Abuse approved studies on a secure research unit, six subjects smoked placebo, 10, 20, and 40 mg cocaine with a precise dose delivery device and six different subjects smoked 42 mg cocaine in a glass pipe. Urine specimens (n = 700) were collected for up to seven days and analyzed for cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), ecgonine methylester (EME), m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine (mOHBE), p-hydroxybenzoylecgonine (pOHBE), norbenzoylecgonine (NBE), and ecgonine (EC) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results (mean +/- SE) for the 40-mg precise delivery doses are as follows: (Table can not be represented) Mean C(max) for all analytes linearly increased with increasing dose. T(max) was not dose-dependent. All metabolites were detected in some subjects within 2 h. EC concentrations were significantly higher after smoked cocaine in a precise delivery coil compared to a glass "crack" pipe.

A Novel Ferrofluidic Inclinometer

Inertial transducers based on the use of ferrofluids as inertial mass can be of great interest due to their peculiarities and due to the advantages that they show when compared to traditional devices. Ferrofluids are special solutions of magnetic particles in a carrier liquid whose density and other physical features can be controlled by an external magnetic field. In this paper, the development of a ferrofluidic inclinometer, which exhibits a tunable operating range and a valuable metrological feature and an intrinsic robustness against inertial shocks, is presented. The device consists of one excitation coil and two sensing coils wound around a glass pipe where a drop of ferrofluid is contained in a water environment. The magnetic force, which is induced by the excitation coil, attracts the ferrofluidic mass in a position that depends on the device inclination. The voltage at the output of the two sensing coils is related to the ferrofluidic mass displacement and thus reflects the tilt to be measured. Analytical models, simulations, and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed approach.

The formation and distribution of haloacetic acids in copper pipe during chlorination

The formation and distribution of HAAs in copper pipe during chlorination was investigated. To determine the material influence of copper pipe, parallel experiments were performed in glass pipe. Results showed that there was no obvious difference between the sum of haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) produced in copper pipe compared to that produced in glass pipe over a 12 h period. However, significant differences were observed about the distribution of five haloacetic acids in copper pipe and in glass pipe. Relatively less trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) and more monochloroacetic acid (MCAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) and trihalomethanes (THMs) were produced in copper pipe than those in glass pipe. Corrosion scale on the wall of copper pipe was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed the scales on the pipe surface mainly consisted of Cu 2O, CuO and Cu (OH) 2 or CuCO 3. During 24 h stagnation, copper released gradually from copper pipe. The influences of copper (II) and copper oxides on the distribution of HAAs were investigated in designed experiments. Results showed that less amount of TCAA, more amounts of DCAA and MCAA were formed with increasing concentration of copper (II). It was because the accelerative effect of copper (II) on the depletion of chlorination restricted the formation of TCAA precursor and the further formation of TCAA. Owing to the transformation of DCAA precursor to TCAA precursor was limited, more DCAA precursor could yield DCAA. The influences of Cu 2O and CuO on the distribution of TCAA and DCAA were the result of copper released at higher content.

Detection of small particles in fluid flow using a self-mixing laser

We describe a highly sensitive, real-time method of detecting small particles in a fluid flow by self-mixing laser Doppler measurement with a laser-diode-pumped, thin-slice solid-state laser with extremely high optical sensitivity. Asymmetric power spectra of the laser output modulated by the re-injected scattered light from the small particles moving in a dilute sample-flow, through a small-diameter glass pipe, were observed. The observed power spectra are shown to reflect the velocity distribution of the fluid flow, which obeys Poiseuille's law. Quick measurements of flow rate and kinetic viscosities of water-glycerol mixtures were also performed successfully. Measurable low-concentration limits for 262-nm polystyrene latex spheres and 3-mum red blood cells in a fluid flow were below 1 and 10 ppm, respectively, in the present self-mixing laser Doppler velocimeter system.

Three phase liquid–liquid–gas flows in 5.6 mm and 7 mm inner diameter pipes

Three phase liquid–liquid–gas flow maps in pipes of medium inner diameters (5.6 mm and 7 mm), are presented. A low viscosity paraffin oil (4.5 × 10 −3 Pa s viscosity and 818.5 kg m −3 density at 20 °C), deionised water and air are flowing concurrently in Schott Duran ® glass pipes. A decreasing pipe diameter changes the flow pattern maps and also the behavior of the transition boundaries. Flow patterns are determined by high speed photography. To illuminate the pipe, laser induced fluorescence (LIF) is applied. The laser sheet is cutting through the axial vertical plane of the pipe. The laser light excites a fluorescent dye (uranine) in the water phase to separate the phases optically. The resulting flow maps are compared with literature data and a theoretical model.

Recent progress of bulk metallic glasses for strain-sensing devices

By use of high strength, high elastic strain limit and low Young's modulus of bulk metallic glasses, strain-sensing devices were practically prepared and the performances of the trial products using the devices were investigated. As a result, a Coriolis mass flowmeter constructed from Ti–Cu-based bulk metallic glass pipe exhibits 28.5 times higher sensitivity than conventional flowmeters made from SUS316 pipe. A pressure sensor using a Zr-based bulk metallic glass diaphragm also exhibits 3.8 times higher sensitivity than the conventional sensor using SUS630 diaphragm. These results for the industrial products made of bulk metallic glasses are promising for future developments as industrial materials with high performance.

Flow and aggregation characteristics of thermo-responsive poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) spheres during the phase transition

To date, a great many researches were focused on improving stimuli-responsive and controlled-release properties of thermo-responsive hydrogel carriers, whereas for the research on flow characteristics during the phase transition, prior reports have not been found. In this paper, poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) spheres with thermo-responsive phase transition characteristics were prepared by cross-linked polymerization. In a transparent Pyrex glass pipe with hydrophilic inner wall, flow and aggregation characteristics of PNIPAM spheres during the phase transition from low temperature which was lower than the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) to high temperature ( T > LCST ) was studied for the first time. Many interesting phenomena about the flow and aggregation behaviors of PNIPAM spheres were found. The velocity of PNIPAM spheres in horizontal pipe decreased from 1.07 cm/s before the phase transition to 0.65 cm/s or even became zero after the phase transition, which is what targeting drug delivery systems desired. When the initial distance was about 5.5 mm at the entrance of testing pipe section, the PNIPAM spheres could aggregate together after the phase transition and subsequently roll forward; but when the initial distance was as large as 8.5 mm, the distance became close at first during the phase transition and then far after the phase transition. Similar results were also found as mentioned above in vertical pipe. When 10 spheres aggregated together, they stopped at a certain position just after the phase transition in horizontal pipe. If the flowrate was more than 40 ml/min, the aggregation configurations such as triangle, tetrahedron, hexahedron and octahedron which formed after the phase transition at flowrate of 20 ml/min disappeared. The results provided valuable information for future applications of thermo-responsive PNIPAM spheres.