Glass Cullet Research Articles

Methods for determining metal ion leaching from glass cullet using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Glass cullet (recycled or broken glass) has been proposed to replace dredged sediment in beach and river recovery processes after severe weather events. Dredging of the ocean floor to replace lost sediment on beaches has led to many negative environmental impacts, such as disturbance of marine ecosystems, notably the death of both animal and plant life near coastlines. The majority of cullet that has been proposed for replacement of dredged sediment is float glass, not bottle glass that could be obtained from a recycling center. This research project focused on developing an efficient method of quantitatively measuring leaching of metal ions from recycled bottle glass cullet, which is the main concern with long-term use of these materials. A standard concentration of brine was used to incubate the glass cullet, with sample aliquots removed at different exposure times. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) was used to determine the concentration of metal ions leached out of green cullet from multiple samples. An average concentration of 23.43 ppm of chromium ions was detected after green glass cullet was exposed to 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for five weeks.

Combined use of recycled concrete aggregate and glass cullet in mortar: Strength, alkali expansion and chemical compositions

The promotion of fine recycled concrete aggregate (FRCA) is the main way to alleviate the conflicts between scarce natural resource and huge construction demand. However, its utilization alone would result in a remarkable strength reduction. Therefore, this study attempts to co-utilize FRCA with the particle size of 1.18–4.75 mm and fine recycled glass cullet (FRGC) with the particle size of 0.15–1.18 mm to prepare recycled mortars. Compressive strength, alkali-silica reaction (ASR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermogravimetry (DTG), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) tests are carried out. Results show that without ASR inhibitors, the optimum replacement ratio of river sand by this combination in mortar is 40 vol%, where the strength reduction at 28 days is 2.64% and the ASR expansion at 14 days is 0.08%. The good performance can be attributed to the internal curing of FRCA at an early age and the pozzolanic activity of FRGC. Correspondingly, this combination does not change the phase composition deriving from cement hydration but can reduce portlandite and increase calcium silicate hydrate gel. In particular, compared with previous studies applying FRCA and/or FRGC, the replacement ratio of 40 vol% is satisfactory because of the lowest strength reduction. Future attempts could be further made to improve the replacement ratio of this combination to 60 vol% by using ASR inhibitors.

Production of high-quality glass foam from soda lime glass waste using SiC-AlN foaming agent

This research presents the possibility of producing durable foam glasses from glass cullet using SiC/AlN foaming agent. The foaming agent generated by the SiC and AlN couple results in a more homogeneous microstructure and thus the emergence of foam glasses with better properties compared to the nitride foaming agent used alone in our previous work. The fabricated foam had a crack-free, 3-D cellular structure with macropores whose geometries varied between elliptical-, pentagonal-, and hexagonal-shaped constructions. It also had a lightweight (≥ 0.18 g/cm3), high cold crushing strength (≤ 4.5 MPa), low thermal conductivity (0.09–0.16 W/m K), and contained more than ~ 89 vol.% gas bubbles enclosed between 11 vol.% impervious glass walls. The properties accomplished by the foam prepared in this work conform with the requirements of international standard for commercial glass foams, demonstrating its strong capability to be utilized in potential applications in sustainable buildings and energy efficiency in industry.

SOME FEATURES OF THE TECHNOLOGY FOR PROCESSING CONTAINER GLASS CULLET

Some features of the technology for processing container glass cullet were considered. The differentiated optical separation diagrams of colorless, brown and green cullet mixture was presentedduced.

Effect on Compression Strength of Masonary Mortar by Replacing Fine Aggregates with Waste Glass

Abstract: Eco- friendly, low-carbon, and energy-intensive materials are required for a accountable approach to sustainable development. Glass debris can be used to substitute fine natural aggregate in a constructive way. The effects of adding glass cullet to the mechanical characteristics of mortar were investigated for this purpose. The glass aggregate was created from recycled post-consumer waste glass (mainly bottles) from the food, medical, and cosmetics industries. Four different contents of fine glass cullet were used in this experiment (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt. percent of fine aggregate). Compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths were all assessed. The modulus of elasticity and the Poisson coefficient were also calculated. The inclusion of glass sand aggregate to mortar improves its mechanical qualities. The acquired improvement in split tensile strength was the least influenced when comparing the strengths. Rarely has the found effect for the increased examined attributes of the glass sandaggregate content been documented. Furthermore, it was discovered that increasing the recycled glass sand aggregate content in mortar reduced the density. The links between the properties of mortar containing glass sand aggregate were also investigated. Keywords: Portland Pozzolana Cement (ultra-Tech), Drinking Water, natural sand, and waste glass replacement were used in the current experiment.

Effect of construction wastes on the rheo-physical behavior of photocatalytic mortar

Herein, the rheological and mechanical performance generated by the incorporation of construction wastes on the photocatalytic mortar were investigated. Construction wastes referred to recycled clay brick sands (RCBS) and recycled clay brick powder (RCBP). First, the RCBP was used as supplementary cementitious material to replace cement by weight percentages of 0, 10, 20, and 30 at fixed water to cement ratio of 0.6. Then, an optimal combination (20% RCBP and 80% cement) considering the yield stress, plastic viscosity, and mechanical performance was used to bind three types of fine aggregates, viz. 100% silica sands, 80% silica sands plus 20% RCBS, and 80% silica sands plus 20% RCBS based composite photocatalysts (RCBS/TiO2). The recycled glass cullet (RGC) and the RGC based composite photocatalyst (RGC/TiO2) were also used as the fine aggregate. Results revealed that the yield stress and the plastic viscosity of RCBS/TiO2 were higher than silica sands and pure RCBSs. Besides, compared with pure RCBS/TiO2, the combination of RCBS/TiO2 and RGC/TiO2 reduced both the yield stress and the plastic viscosity of the mortar. In addition, either RCBS or RCBS/TiO2 with a blending ratio no higher than 20% caused a little effect on the mechanical performance of the mortar.

Crafting Swahili Beads: Exploring a New Glass Bead Assemblage from Northern Zanzibar, Tanzania

This article presents the discovery and analysis of a new glass bead assemblage from the Swahili site of Mkokotoni, an early second millennium AD settlement in northwestern Zanzibar. It explores the possibilities for local production of glass beads using imported glass cullet or glass tubes at this site. Glass beads are ubiquitous at archaeological sites from the second millennium on the East African coast. They are presumed to have been traded via long-distance networks from South and Southeast Asia, and used locally in personal adornment, barter, and ritual practices. However, the data from Mkokotoni offers a new and unique perspective on glass bead-making traditions, which places the East African coast as an area of production and distribution.

Glass Lightweight Aggregates from Glass Cullet and Mining and Food Industry Carbonate Waste.

Lightweight aggregates are extensively used in construction and other industrial applications due to their technological characteristics. The extraction of natural aggregates results in serious environmental effects. Thus, within the circular economy concept, the valorization of waste through the optimization of materials and product design is encouraged. In this work, glass lightweight aggregates were prepared from mixtures of white glass cullet and carbonate wastes from mining (wastes originating from the extraction, manufacture and marketing of magnesite and its derivatives) and the food industry (eggshell and mussel shell). The effects of different processing parameters, such as the particle size of the base glass, percentage of the blowing additive, shaping method, heating rate, temperature and processing time, were evaluated. The results indicate that the mineralogical composition of the blowing agent and the particle size of the base glass are the two processing parameters with the greatest impact on expansion efficiency. Thus, glass artificial aggregates were obtained with characteristics similar to those of commercial products (density values ranged between 0.3 and 0.8 g/cm3 and mechanical strength between 0.7 and 1.5 MPa) from thermal shock expansion treatments in the temperature range 800–900 °C and with dwell times no longer than 15 min.

A New System of Sustainable Silico-Aluminous and Silicate Materials for Cultivation Purpose within Sustainable Buildings: Chemical-Physical, Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Properties

In this study, we compared the chemical-physical, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity properties of silico-aluminous and silicate materials for outdoor (green roof, planted walls) and indoor (urban farms, indoor microgreen gardens) cultivation purpose in a context of sustainable construction. Glasses and lightweight aggregates were tailored starting from waste, by-product, and post-consumer and bioproducts (packaging glass cullet, cattle bone flour ash, vegetable biomass ash, spent coffee ground, degreased from biomass of prepupae of Black Soldier Flies) mixed together with a national ferruginous red clay, quarry scrap pumice and, if necessary, with K2CO3 of reagent grade. The first type of material was obtained by melting at 1200 °C and the second one by powder sintering at 1000 °C. All specimens, subjected to antibacterial test, showed both low zone of inhibitions towards two Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacterial strains. A cytotoxicity test on mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH-3T3 cell line directly exposed to the investigated materials was performed at three different exposure times (1 h, 3 h, and 6 h). Data acquired highlighted that the materials positively affected redox mitochondrial activity of the fibroblast cells. The concentrations of leachate heavy metals detected on selected materials in water at room temperature after 24 h were lower than the European law limit and an interesting release of P, K, and N nutrients was noted for those formulations designed for agronomic purposes. pH, falling on average within the 6.5–7.5 range, is optimal for most crops, and the specific conductivity <2 dS/m indicates no depression danger for crops. Both bulk density <1200 kg/m3 and porosity over 50% seem to ensure good performance of lightening, drainage, water reservation, and oxygenation of the roots.

Properties of the glass formed from ground glass cullet via sintering

Recycled glass cullet was sintered from green compacts with 0.5 and 1% by weight respectively of organic binders added: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). Typically, glass is recycled by melting, requiring large amounts of energy from fossil fuels adding to greenhouse emissions. Disc shaped compacts with a 13 mm diameter, formed by uniaxial pressing, were sintered at temperature of 680, 700, and 720 °C for 60 min. The recycled material with 1 wt% sodium silicate binder sintered at 700 °C has the highest tensile strength; more important, in the range of regular soda-lime glass, suggesting a greenhouse gas reduction using this sintering process.

Study on a new process and its kinetics of iron recovery and glass-ceramics preparation from desulfurization slag

This paper creatively proposes a new process with desulfurization slag leached by ammonium chloride as pretreatment, and the main point of this paper lies in the processing of desulfurization residue leached by ammonium chloride. Through component analysis the formula is adjusted with high aluminum coal ash and glass cullet, making the melting point of the reduction slag around 1200?, which facilitates the separation of iron and slag. At the same time, the reduction slag is adjusted to the target crystallization phase, so that the high temperature reduction slag after carbon thermal reduction can be used to produce glass-ceramics directly. The results show that iron recovery rate is over 99%, and diopside and nepheline glass-ceramics are produced, which shows that the new process is feasible. However, the crystal growth index is less than 3, which means that the crystallization capacity of the glass-ceramics is low, and nucleating agent is needed in the preparation of glass-ceramics.

Glass Ingots from the Uluburun Shipwreck: Addition of Glass Cullet During Manufacture and Evidence for the Changing Context of New Kingdom Egyptian Glass Production in the Late 18th Dynasty

Glass Ingots from the Uluburun Shipwreck: Addition of Glass Cullet During Manufacture and Evidence for the Changing Context of New Kingdom Egyptian Glass Production in the Late 18th Dynasty

Proposal for Foamed Cement Banking Using Waste Glass Cullet

Proposal for Foamed Cement Banking Using Waste Glass Cullet

Glass Ingots from the Uluburun Shipwreck: Addition of Glass Cullet During Manufacture and Evidence for the Changing Context of New Kingdom Egyptian Glass Production in the Late 18th Dynasty

Glass Ingots from the Uluburun Shipwreck: Addition of Glass Cullet During Manufacture and Evidence for the Changing Context of New Kingdom Egyptian Glass Production in the Late 18th Dynasty

PRODUCTION OF POROUS GLASS-CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS BASED ON GLASS CULLET AND CONVERTER SLAG

The study conducted the research aimed to obtaining a porous glass-crystalline materials based on glass cullet and converter slag, which was used as a gas-forming additive. In this work, the chemical and phase compositions of the studied slag were analyzed, and a differential thermal analysis of its sample was carried out. Converter slag was added to the composition of the masses in an amount of 2.5 to 30 wt%, the rest was glass cullet. Вurning of the samples was carried out in the temperature range of 850-925 ° C. For the samples under study, using a sand volumetric meter, the volume was determined and the swelling coefficient was calculated, the compressive strength was determined, and the type of structure, which depends on the average diameter of the prevailing pores, was analyzed. The dependence of the swelling coefficient of the investigated materials on the burdening composition and burning temperature has been established. To obtain porous materials with a swelling coefficient of 2.16-2.67 and uniform fine-porous structure (predominant pore size less than 0.5 mm), it is optimal to introduce converter slag into the composition of the masses in an amount of 10-15 wt%, and the recommended temperature range their burning 850-900 ° C. Analysis of the phase composition of the materials obtained indicates the presence of wollastonite as the main crystalline phase, which, due to the acicular structure of the crystals, has a reinforcing effect and contributes to an increase in strength characteristics. The developed porous glass-crystalline materials can be used as thermal insulation and aggregates in lightweight concrete.

Effect of Glass Cullet Size and Hydrated Lime—Nanoclay Additives on the Mechanical Properties of Glassphalt Concrete

In this study, the use of glass waste as aggregate in asphalt mixtures was investigated. Maximum glass aggregate size options of 0.075, 2.00, 4.75 and 9.5 mm. were selected. Conventional bitumen, nanoclay-modified bitumen and hydrated lime-modified bitumen were used. Dense graded asphalt mixtures were designed according to the Marshall method. Mixtures were evaluated for low-temperature cracking, resistance to water damage, fatigue, and permanent deformation behavior with repeated creep, indirect tensile strength, indirect tensile fatigue, modified Lottman and Hamburg wheel tracking tests. Increasing glass aggregate size reduced the water damage resistance of asphalt mixtures because of the smooth surface of the glass particles and nanoclay and hydrated lime modification improved the mechanical properties of the asphalt mixtures. Using 2.00 mm sized maximum glass aggregate showed relatively less water damage and deformation properties due to higher internal friction which is due to the greater angularity of the glass particles. In addition, there was a significant correlation between repeated creep test, modified Lottman methods and Hamburg Wheel tracking test from the viewpoint of deformation and water damage assessments.

Utilization of rice husk ash for production of sodium borosilicate glass cullets

Utilization of rice husk ash for production of sodium borosilicate glass cullets

The use of glass waste cullet in the concrete production as an important factor in the circular economy

The paper focuses on the use of glass waste as a substitute for aggregates (0/4, 4/8 and 8/16 mm) in the production of concrete in order to reduce the negative impact of existing waste on the environment. For the study, 5 mixtures were designed with gradual replacement of individual natural aggregate fractions in the concrete mixture by glass cullet. Real density, total water absorption and compressive strength were monitored on cubes with an edge of 100 mm for a period of 14 days to 3 years. The achieved compressive strength of samples with glass as a filler at the level of 50 MPa gives a good precondition for the real use of such concrete in practice. In addition, when combined it with lower real density and total water absorption.

Recycling Crushed Waste Beer Bottle Glass in Fired Clay Bricks

Waste glass is a readily available domestic material. Each year, around 257,000 tonnes of glass waste are produced in Victoria, and the majority is glass packings. Typically, mixed waste glass cullet is deposited in landfills due to the limited recycling techniques. As a result, landfills are facing a growing issue. Therefore, this study investigates the addition of waste beer bottle glass (BG) in fired clay bricks and examines the effects of varying firing temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of the manufactured samples. Clay bricks containing 10% BG at a firing temperature of 950 °C depicted similar compressive strength results (41 MPa) to the control samples (42 MPa). The results of all tested bricks were found to be below the water absorption limit of 17%. The thermal conductivity of the bricks incorporating BG was investigated, and it was found that the thermal performance improved with the decreasing firing temperature. Moreover, an initial rate of absorption (IRA), XRD, and XRF analysis was conducted. The experimental results have been discussed and compared with the recommended acceptable properties for standard bricks.

Particle Morphology and Optical Property of Silicate Powder Prepared from Waste Borosilicate Glass by High Energy Ball Milling Process

The aim of this work was focused on the size reduction of waste glass that was obtained from broken beaker glass in the laboratory. The particle size reduction of glass cullet was performed by a high energy ball milling process. Firstly, the obtained beaker glass was smashed into fine particles before the milling process. The milling parameters studied, which had potential effects on the efficiency of the milling process, were rotation speed, milling time and ball sizes. The particle size and morphology of before/after milled silicate powder were evaluated by a particle analyzer and a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). It was shown that the particle size of the milled powder had decreased after milling. However, agglomeration occurred after the use of high rotation speeds and longer milling times. Furthermore, functional groups of the milled samples were analyzed by a Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer. The FTIR spectra of samples of each milled condition displayede similar patterns. Meanwhile, an optical property, the scattering effect of milled samples of different particle sizes, was identified by a luminance meter. The preliminary results suggested that the minimum particle size of the milled glass was reached at 1.33 µm with milling time of 30 min at 500 rpm. Therefore, an increase of light scattering property occurred, and this correspondented to the smaller particle size of milled silicate powder.