Glass Containers Research Articles

Study of Septic Tank Wastewater Distribution in Soil

In general, people use septic tanks for household wastewater management, but most of them do not meet health requirements and sni regulations, resulting in polluted shallow groundwater. Because of these issues, the author conducted a laboratory simulation of septic tank wastewater seepage on a small scale. This research was carried out in a 100 cm x 100 cm x 40 cm glass box. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution distance, flow rate, and travel time of septic tank wastewater in a horizontal direction wihtin a glass container. The study used statistical analysis to examine the horizontal spread of septic tank effluent in a glass box. The distribution simulation was performed using laboratory tests a ratio 1:10 according to the existing conditions and soil physical properties were tested. Contaminant parameters including the concentration of Escherichia coli and ammonia (NH3N) were analyzed based on distance and time. The number of samples tested in this study was 40 arranged transversely. The results of soil physical property tests included specific gravity of 2,648%, plastic limit of 16,443%, liquid limit of 25,906%, plastic index of 9,463%, sieve analysis of 17,51%, moisture content of 13%, organic matter of 6,12% and permeability 5,388 x 10−5 cm/s. The results of Escherichia coli concentration tests at showed that the concentration was 1,6 x 104 (mpn/100 ml) at the closets distance from the source of spread and 0,92 x 104 (mpn/100 ml) at the farthest distance. The ammonia (nh3n) concentration at the closest distance from the source of spread was 1,30 (mg/l) and the farthest distance was 0,97 (mg/l). The simulation results of the horizontal spread of septic tank wastewater in a glass box at a distance 81 cm required a travel time of 425 minutes (7 hours 5 minutes) with a septic tank wastewater spread speed/flow rate 8,4 x 10−5 liter/minute.

Operational Framework to Quantify "Quality of Recycling" across Different Material Types.

Many pledges and laws are setting recycling targets without clearly defining quality of recycling. Striving to close this gap, this study presents an operational framework to quantify quality of recycling. The framework comprises three dimensions: the Virgin Displacement Potential (VDP); In-Use Stocks Lifetime (IUSL); and Environmental Impact (EI). The VDP indicates to what extent a secondary material can be used as a substitute for virgin material; the IUSL indicates how much of a certain material is still functional in society over a given time frame, and the EI is a measure of the environmental impact of a recycling process. The three dimensions are aggregated by plotting them in a distance-to-target graph. Two example calculations are included on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and glass. The results indicate that the recycling of bottle and container glass collected via a deposit-refund system has the lowest distance-to-target, at 1.05, and, thus, the highest quality of recycling. For PET bottles, the highest quality of recycling is achieved in closed-loop mechanical recycling of bottles (distance to optimal quality of 0.96). Furthermore, sensitivity analysis indicates that certain parameters, e.g., the collection rate for PET bottles, can reduce the distance-to-target to 0.75 when all bottles are collected for recycling.

Chemical composition and effective compounds of dates and their use in a snack to give energy to athletes

Background: Dates are recognized as a rich source of nutrients, so they are considered a complementary food element positioning them as functional food for athletes. Energy balls are nutritious snack foods that people, individuals and athletes enjoy. They are a source of natural sugars, fibers and proteins that are nutritionally balanced. Food supplements consist of protein, fats, vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates. Objective:Enrichment some food products, especially energy-rich balls for athletes that made from dates as a main component for it. Materials and Methods: Date fruits from five cultivars (Dekel Nour, Barhi, zahdi, khlas, sukari) were collected from the orchards of Baghdad Governorate. The fruits were cleaned and dried in an oven at a temperature of 45 ° C until dryn, then the fruits were ground by means of a grinder. The ground forms were kept in sealed glass containers at a laboratory temperature of 20-25 °C until use.Results: Variability in contents was observed across the different cultivars, with the highest percentage of total sugars, amounting to 86.70%, being recorded in Barhi dates. Conversely, the lowest sugar percentage was found in date meat, measuring at 69.20%. The fruits recorded the highest moisture percentage with a value of 30.01%. The mineral composition showed that P was the predominant mineral, followed in descending order by Mg, Ca, and proteins. The protein content ranged from 2.14 to 3.20%, while crude fat ranged from (0.15 - 0.44) %. Moisture content in date varieties with early ripening time was between low and high values of 10% to 30%. The comprehensive nutritional profile encompassed minerals and numerous vitamins, most notably B vitamins. Carbohydrates constitute 70% of the date’s composition, including fructose and glucose. Additionally, dates are rich in calcium, magnesium, selenium, copper, phosphorous, potassium, zinc, sulfur, cobalt, fluorine, and manganese. Lately, interest in dates has increased because of their health importance, catalyzing the development of food products.Keywords: Dates, active substances, chemical compounds, functional foods, oat, nuts

Aedes aegypti container preference for oviposition and its possible implications for dengue vector surveillance in Delhi, India.

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease globally transmitted by Aedes aegypti. The most effective method to prevent the transmission of the disease is proficient vector control. Understanding the breeding behaviour of the responsible vectors is very pertinent in this regard; therefore, the present study was conducted to understand Ae. aegypti behaviour regarding the selection of containers for oviposition in the megacity of Delhi. A household survey in different localities within Delhi was carried out during 2018-2019. All available containers were inspected for the presence of immature Ae. aegypti. In entomological surveillance, the ovipositional preference of Aedes was computed using the breeding preference ratio, container index in the field, and laboratory settings, and associations of dengue cases with monthly variation in environmental factors and container type were also calculated. The household larval survey in 40 localities showed that 40% of 27,776 water-holding containers in 3,400 houses were plastic, followed by overhead tanks (26.2%), and coolers (12.1%). The most preferred breeding habitat was clay pots (9.3%), followed by metallic containers (8.5%) and solid waste (7.1%). A laboratory-based study showed that Aedes preferred clay containers (81.8%) over 4 other types of containers (plastic, paper, metal, and glass). The present study provides a rationale for using clay containers as a possible surveillance tool (ovitraps) or as a vector control tool. This information might aid researchers in developing novel traps and targeting preferred containers for larval control activities during transmission and non-transmission seasons.

Evaluación del recolector de orina en la toma de muestra de líquido seminal y tinción diferencial de fluorescencia en espermatozoides

Objective: To verify that urine collectors are not toxic to sperm. Methods: The toxicity of glass (control) and plastic (urine collector) containers with semen samples of good concentration and sperm motility was evaluated by studying sperm motility at intervals of 1 hour, at room temperature, for 4 hours, following guidelines of the fifth edition of the World Health Organization Manual for the processing of semen samples. The progressive motility between both types of containers (glass and plastic) was compared and the morphotintorial characteristics of the spermatozoa were evaluated with the modified fluorescence differential stain. Results: No statistically significant differences (p = 0.334) were found between the groups. Spermatozoa that emitted a green fluorescence were categorized as normal and presented a strong correlation (r = 1,000; p = 0.000); Whereas, yellow (r = -0.838, p = 0.009) and orange (r = 0.940, p = 0.000) stains were highly correlated with sperm abnormalities, highlighting that orange fluorescence had a high correlation (r = 0.940, p = 0.000) with head abnormalities. Conclusion: The plastic collector has no toxic effects on sperm, it satisfies the needs of collection of the semen sample. With modified fluorescence differential staining, green staining is associated with morphologically normal spermatozoa and yellow and orange stains are associated with abnormalities of the head, middle piece, and main piece of sperm.

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF KATUPILADI OINTMENT (ANUBHUTA YOGA) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF POST-OPERATIVE FISTULOTOMY WOUND- A CASE STUDY

A fistulotomy is a surgical procedure for treating the fistula1 and leaves the patient with secondary healing of post-surgical wounds. Treating these wounds has been a challenging task, as these wounds are very much prone to secondary infection by the contamination of faces. Due to contamination, delayed wound healing may persist. For that, these wounds are classified under the contaminated wound category.2 Securinega leucopyrus (Willd.) Muell. is known as Katupila in Sri Lanka, Humari in India, and Spinous fluggea in English.3 It is a climatic de-sert plant which used topically as a Kalka form for managing acute, chronic, and non-healing wounds.4 This drug is wildly prescribed and easily available in Sri Lanka. Chemical constituents (Pharmacognostical study) of Katupila have crystals of calcium oxalate, tannins, and oil globules.5 These constituents are responsible for wound healing.6 In an Ayurvedic prospective, Acharya Sushruta has described Shashti Upakramas for managing the Vrana (wound).7 It shows the necessity of different forms of drugs as local applications. Acharya Sushruta also described Amruta or Guduchi [Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers] as Ropana8 and Triphala [Amalaki- Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Haritaki- Terminalia chebula Retz., Bibhitaki- Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.] as Sodhana (Cleaning) and Ropana (Healing) dravya.9 Hence, this case study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Katupiladi ointment in post-operative fistulotomy wound management. For the study, the drug was pre-pared in the ayurvedic pharmacy with the standard trituration method, and after that, it was stored in a sterilized glass container.

Using observation and measurement data in the constructing scientific explanations among elementary pre-service teachers

Observing phenomena and constructing scientific explanations is an essential for a student, as well as for a teacher. This case study was conducted through one-on-one interviews to gain the process of constructing a scientific explanation, an in-depth understanding of the impact of observation and measurement data. The participants of this study were four elementary pre-service teachers who non-science majored. The participants observed footage of the burning process of a candle in an airtight glass container and constructed scientific explanations in the process of verifying the measurement data. The measurement data used in this study were obtained through measurement experiments with Arduino and sensors, which measured changes in temperature, humidity, pressure, oxygen, and carbon dioxide concentrations during the burning of candles. Participants described their thought processes aloud in the process of checking observation and measurement data. Each participant performed the same protocol procedure. Along the way, we were able to identify patterns in the use of observational and measurement data on how scientific explanations are constructed. Through the case analysis of this study, we suggested a model for the construction of scientific explanations in the process of using observational data.

THE RADIOCARBON SAMPLE ARCHIVE OF TRONDHEIM

ABSTRACTAtmospheric CO2 samples have been collected by the Trondheim Radiocarbon Laboratory since the 1960s. The remaining material from the measurements has been precipitated as CaCO3 and stored in glass containers. We investigated some of the stored samples to assess whether the material could still be used for remeasurements of atmospheric radiocarbon (14C) content, or if it has been contaminated during the years of storage. We attempted different methods to clean the carbonate and release the CO2 for new measurements. The results indicate that the older samples before 1970 show a significant change in 14C content compared to the original measurements, and that our cleaning methods have only little effect. Later samples from the 1970s, which were archived in glass containers with a different lid, show a lower contamination that, however, still leads to an added uncertainty of several pMC and makes these samples unreliable.

Developing Techniques for Closed-Loop-Recycling Soda-Lime Glass Fines through Robotic Deposition

Glass is made from sand—a finite resource. Hence, there is a need to maintain glass in the industrial cycle as described in the Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s circular-economy diagram. This research project examines the reallocation of material resources in the form of waste glass fines from the industrial recycling process for soda-lime glass. According to the plant manager of Reiling Glasrecycling Danmark ApS, the fines are currently sold to be used for insulation. Although this process prolongs the lifespan of the fines before they become landfill waste, a closed-loop circular option would be preferable. In order to establish a closed-loop circular model for waste glass fines, this research investigates their material and aesthetic qualities and proposes a strategy for maintaining the fines in the closed loop cycle together with the soda-lime glass. The fines are manipulated through robotic deposition and formed into 3D geometries. To expand the aesthetic applications for the material, an investigation is conducted by combining 3D geometries with the traditional glassmaking techniques of glassblowing and casting. The research contributes knowledge of the materials’ technical qualities including printability, durability and workability of the 3D prints combined with cast or blown recycled container glass as well as with blown waste glass fines. Technical obstacles are revealed and alternative routes for further explorations are suggested. Finally, the performative and aesthetic qualities of the results are discussed, while artistic applications for recycled soda-lime glass fines remain to be explored in future research.

Photogrammetry of “Wet” Pathology Museum Specimens: A Pilot Project

Medical museums around the world have many specimens of historical and teaching value in their collections. Some of these are bones that have been prepared to illustrate normal anatomy. Others consist of organs preserved in liquid fixative (“wet” specimens) and mounted in glass or plexiglass containers that demonstrate the pathology of disease. Digitization of these specimens has the advantage of making them available for viewing by more students or website visitors than is possible in the museum itself. Photogrammetry is one method for doing this that enables the reconstruction of high-quality 3D models using standard specimen photographs. However, although relatively easy to perform on bones, its use with “wet” objects is more difficult and special steps are required to achieve optimal results. Using specimens from the Sir William Osler aortic aneurysm collection at the Maude Abbott Medical Museum, we developed a relatively simple and cost-effective photogrammetry process that gave good reconstructions of most specimens. We expect that future developments, such as the use of artificial intelligence-based techniques, may improve this result.

Foaming the polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and poly urethane (PU) wood adhesive and characterization

In this study, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and polyurethane (PU) wood adhesives were foamed. It was aimed to achieve adhesive savings by allowing the adhesives to cover a larger surface area through foaming. Egg white (EW), wheat flour (WF), and Sodium Lauretha Sulfate (SLES) were used as foaming agents for the adhesives. The foaming agents were mechanically mixed within a glass container to foaming, and then adhesive was added to the foam and mixed again using a mechanical mixer. The characterization of the foamed adhesives was conducted through viscosity and perpendicular adhesive strength (PB)analyses according to TSE standards. According to the analysis results, it has been determined that foaming PU adhesive with foaming agents is more successful. The foam stability of PVA adhesive was significantly low, as the foam completely deflated after approximately 30 minutes. The addition of EW and WF to PU resulted in a more solid and rigid foam. Thanks to this characteristic, PU foams can be used in the production of wood sandwich panels. According to the study results, further research is anticipated to be conducted on the foaming of PU adhesive, and the obtained foams are predicted to be used in the furniture industry for panel production.

Exploring governance challenges in coastal communities through key informant perceptions in Campeche, Mexico

Campeche's coastal environment and its natural protected areas (NPA) possess great biodiversity. However, anthropogenic activities, excessive resource use and coastal ecosystems' depletion have taken their toll on ecological settings and altered communities' livelihoods. This paper describes how key informants perceive local governance's role in coastal ecosystem health. We applied semi-structured interviews (n = 17) to key informants from artisanal fisheries, community tourism projects, and natural resources conservation programs in three socio-ecological systems (SES). Most stakeholders belong cooperative societies (76.5%). While family members comprise both Isla Arena-RCBR SES 1 and Isla Aguada-LTFFPA SES 3, Campeche PBR SES 2 does not follow this pattern. Cooperatives generally pursue two economic activities (52.9%): conservation and tourism, or fisheries and tourism. In SES 1 and SES 3 most cooperatives grant information to members for decision-making and apply norms in a transparent way. Those key users have skillful knowledge of natural resources conservation, and can identify or participate in ecosystem conservation projects, such as mangrove restoration. The most consistent attributes between them are: accountability and transparency in decision making, and knowing how to perceive, locate, and sustainably use high environmental value areas. However, long-term conservation goals for many SES actors remain key objectives to achieve. While all three SES acknowledge environmental change through time, such as decreased fishery capture indices and coastal erosion, plastic and glass containers pollution levels pose the most severe risk in ecosystems health. All SES key users worry about environmental changes due to excessive fishing, and this factor remains a priority in order to balance local demand. Because this is an extremely complex, multi-causal problem, coastal communities, local government, and the academic sector must work together to achieve sustainable goals.

Rapid In-Field Volatile Sampling for Detection of Botrytis cinerea Infection in Wine Grapes.

Fungal infection of grape berries (Vitis vinifera) by Botrytis cinerea frequently coincides with harvest, impacting both the yield and quality of grape and wine products. A rapid and non-destructive method for identifying B. cinerea infection in grapes at an early stage prior to harvest is critical to manage loss. In this study, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystal was applied as an absorbent material for volatile extraction from B. cinerea infected and healthy grapes in a vineyard, followed by thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The performance of ZIF-8 in regard to absorbing and trapping the targeted volatiles was evaluated with a standard solution of compounds and with a whole bunch of grapes enclosed in a glass container to maintain standard sampling conditions. The results from the sampling methods were then correlated to B. cinerea infection in grapes, as measured and determined by genus-specific antigen quantification. Trace levels of targeted compounds reported as markers of grape B. cinerea infection were successfully detected with in-field sampling. The peak area counts for volatiles 3-octanone, 1-octen-3-one, 3-octanol, and 1-octen-3-ol extracted using ZIF-8 were significantly higher than values achieved using Tenax®-TA from field testing and demonstrated good correlation with B. cinerea infection severities determined by B. cinerea antigen detection.

High-Order Modeling, Zeroing Dynamics Control, and Perturbations Rejection for Non-Linear Double-Holding Water Tank

The double-holding water tank system is a common non-linear control system that plays a crucial role in process control in the chemical industry. It consists of two cylindrical glass containers: the preset tank and the main tank. The main challenge in controlling this system is adjusting the main control valve to ensure that the actual liquid level of the main tank tracks the desired liquid level. This paper explores the zeroing dynamics (ZD) method and its application in tracking control. A non-linear model is developed for the double-holding water tank system, and the ZD method is used to design an effective controller (called the ZD controller) for tracking control. Additionally, the robustness of the double-holding water tank system in the presence of time-varying perturbations is investigated. In order to substantiate the effectiveness and robustness of the ZD controller, simulation experiments on four different tracking trajectories corresponding to four different practical situations, as well as an extra simulation experiment considering time-varying perturbations, are conducted. Furthermore, a comparative simulation experiment based on the backstepping method is conducted. The presented results successfully illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the ZD method for the tracking control of double-holding water tank systems.

Efficiency Testing of Some Local Bacterial Isolates on Biodegradation for Gas Oil in Contaminated Soil Extract

A factorial experiment was carried out in glass containers using a randomized complete design (RCD) in clay soil mixture to study the test of pollination ability with four types of Rhizobium isolates isolated from the root nodes of four plants of the leguminous family. (Vigna anguiculata L (R1), Vicia faba (R2), Phaseolus (R3), Vigna radiate (R4) and a mixture of (B. megaterium, B.pumilus, B.lichenitormis, B.amylolilguefaciens) (B) on the consumption of gas oil at three levels (0, 2, 4%) by measuring the amount of CO2 released, the percentage and quantity of gas oil consumption and the concentration of the bio-emulsion produced by these isolates in industrial agricultural media. The results showed that all types of bacterial isolates led to a significant increase in the amount of CO2 released for the two levels (2%, 4%) compared to the level (0%), the treatment of adding Rhizobia bacteria isolated from the mung bean plant was recorded (R4) Vigna radiate and at the level (4%) the highest liberated amount, it reached to (390.40) mg of 100 gm-1 of soil compared to the comparison and at the level (0%) that was (126.15)) mg of 100 gm-1 of soil, resulted in a significant decrease in the residual amount of gas oil in the soil and for all levels of gas oil, and the treatment of adding Bacillus mixture recorded the lowest residual amount, it reached to (0.45) ml 100 gm-1 soil out of (2) ml added compared to the control treatment which recorded (1.75) ml 100 gm-1 soil at the level (2%). The treatment of adding a mixture of Bacillus (B) bacteria recorded the highest degraded percentage at the 2% level, which amounted to (77.5%) compared to the control treatment which recorded (12.5%), whereas, the treatment of adding Rhizobia isolated from Vigna radiate (R4) recorded the highest degraded percentage at the 4% level, which amounted to (68.75%) compared to the control treatment (23.75%). All bacterial isolates recorded the highest concentration of the bio-emulsion at the level (0%) and the lowest concentration at the level (4%), and the Bacillus bacteria mixture (B) recorded at the level (0%) the highest concentration of the bio-emulsion was (27.75) mg L-1.

Germination of seeds of Dianthus plumarius L. (Caryophyllaceae Juss.) after storage period of 43 and 44 years

The seed germination tests of long-term (1978- and 1979-year harvest) storage seeds of Dianthus plumarius were carried out. The seeds were stored in a cold chamber (0-5 °C) for 43- and 44-year period, respectively, in the hermetically sealed glass containers. The experiment was conducted in laboratory conditions, on filter-paper, in three consequent stages: initial screening (Sept/Oct. 2022, sample 1978); 6 seed samples of 100 seeds each: 3 samples from 1978 and 3 samples from 1979 year (Oct/Nov. 2022) and 12 x 100 seeds with the highest germination taken from the previous experimental batch (Nov/Dec.2022). The temperature and air humidity were monitored daily by an Electronic Temperature station. The results from trials Oct./Nov.2022 showed that the highest germination energy (GE) was found in the seed sample from 1978 (65%) while the GE varied between 42 and 46% in the samples of the 1979’ harvest. The maximum percentage of germination, in almost all experimental samples, was achieved on the 14th day and until the end of the experiment remained unchanged. The highest percentage of germination was found in sample from 1978 year - 82%. A statistically significant difference was observed between samples from 1978 and the two samples from 1979 (p≤0.05, ANOVA). The germination process took place at relatively low temperatures and at a relatively small day-night amplitude. The two consecutive experiments confirmed the fact that the seed samples from 1978 year showed a higher germination energy, which could be explained by a higher water content in the seeds which were initially placed in cold storage and were preserved during the storage conditions for the specified long-term period. The high germination rates observed in the present experiment encourages further investigations.

Detection of baby food sterilized with ionizing radiation using thermoluminescence

AbstractFood sterilization with ionizing radiation is a well-established technology, which is constantly extending to several products due to its numerous advantages. However, radiosterilization is prohibited to several food categories, such as baby food products since it could cause nutrient degradation of such foods with significant effects on the infants’ health. As a result, any governmental agency responsible for the detection of irradiated products should first focus on products consumed by babies/children. To this respect, the present work explores whether TL can be employed as a method for post-sterilization dosimetry on baby food, by studying the properties of their glass containers since they would be equally and jointly exposed to the ionizing radiation during the sterilization process. Two different reputable brands, i.e., Hipp® and Nestle®, are used for this purpose. Both glass containers exhibit a linear TL dose response for doses up to 3 kGy, while no sensitization of the main peaks is observed. Though their behavior is not very stable with time (strong fading) yet fading correction is possible. Dose recovery tests were successfully conducted, calculating the administered dose with high accuracy. A computerized curve deconvolution analysis (CCDA) was also performed revealing that all glow curves can be fitted with one peak of continuous trap distribution and three discrete-energy peaks, which also demonstrate a linear dose response over the range 50–3000 Gy. Thus, findings are very promising towards the post-sterilization dosimetry of baby food through their glass containers.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE USE OF BATTLE GLASS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GLASS CONCRETE

The technology of glass concrete based on dispersed container and sheet glass has been developed. It is shown that when Portland cement and cullet are ground together, when a specific surface area of 5890 – 6450 cm2/g and a particle size of 3.4 – 3.6 microns with a dispersed glass content in the composite of 20 – 50 wt. % with hyperplasticizer glass concrete corresponds to class B30 – B40, which meets the requirements of regulatory documents. The microstructure of glass concrete and the features of its dehydration when heated to 1000 °C investigated. Using X-ray phase analysis, it was found that sodium-calcium hydroaluminosilicates such as gmelenite and thomsonite are formed in glass concrete.

The determinants of individual’s recycling behavior with an investigation into the possibility of expanding the deposit refund system in glass waste management in Croatia

This study investigates the recycling behavior of Croatian citizens and identifies the determinants of individual recycling intention. It also addresses whether the existing deposit refund system for glass bottles in Croatia can be replaced by an expanded system that includes the return and reuse of almost all types of glass containers. A total of 427 Croatian citizens participated in the survey. Quantitative data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling. In addition to the survey, a focus group was conducted with the relevant experts. The results confirmed the assumption about the pro-environmental orientation in Croatia. Citizens have a positive attitude towards the expanded deposit refund system in waste glass disposal and intend to implement it. The most significant predictor of their intention is their attitude towards the expanded deposit refund system, followed by familiarity with recycling. A person’s recycling intention is mainly determined by familiarity with recycling and perceived behavioral control. In the qualitative study, Croatian experts were generally positive about an expanded deposit refund system for glass containers but warned that implementation would not be without certain obstacles. The added value of the study is the creation of new knowledge for the design of local and national policies that can promote individuals’ environmentally friendly behavior and improve the glass waste disposal system in Croatia.

Designing Semi-Automatic Cup Sealer Machine for Clean Water Packaging in Sumbergedang Village, Pasuruan

Clear water that has been processed into ready to drink in Sumbegedang Pasuruan village cannot yet be distributed to the local village community or other villages, because there is still no equipment for the process of packaging clean ready-to-drink water. Therefore, in this Community Service Activity, a semi-automatic plastic cup sealing machine was made with the sealing mechanism run by a driving dynamo (AC motor) with a push button connected to a microcontroller as the trigger. This Community Service activity is a continuation of Community Service activities in the village of Sumbergedang, Pasuruan which has abundant clear water originating from Mount Penanggungan and has been processed into clean water ready to drink. Clean water that has been placed in a plastic glass container, then for the future can be produced or distributed to the local village community or other villages. Automatic components used for the manufacture of semi-automatic cup sealer machines are PCB, ATMEGA48V-10PU IC, step down transformer, thermostat, heater, digital counter, push button, timer potentiometer, limit switch, relay, PCB cable, motor AC. The machine is only used for one size of 7 oz glass. A machine operation test was carried out to find out if this semi-automatic cup sealer machine met the machine's standard results. Furthermore, an introduction was made along with the process of operating this semi-automatic plastic cup sealing machine to the people of Sumbergedang Pasuruan village. The results show that this semi-automatic cup sealer can be used in the field and for the process of packing clean, ready to drink water in Sumbergedang Village, Pasuruan.