Glass Containers Research Articles

CARBON FOOTPRINT OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF GLASS CONTAINER

In this paper, we discuss glass containers as type of package for beverages characterized with the minimum negative environmental impact. We studied reports of independent researchers who described possible solutions for reducing carbon footprint of glass containers manufacturing industry. The publications have been arranged in order to minimize the uncertainties and expand the scope of the investigation. We assessed the aspects, which are influencing the carbon footprint, and built a mathematical model to calculate the carbon footprint of the certain glass manufactories. The scaling of the life cycle for a period of 5 years (12 recycling units) was carried out for two ways of recycling glass containers: involving 20 % of cullet and washing salvage glass containers. A graphical comparison of the calculation has been prepared. In conclusion, we described possible stimuli for glass containers recycling as well as for the increase of the glassware share in the beverage packaging.

Water proton NMR relaxation revisited: Ultrahighly diluted aqueous solutions beyond Avogadro’s limit prepared by iterative centesimal dilution under shaking cannot be considered as pure solvent

• Ultramolecular dilutions prepared according to homeopathic pharmacopoeia differ from solvent and from simply diluted samples. • Evidence for an unexpected gradual increase of correlation times of water with dilution in ultrahighly diluted solutions. • Evidence for solute-induced nanostructures in aqueous high dilutions growing with dilution. • Nanostructures result from nucleation between the solute, nanobubbles and elements coming from the medium during preparation. • Nanostructures in ultrahigh dilutions, even ultramolecular, enhance leaching processes in glass containers. The biological activity of ultrahigh dilutions (HDs) as used in homeopathy, especially those beyond Avogadro's limit, is still controversial and an intriguing problem for scientists. Homeopathic remedies are mostly prepared by iterative centesimal dilution under vigorous shaking, called dynamization. Cn corresponds to a dilution factor of 10 -2n , and C12 (10 -24 ) to the theoretical limit of molecular presence. Since the 1990 s, NMR relaxation of water protons has emerged as a potent tool for investigating HDs. This article reviews studies of high methodological quality by five independent teams over more than two decades. They demonstrate an increase in T1 and T1/T2, with a decrease in T2, although less constant, in dynamized aqueous HDs. No variation was observed in the similarly treated solvent controls. The phenomenon seems to be common, regardless of solute, dissolved oxygen, material used (glass or plastic), method of shaking, frequency from 0.02 to 600 MHz. Strikingly, the changes in relaxation times increased gradually with dilution, even in the C12-C30 ultramolecular range and they totally vanished after a heating–cooling cycle directly applied on the sealed NMR tubes. The results were interpreted in terms of increasing correlation times of water, greater than 10 −8 s, resulting from the formation of growing solute-induced nanostructures involving nanobubbles and various elements coming from the medium, the atmosphere and the container. Another unexpected result was that HDs were able to enhance some leaching processes in glass containers.

The effect of Material used in the Lime Infused water Packaging on Vitamin C Level

The storage process can affect the level of vitamin C in lime Infused water. The purposes of this research was to know the effect of storage container on vitamin C level in lime Infused water. The material used in the Infused water packaging are plastic and glass. Analysis of vitamin C levels in sample using Iodimetric method. The results of this research indicated that vitamin C levels in plastic and glass container was 2,499 mg/100 mL and 3,034 mg/100 mL, respectively. The siginificants results (Sig 2-tailed) of this study was 0,235 (p<0,05). From this study can be concluded that the use of plastic and glass packaging affect the vitamin C level in lime Infused water.

Influence of the Addition of Waste Glass and Microbiological Performance of Metakaolin‐Based Geopolymers Cement

AbstractGlass recycling reduces the amount of waste to be treated or disposed in landfills, allowing both to limit environmental damage and to save on the costs of transportation and disposal of waste. In this paper, an advantageous method for recycling glass containers (bottles, jars, jars for food, glasses, and cans for drinks, etc.) is presented. The glass is crushed and without being washed or separated from any foreign bodies it is safely incorporated into a metakaolin (MK)‐based geopolymeric matrix. Pure MK and mixtures obtained by adding different percentages (30–50 wt%) of glass cullet are consolidated via alkali activation at 50°C. Infrared spectroscopy is able to reveal the formation of bonds in the mixtures between the geopolymeric matrix and the glass. Leaching tests are carried out to evaluate the eventual release of toxic metals, while the antibacterial tests complete the environmental evaluation of the final consolidated products that show how the mechanical performance are modified by adding different amount of glass cullet.

Silaj Katkı Maddelerinin Mısır Silajına Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesinde Laboratuar Ölçekli Farklı Silolama Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması

The current study aimed to compare the nutritional, chemical, and fermentative changes of maize silages with some additives prepared in standard glass jars (SGJ) and vacuum-packed model polyethylene bags (VP, Rostock). The treatment groups were control group (no addition), barley group (grinded barley addition 20 and 40 g kg-1), lactic acid bacteria (LAB) group, and LAB+enzyme mixture group. The ensiling method had no effect on the pH of the silage. (P=0.974) but the pH was increased with LAB addition (P=0.030). The dry matter (DM) contents of silages were increased by barley addition (P=0.030). Silages hemicellulose (HEM) content was decreased by ENZ inoculation (P=0.017). Silages total carbohydrates (TC) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations were highest in 40 g kg-1 barley group (P0.05). These results showed that vacuum-packed polythene bags do provide practical, flexible, and cost-efficient alternative to fixed-capacity glass containers for laboratory scale silage experiments.

Calcium Silicate Hydrate Cation-Exchanger from Paper Recycling Ash and Waste Container Glass

Synthetic 11 Å tobermorite (Ca5Si6O16(OH)2.4H2O) and its Al-substituted analogue are layer-lattice ion-exchangers with potential applications in nuclear and hazardous wastewater treatment. The present study reports the facile one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of an Al-tobermorite-rich cation-exchanger from a combination of paper recycling ash, post-consumer container glass, and lime, with compositional ratios of [Ca]/[Si + Al] = 0.81 and [Al]/[Si + Al] = 0.18. The reaction products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction analysis, 29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Hydrothermal processing in 4 M NaOH(aq) at 100 °C for 7 days yielded an Al-tobermorite-rich product that also contained katoite (Ca3Al2SiO12H8), portlandite (Ca(OH)2), calcite (CaCO3), and amorphous silicate gel. The hydrothermal product was found to have a Cs+ cation exchange capacity of 59 ± 4 meq 100 g−1 and selective Cs+ distribution coefficients (Kd) of 574 ± 13 and 658 ± 34 cm3 g−1 from solutions with molar ratios [Cs+]:[Na+] and [Cs+]:[Ca2+] of 1:100. In a batch sorption study at 20 °C, the uptakes of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cs+ were determined to be 1.78 ± 0.04, 0.65 ± 0.06, and 0.36 ± 0.03 mmol g−1, respectively. The kinetics of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cs+ removal were described by the pseudo-second-order rate model, which gave respective rate constants (k2) of 0.010, 0.027, and 1.635 g mmol−1 min−1, and corresponding correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.997, 0.996, and 0.999. The metal ion sorption properties of the tobermorite-rich product compared favorably with those of other waste-derived tobermorites reported in the literature. Potential strategies to improve the yield, crystallinity, and sorption characteristics of the product are discussed.

Boiling of water droplet in glass–oil–water multiphase system

Boiling a volatile droplet in non-volatile liquid is complex because of various interface interactions in a solid–liquid–liquid system. Previous studies have reported explosive boiling and attributed this phenomenon to heterogeneous nucleation due to solid–liquid contact. In this study, we investigated the boiling of an approximately 2 mm-diameter water droplet in a silicon oil pool inside a glass container. Two transition temperatures were observed: 122.5 °C (for the transition from evaporation to boiling) and 160.0 °C (for the transition from the bubble growth on the oil side to that on both the oil and water sides). Moreover, four boiling modes were identified: evaporation (E), boiling in water (BIW: bubble nucleation at the glass–water interface and growth inside a drop), boiling in oil (BIO: bubble nucleation at the oil–water interface and growth in oil), and boiling in oil and water (BIOW: bubble nucleation at the oil–water interface and growth in oil and water). For the first time, boiling bifurcation was observed for drop boiling in a three-phase system. For the oil temperature (Tb) in the range 122.5–160.0 °C, the boiling mode switches between BIW and BIO. In contrast, for Tb exceeding 160.0 °C, either BIW or BIOW occurs. This bifurcation occurs because droplets prefer minimum activation energy between that for the bubble nucleation at the solid–water interface and that for the bubble nucleation at the oil–water interface. Interfacial instabilities were analyzed to explain why BIOW was more violent than BIW. This work presents a comprehensive understanding of droplet boiling in a three-phase system.

Nutritional and rheological properties of pumpkin seed based fruits spread

Fruit spread is prepared by combining sugar with processed fruit juice, concentrated fruit juice, or whole fruit. Pumpkin (Curcurbita maxima) seeds are commonly seen as industrial waste and discarded. Pumpkin seed was roasted and made into powder form. β-carotene rich fruits such as mango, papaya, and muskmelon were used to extract the pulp. To obtain a desired consistency of fruit spread, the fruit pulp (25%) was blended with roasted seed powder (70%) Fruits were scattered at 5° to 10° Brix and sugar was added. To extend the shelf life and improve the quality of the spreads, they were pasteurised at 60°C for 30 minutes. The spreads were packaged in two different types of packaging material food grade glass containers and polypropylene containers. They were kept in refrigerated conditions at 4°C for further analysis. After organoleptic evaluation, the fruits spreads were analysed for nutritional content, textural properties and microbial content. Pumpkin seed based fruit spreads have 15.23 to 15.64% moisture, 6.7 to 7.18 % protein, 4.53 to 4.89% fat, 5.29 to 5.69% fiber and 15.36 to 28.67% carbohydrates. The pumpkin seed based fruit spreads had 15.41 to 23.04°Brix of total soluble solids. The fruit spreads had 85.82 to 764.54 g hardness, -88.54 to-205.45 g adhesiveness, 0.87 to 0.95 springiness,0.48 to 0.74 cohesiveness, 64.78 to 344.06 gumminess and 61.53 to 311.64 chewiness. The pumpkin seed based fruits spread had viscosities of 2.21 to 3.58 centipoises. The mango based fruit spreads had the highest score values among the fruit spreads. The fruit spread encompassed enormous bioactive compounds when compared to other fruit spreads available on the market.

Evaluation Of Effect Of Root Canal Irrigating Solutions On The Cyclic Fatigue Resistance Of Rotary Nickel-Titanium File – An In-Vitro Study

Aim- The aim of this in-vitro study was to compare the effect of NaOCl, EDTA, Propolis and Distilled water on cyclic fatigue resistance of Protaper Gold rotary NiTi instruments.
 Method- A total of 40 commercially available rotary (n =40) Ni-Ti files were used to assess the effect of different root canal irrigants on their cyclic fatigue resistance. The files were divided into four groups (n=10 per group) as Group 1- Distilled water (Control group), Group 2 – 5.25 % NaOCl, Group 3 -17% EDTA and Group 4 - Propolis. The instruments were rotated in custom-made stainless steel artificial canal (angle of 60˚and 5 mm radius), fixed in a glass container with irrigating solution until the instrument fractured. The time to fracture was registered for each instrument and the number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was calculated and statistical analysis was done.
 Result- NiTi files used with Group 1 (Distilled water) exhibited best cyclic fatigue resistance (1386.50±37.12) amongst all the tested groups followed by Group 4 (Propolis) and Group 3 (EDTA). Group 2 (5.25 % NaOCl) showed least cyclic fatigue resistance (971.50 ± 48.879) compared to other groups (P>0.05). 
 Conclusion- NiTi files exhibited best cyclic fatigue resistance when used with distilled water and NaOCl irrigating solution significantly deteriorated the surface characteristics and cyclic fatigue resistance of rotary NiTi files.

Luminescence of Fluorozirconate Glasses Containing Cerium and Manganese Ions

Luminescence of Fluorozirconate Glasses Containing Cerium and Manganese Ions

Іnfluence of aquatic extracts from the rhizomes of Еlytrigia repens l. on the progress of maize seeds

Aim. To summarize the results of the study of allelopathic pressure of water-soluble secretions of Elytrigia repens L. in the laboratory. Methods. The rhizomes of creeping wheatgrass were dried to an air-dry state and ground into 3-4 mm particles. To extract, a weighed portion of weed rhizome (0.5, 1 and 10 g) was transferred to a glass container and 100 ml of distilled water at room temperature was added. The extraction process according to the method lasted 1 day at a temperature of +200°C. The experiments were performed with aqueous extracts at a concentration of 1:1000, 1:100 and 1:10. Results. As a result of our research, it was found that the presence of water-soluble secretions from the rhizomes of creeping wheatgrass inhibits the energy of germination of corn seeds, regardless of their level of concentration. On the fourth day of the survey, it was determined that the concentrations of water extracts of wheatgrass 1:100 and 1:10 significantly suppressed the length of the germinal root of corn: 2.37 cm and 2.78 cm, respectively. Measurements of the length of the coleoptile on the 7th day of germination of corn seeds showed a decrease in this indicator in the above options by 29.5% and 30.3%, respectively, compared to the control variant. Also, the total length of the root system in these variants was 44.2% and 44.6% shorter. On the germination and subsequent growth of maize seedlings aqueous extract with a concentration of 1:1000 gave a significant stimulating effect compared to the control variant, in which the seeds were germinated in distilled water. Conclusion. Therefore, depending on the concentration in the aqueous solution of allelopathically active substances from the rhizome of creeping wheatgrass can be either stimulating or inhibiting their effect on the processes occurring during the germination of corn seeds. The results of the research explain the appearance of unfriendly maize seedlings and the lag in the growth and development of cultivated plants in locked areas.

Preparation and characterization of vitrified tiles from kaolinite clay – waste container glass mixture by sintering method

In this study, vitrified ceramic tiles were made by sintering a mixture of recycled waste container glass powder (RWGP) and kaolinite clays sourced from Nigeria. Initially, waste container glass (transparent color) was obtained from a municipal waste deposit, washed, and crushed before fine milling and sieving to obtain RWGP of approximately 75 µm. Prior to use, the as-received kaolinite clays were also beneficiated and sieved. Three body mixes (VT1, VT2, and VT3) containing 80 – 90 wt. percent RWGP with kaolinite clays and feldspar were homogeneously blended and compacted in a steel mould measuring 200 x 180 x 10 mm. The green compacts were allowed to dry at room temperature before sintering at 1200oC for 2 hours. To evaluate the properties of the developed vitrified tiles, physical, mechanical, phase, and microstructure investigations were carried out. The results showed that bulk density increases across the series, while porosity was 0.5 percent for all tested samples, which is in accordance with ISO 13006. VT2 had higher hardness (6.71 MPa) and compressive strength (2.44 MPa). Quartz and wollastonite were the major phases identified by XRD, with albite, orthoclase, and calcite also present. The microstructure revealed a densified morphology typical of a clay–quartz structure, with little glassy phase resulting from the limited reaction of glass with the clay during sintering.

Intravitreal Application: Physicochemical Properties of Drugs Dissolved in Silicone Oils of Different Density in Comparison to the Porcine Vitreous Body.

Silicone oil endotamponades provide a reservoir for drugs in the eye. Following vitrectomy surgery to treat retinal detachments, extensive diabetic retinopathy or endophthalmitis, they can be used as long-term lipophilic depots. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of intravitreally applied drugs of different lipophilicity, namely vancomycin, ceftazidime and voriconazole. For this purpose, an in vitro model of the silicone-oil-filled eye compared to porcine vitreous bodies (PVBs) was used. In a glass container, either light or heavy silicone oil or PVB was set into equilibrium with an aqueous fluid. Vancomycin, voriconazole and ceftazidime were added in concentrations commonly applied in clinical practice. The time course of the concentration of the drugs was determined in the hydrophilic phase for up to 24 h. With silicone oil present, the concentrations of vancomycin, voriconazole and ceftazidime were elevated in the aqueous humor when compared to the vitreous body (p < 0.001 for all drugs). With increasing lipophilicity, higher concentrations of the drug dissolved in silicone oil after 24 h (52.7%, 49.1% and 34.3% for vancomycin, ceftazidime and voriconazole, respectively). While no difference between lighter- and heavier-than-water silicone oil was apparent for vancomycin and ceftazidime (p = 0.17 and p = 0.72), voriconazole dissolved significantly better in the heavier-than-water silicone oil (p = 0.002). A higher-than-expected percentage of the glycopeptide vancomycin dissolved in the porcine vitreous body, possibly due to protein binding. In conclusion, silicone oils influence the drug concentration and distribution of intravitreally applied drugs depending on their lipophilicity. The addition of F6H8 used to create heavy silicone oils attenuates these effects for lipophilic drugs. Knowledge of the distribution of these intravitreally applied drugs is crucial to ensure the desired anti-infectious effect.

Consumers of Organic Products in the Circular Economy

Purpose: To identify drivers and barriers perceived by consumers of organic products regarding their actions supporting circularity. Theoretical framework: Circular Economy (CE) is seen as solution for food crisis and environmental pollution. It also contributes to growing awareness of social responsibility and sustainability, which increases the interest in organic products. Method/design/approach: Qualitatively, twelve consumers of organic products were interviewed through in-depth online interviews. Results and conclusion: Consumers identified several drivers that encourage them to be part of CE, such as less packaging at farmer’s markets, the opportunity to compost at home, and government policies that support waste sorting for recycling. However, the failure of suppliers to provide initiatives to reuse packaging, bags and to return glass containers, the restrictions on home composting, lack of room to separate and dispose of recyclable waste efficiently, not used to reusing vegetable waste, and not used to returning packaging to suppliers, were identified as barriers to CE. Research implications: This study contributes to the development of CE, promotion of sustainability and establishment of CE as an element of organic production. Originality/value: Studies address CE with focus on the industry. Contemplate the importance of the consumer for the development of circularity, this study advances with a look at the consumer, foment to the comprehensive, until then not investigated, of the perception of consumers of organic products regarding their actions supporting circularity.

Sensory basis of food detection in tadpoles of Polypedates maculatus (Anura: Rhacophoridae): an experimental approach

The mechanism of food detection in tadpoles of Polypedates maculatus was experimentally tested. We used a rectangular glass test tank with stimulus zones in opposite ends to provide visual and/or chemical food. For visual cues, boiled spinach was placed inside a glass container, and for chemical cues boiled spinach was placed in a mesh cage. Each tadpole of P. maculatus (either at an early or medium developmental stage) was held at the center of the test tank for acclimation. The tadpole was released, and we recorded whether it approached or did not approach the caged food. Tadpoles of all stages failed to detect food using visual cues. Tadpoles of all stages detected food using chemical cues. In tests using chemical cues, they spent the majority of their time (69.3% by early stage tadpoles and 87.3% by medium-stage tadpoles) near the container with food than in the end with no containers or with only visual food cues. Tadpoles in medium stages spent more time near food (18.1% of total time) than tadpoles in early stages. These findings indicate that tadpoles of P. maculatus detect food by chemical sensory mechanisms rather than visual ones. Tadpoles in medium stages spent more time near food than tadpoles in early stages indicating that time spent foraging increases as tadpoles grow.

Phenology of the 28-spotted potato ladybird beetle &lt;i&gt;Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata&lt;/i&gt; in the south of the Russian Far East

Relevance. The 28-spotted potato ladybird beetle, Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata, causes severe damage to plants of the Solanaceae family in the south of the Russian Far East. Today the application of chemicals is the main method for protecting crops against the potato ladybird beetle. This leads not only to the eradication of the pest, but also to the pollution of agricultural ecosystems and the emergence of potato ladybird beetle populations that are resistant to pesticides. A study on the seasonal cycles of the development of the potato ladybird beetle may help to devise new methods for controlling this pest.Methods. We conducted laboratory experiments to study the developmental timing ofa potato ladybird beetlepopulation. The number of eggs was counted, and then the eggs were placed in Petri dishes. The number of emerged larvae was recorded on a daily basis. The hatched larvae were transferred to glass containers (hereafter rearing cages) in batches of 10. We recorded the dates of the transition from one immature developmental stage to another notingthe simultaneity of these transitions. At the onset of the pupal stage, the date was recorded and food was withdrawn from the rearing cages. Scientific observations were carried out on the emergence ofyoung beetles. Field research on the phenology of the potato ladybird beetle was conducted at afield site of 40 m2. The timing of the following events was recorded: the emergence of the adult beetles from diapause, the colonization of the potato field, the beginning and the end of oviposition, the emergence of the larvae and the pupae, the flight of the new insect generation.Results and conclusion. Our laboratory experiment on the immature developmental stages of the potato ladybird beetle revealed that the egg stage was 4-5 days in duration, the larval stage was 16-17 days and the pupal stage was 4-5 daysunder optimal conditions. We also observed deviations from the mean values, which could be conditioned by external factors. For instance, the duration of embryonic development depended either on humidity or on the time range of hatching from one egg mass. The observed deviations of the developmental timing of the larvae and the pupae were most probably due to the quantity and quality of the available food, and the presence of secondary metabolites and glycoalkaloids in it. The field research on thephenology of the potato ladybird beetle showed that there was only one generation in 2020, but two generations in 2021. After comparing climatic conditions in 2020 and 2021, we concluded that Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata can produce two generations during dry and hot years.

High toughness transparent glass‐ceramics with petalite and β‐spodumene solid solution as two major crystal phases

AbstractLithium aluminosilicate glass‐ceramics are well known for good transparency, high fracture toughness, low thermal expansion, and good ion exchange ability. In this study, new transparent Li2O‐Al2O3‐SiO2 (LAS) glass‐ceramics with petalite and β‐spodumene solid solution as the major crystalline phases were invented for favorable mechanical properties and potential for application in the hollowware, tableware, container, and plate glass industries. Crystal phases are mainly influenced by the ratio of Al2O3 to SiO2 concentrations. The concentration of SiO2 required to form specific crystalline phases in the glass‐ceramics is higher than that inferred from the ternary phase diagram. Al2O3 content is required to be sufficiently high for the formation of crystals, instead of balancing excess amounts of Li2O in the glass. The average transmittances of 2.0 ± 0.1 mm thickness samples in visible light regions (400–700 nm) can reach more than 80% with crystal sizes of 20–40 nm. Transmittance is significantly decreased for heat treatments around 710°C, due to the high growth rate of β‐spodumene solid solution crystals. Vickers hardness, indentation toughness, and crack probabilities of transparent LAS glass‐ceramics are significantly improved compared with standard soda lime silicate glass, due to the crack bridging and deflection of crystal grains.

Development and investigation of birefringent Beta-Barium borate for optical angle sensor

A high birefringent beta-barium borate (BBO) plate is proposed for an optical angle sensor in a homodyne interferometer. Simulations show that the angle measurement sensitivity can be improved by reducing a relative refractive index between the BBO plate and the environmental medium. Thus, the BBO plate is immersed in a square glass container filled with grapeseed oil. According to the optimization of an initial incident angle, linear dynamic measurement is achievable in the experiments for both probing wavelengths of 532 nm and 632.8 nm. Finally, the best angular displacement resolution of 1.5 ×10-5° is achievable in angular displacements of 5° by using the probing wavelength of 632.8 nm.

Application of sodium alginate solution for short-term storage of different volumes of sex-reversed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) testicular sperm

The effect of 0.8% sodium alginate (alginate) addition to Morisawa solution (MS) at pH 8.5 containing 100 mM NaCl, 40 mM KCl, 3 mM CaCl2, 1.5 mM MgCl2 and 50 mM Tris supplemented with an antibiotic (10,000 units penicillin and 10 mg streptomycin per mL in 0.9%) on sex-reversed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) short-term sperm storage for 12 days under anaerobic conditions (4 °C) was tested. Sex-reversed rainbow trout sperm, i.e., testicular sperm (TS), was diluted tenfold in MS + alginate (1:9; TS:MS + alginate) and short-term stored in different containers: an microtube (Mt) with 500 μl capacity, a glass container (Gc) with a 25 ml capacity and a plastic container (Pc) with a 120 ml capacity. In each storage container, TS was short-term stored in sperm columns at two different heights, 0.5 cm (sperm storage volume: 180 μl, 4 ml and 9 ml for Mt., Gc and Pc, respectively) and 1.0 cm (sperm storage volume: 200 μl, 8 ml and 18 ml for Mt., Gc and Pc, respectively). As a control, TS diluted in MS without alginate addition was applied, and sperm were stored for a short time under the same conditions, i.e., storage time, dilution ratio, containers and sperm column height. During the experiment, sperm motility (MOT, %) and sperm curvilinear velocity (VCL, μm s−1) were analyzed at 0, 4, 8 and 12 days during TS short-term storage. It was found that the efficiency of short-term storage of sex-reversed rainbow trout TS was determined both by the sperm column height used (stored sperm volume) and by the addition of MS supplements limiting sperm sedimentation during storage, i.e., 0.8% sodium alginate. Over 12 days, the best storage effects (based on CASA parameters) were obtained when TS was short-term stored in Pc using a 9 ml sperm volume, regardless of alginate addition to MS. In contrast, in Mt. (180 and 200 μl sperm storage volume), TS lost its ability to move more quickly, i.e., on the 4th day, mainly in short-term trials without the addition of alginate. The results also indicate that incorporation of alginate into MS significantly reduces TS sedimentation and enhances fertilization capacity during short-term storage over 12 days, especially at a 1.0 cm sperm column height, i.e., using 200 μl, 8 ml and 18 ml sperm volumes for short-term storage in Mt., Gc and Pc, respectively.

Analysis of glassware in production conditions

The main trends of the packaging materials market were analyzed and the forecast for its further development is given. The main defects of glass and glass containers, their impact on production efficiency are considered. A comparative analysis of glass container defects is given. The causes of product defects and ways to eliminate them are considered. The quality of glass containers is evaluated according to its physical and chemical parameters. Possibilities of quality management of glass products with the use of modern methods of analysis (Quick Kaizen and RCA) have been studied.