Glands Of Male Albino Rats Research Articles

Reparative potential of mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma on irradiated submandibular glands of male albino rats

ObjectiveTo appraise and compare the reparative role of bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) against irradiation damage on albino rats’ submandibular gland. DesignSeventy four male albino rats were used, one for BM-MSCs harvesting, 10 for PRP preparation, seven as control group (Group 1). The remaining 56 rats were subjected to single dose (6 Gy) gamma irradiation and were divided into equal four groups; (Group 2): received no treatment, (Group 3): each rat was injected with 1 × 105 BM-MSCs, (Group 4): each rat was injected with 0.5 ml/kg PRP, and (Group 5): each rat was injected with 1 × 105 BM-MSCs and 0.5 ml/kg PRP. Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups in which rats sacrificed after one and two weeks from irradiation. Any structural changes were examined histopathologically, immunohistochemically using proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and CD31 primary antibodies and histochemically using picrosirius red (PSR) stain, then analyzed statistically. ResultsHistopathological examination of Group 2 showed atrophied acini, with nuclear changes and signs of degeneration in duct systems. Treated groups revealed signs of regeneration in form of uniform acini and regenerated duct systems especially in Group 5 and in a time depended manner. Immunohistochemical examination revealed increased immunoexpression of PCNA and CD31, while histochemical examination showed decreased PSR in all treated groups in relation to the irradiated group and this was proved statistically. ConclusionsBM-MSCs and PRP are effective as treatment for irradiation-induced submandibular gland damage. However, the combined therapy is recommended over each one separately.

Biochemical Changes of Mancozeb-Induced Alternations in Testes and Thyroid gland of Male Albino Rats

Mancozeb manganese ethylenebis dithiocarbamate polymeric complex – with zinc salts is a very important protective non-systemicfungicide, classified as an ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicide. It is used to control fungal diseases for a wide variety of crops because its broad-spectrum fungicidal effects and high compatibility with agrochemicals. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the fungicide mancozeb at different doses on some biochemical parameters, reproductive performance and histological changes in testes and thyroid gland. The low dose equal 1/7 of LD50 manc-d1 and high dose equal 1/3.5 of LD50 manc-d1. Doses of mancozeb (manc-d1 and manc-d2) adjusted according to rat's body weights. The results showed that mancozeb significantly (P<0.05) decreased plasma testosterone level, sperm count, viability, motility, and significantly (P<0.05) increased abnormal sperms, altered acrosome and abnormal DNA. Treatment of rats with manc-d1 and manc-d2 significantly (P<0.05) decreased T3. Also, T4 significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the group treated with manc-d2. Treatment of rats with manc-d1 and manc-d2 significantly (P<0.05) increased TSH. Furthermore, the histological investigation revealed that exposure to mancozeb reduced number of mature spermatozoa, necrosis and basal vacuoles observed in some tubules. On the other hand, mancozeb reduce colloid in most follicles resulting in desquamation of the follicular epithelium into the lumen of the thyroid follicles. In conclusion, despite mancozeb exhibit low acute toxicity, it has been shown to cause detrimental effects on reproduction, thyroid gland and its secretion. For this reason, it should be necessary to be careful when using mancozeb in agricultural areas and should take precautions.

Comparative Study between the Protective Role of Rosmarinic Acid and The Effect of Mesenchimal Stem Cells on Ameliorating the Toxic Effect of Duloxetine on the Parotid Gland of Male Albino Rats.

Comparative Study between the Protective Role of Rosmarinic Acid and The Effect of Mesenchimal Stem Cells on Ameliorating the Toxic Effect of Duloxetine on the Parotid Gland of Male Albino Rats.

Evaluation of the Apoptotic changes induced by 5-Fluorouracil on the Lingual Mucosa and Salivary glands of male albino rats (Histological, Histomorphometric and Immunohistochemical Study)

Chemotherapy tends to stop the growth and eliminate cancer cells even at distant sites. Most of them lead to adverse side effects and induce changes in normal tissues. The aim of the present study was to evaluate of apoptotic changes induced by 5-fluorouracil on the lingual mucosa and salivary glands of male albino rats through clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and histomorphometric assessments. Twenty male albino rats were divided equally into two groups. Control group did not receive any type of treatment and study group received intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU (150 mg/kg) for 7 days. On the 14th day, the tongue and submandibular salivary gland specimens were dissected and processed. The study group showed histopathological changes as atrophy of the lingual papillae which confirmed statistically through histomorphometric analysis. The submandibular glands showed marked degeneration in the duct system and acini. The assessment of apoptosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical findings, there was highly statistically significant increase in the expression pattern of Bax and Caspase-3 with significant decrease in PCNA level in comparison to the control group. So, 5-FU caused deleterious histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations of the submandibular salivary glands and tongue mucosa.

The Changes Induced by Tartrazine in Submandibular Salivary Gland of Male Albino rats

The Changes Induced by Tartrazine in Submandibular Salivary Gland of Male Albino rats

Diabetes and Hypercholesterolemia Impair the Cytological Structure of the Anterior Pituitary Gland

Increase consumption of high fat diet was found to alter blood sugar level similar to diabetes and contributed to the development of obesity and affected the reproductive function of both sexes. The study aimed to clarify the influence of diabetes and or hypercholesterolemia on the cytological picture of cells of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland of male albino rats. Eighteen male albino rats weighing approximately 120 gram body weight were divided into three main groups; control, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes (single i.p. 40 mg streptozotocin/kg B.wt plus 100mg. nicotinamide /kg body weight) and hypercholesterolemia (diet containing 3% cholesterol). Dietary feeding on cholesterol and diabetes were carried out for 12 weeks. At the end of treatment, animals were sacrificed, and pituitary glands were separated and their anterior lobe was processed for cytological investigations by transmission electron microscopy. The present study revealed that the rats subjected to experimental diabetes and/ or hypercholesterolemia exhibited a decrease of the secretory granules within the gonadotroph cells somatotroph and corticotrophin cells. There was a detected intracellular accumulation of fat globules in both the gonado- and sommatotroph cells. The authors reported that the altered cytological structures of the secretory function of the anterior pituitary gland led to marked impairment of the male hormonal level and causing infertility.

Possible Cytotoxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on the Parotid Glands of Albino Rats

Background: Silver has found to have many uses in the medical field due to its unique properties on the nanoscale, therefor the toxicity of nanosilver has become a hot topic and interesting area of research. Aim of the study: The study aimed to explore whether the silver nanoparticles (AgNPS) have a cytotoxic effect on the parotid gland of male albino rats. Materials and methods: The sample of study consisted of 30 adult male albino rats whose average body weight ranged from 250 to 300 grams and they were divided into two groups: Group 1 was consisted of 10 rats and served as controls, they received 0.5 ml deionized water per os using curved metallic oro-pharyngeal tube for 21 days. Group 2 was consisted of 20 rats, they received 10mg/kg b.w/day AgNP solution (in deionized water) with particle sizes ranging from 3 to 20 nm per os using curved metallic oro-pharyngeal tube (the recommended dose of each rat is 1.5-1.8 mg dissolved in 0.5 ml deionized water) for 21 days. The animals were observed for any body weight changes. The 30 rats were sacrificed after ending the experiment and dissection and separation were applied to their parotid salivary glands which were then fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Afterwards, they were processed, fixed in paraffin, separated and stained with: 1-Hematoxylin and Eosin for histological evaluation of the parenchymal and stromal elements of the glands to detect any histological changes. 2-Streptavidin-biotin immunohistochemical method for localization of Ki67 for detection of the proliferation of cells. Results: The study found that the serous acini swelled with abnormal architecture and ill-defined outline. In addition, the study could not distinguish the lining cells of the serous acini. The serous acinar cells showed deeply stained, large hyperchromatic nuclei and mitotic cell division of the acinar cells. Focal oncocytic changes of acinar cells were observed. There was a dilation of the excretory ducts with wide lumen and they were vacuolated degenerated thick epithelial lining. As a result of the effect of the AgNPs, the connective tissue septa of the parotid glands widened and resulted in an in increase in the fibrosis with chronic inflammatory cells infiltration. Blood vessels showed dilatation and engorged with RBCs. In the lobes of parotid gland, the focal areas revealed that their secretory elements have been completely degraded, resulting in a large empty vacuole which was surrounded by deep infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells. Immunohistochemical examination revealed intense nuclear and cytoplasmic Ki67 immunoreactivity of acinar cells, ductal cells and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles causing dramatic changes in the parotid gland. Even though, AgNPs have several therapeutic uses, their toxicity and therapeutic benefits should be weighed before a clinical decision to use them is reached.

The effect of lead on the process of spermatogenesis in sex glands of male albino rats

Aim:The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological and functional features of the process of spermatogenesis in the testes of male albino rats when exposed to lead acetate.Materials and Methods:Using histological, morphometric and statistical methods explored the effects of lead acetate on the process of spermatogenesis in the testes of male albino rats. Investigations were carried out using a digital microscope Axio Imager. M2 and automatic cell counter Countess™.Results:It is shown that when exposed to lead acetate a decrease in the production of all populations of spermatogenic cells, decreased spermatogenesis index and an index of relaxation (tension spermatogenesis), the increase in the index of ripening, index meiotic activity and germinative index, which indicates a decrease in the functional activity of the testes. On preparations, it is possible to see that after the influence of acetate of lead the head of spermatozoa becomes more roundish, breaks of tails observed.Conclusion:Lead acetate reduces the productivity of the seminal glands, which leads to the decrease of the concentration of spermatozoa, and their viability. The results of the studies suggest a negative impact of lead acetate in the course of the process of spermatogenesis in the testes of male white rats.

Structural changes in the parotid gland of male albino rats following prenatal and postnatal exposure to radiofrequency radiation

Structural changes in the parotid gland of male albino rats following prenatal and postnatal exposure to radiofrequency radiation

Effect of maternal exposure to octylphenol (4-tert-octylphenol) on the growth of the adrenal gland in male albino rats

4-tert-octylphenol (OP) is environmental pollutants that have been shown widespread impact estrogenic and toxic to the cells of mammals in culture. The effects of OP on the reproductive system of adult male vertebrates especially humans are virtually unknown. Thus, in the present investigation, pregnant females of albino rats were orally treated during pregnancy and until 21 days after birth (the period of lactation) with octylphenol (OP) at doses 0 (vehicle: corn oil), 40 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg on the epididymis of male rats at puberty (12 weeks of age). The present result showed that there is non-significant in the number; the size of newborn rats and there increased in mortality rate of newborn rats of the pregnant female treatment with dose low-and high-octylphenol compared to the control group. there is increased in the average body weight and percentage of gain in body weight of male rats from mothers of small treatment (G2, G3) and the control group (G1) for 12 weeks of age. Also, histological results showed that the adrenal gland in the group which was given high dose of octylphenol (G3) show that Severe histological changes in the cortex. When examining medulla and found large areas of necrosis and cell degradation, necrosis and cell death sharply.

Dietary protein-induced change in mammalian corticosterone status (index of immune response) during aging

The measurement of corticosterone level in plasma and adrenal glands of male albino rats, maintained with normal diet (20% protein), increased with age from 3 to 18 months without changing its adrenal level. Intake of low protein diet (LPD) (5%) for short-term period of seven consecutive days (STP) increased the plasma and adrenal corticosterone level in 6 month old rats only and decreased only the adrenal corticosterone level in 9, 12 and 18 month old rats. LPD supplementation under long-term period (LTP) of 30 consecutive days increased the plasma corticosterone level with a decrease in its adrenal level in 3 month old rats. In 6 months old, the adrenal corticosterone was increased without affecting its plasma level; whereas in 18 month old rats, the plasma corticosterone level was decreased without affecting adrenal levels under similar conditions. High protein diet (HPD) (40%) consumption under STP conditions decreased the plasma corticosterone level in 3 month old rats and increased the same in 6 month old rats. The adrenal corticosterone level under similar condition was increased in 3 and 18 months old and decreased the same in 9 and 12 month old rats. Supplementation of HPD under LTP significantly decreased the plasma corticosterone in 3 and 9 month old rats, while its increase was observed only in 6 and 18 month old groups. The increase in adrenal corticosterone level was observed under similar conditions (HPD under LTP) in 3 the months old group and decreased the same in the 6 months old group. The present result thus suggest that the adrenocortical response may be modulated with the increase of age, the amount of protein supplemented in the diet and its duration of supplementation.

Secretagogue-induced apocrine secretion in the Harderian gland of the rat.

Harderian glands of male albino rats were stimulated with secretagogues and examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy for the purpose of studying the apocrine secretory mechanism. Rats in the control group were perfused with standard HEPES-buffered Ringer's solution. Their glandular endpieces showed wide lumina that contained few secretory materials; spontaneous exocytosis was sometimes observed. However, there were no features suggestive of an apocrine secretory mechanism or myoepithelial cell contractions. After stimulation with NaF+AlCl3 or carbachol in HEPES-buffered Ringer's solution, the rats shed "bloody tears" and the glandular lumina were jammed with apical protrusions, cytoplasmic material and secretory products. The basal surface of the glandular cells showed bulging caused by myoepithelial cell contraction. Perfusion with HEPES-buffered Ringer's solution containing papaverine inhibited secretagogue-induced myoepithelial cell contraction but not the enhanced secretory activities of the glandular cells. The present results demonstrate that the Harderian gland of the rat can release secretory material not only by exocytosis, but also by an apocrine mechanism under stimulating conditions, and that myoepithelial cell contraction may not be involved in causing apical protrusion in the glandular cells.

Cyclosporin A-induced functional and morphological changes in pilocarpine treated rat submandibular glands

The effects of long-term administration of Cyclosporin A (CSA), an immunosuppressive agent, on submandibular glands of male albino rats were investigated. Sialochemistry studies revealed a reduction of pilocarpine-stimulated flow rates to 54% compared to the controls. Salivary Mg 2+ and K + were elevated and a marked decrease in total protein concentration was observed. Light and electron microscopic features of treated glands show marked changes at tissue level. An irregular pattern of the nucleus, mitochondrial alterations, reduction in the number of secretory granules and their aggregation, disturbances of cytoplasmic organelles, and isometric vacuolation were among the most striking findings. Our results show that CSA causes marked functional and morphological alterations in rat submandibular glands, which may be due to the drug's direct effects on the tissue.

Ultrastructural visualization of intracellular porphyrin in the rat Harderian gland.

The Harderian glands of male Albino rats 1-24 months of age were studied by electron microscopy. In most glands, a few acinar cells contained straight and curved trilaminar profiles identical in form to the material in the luminal masses of porphyrin pigment. They resembled the structures which several investigators have identified as crystals of protoporphyrin IX in porphyric human and mouse hepatocytes. Protoporphyrin IX is the predominant form synthesized by rat Harderian cells in vitro. The trilaminar profiles were within the cytoplasm but not within the lipid secretory vacuoles. A large number of the acinar cells had finely tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, cells containing the trilaminar forms consistently had dilated ER vesicles. This change may have been a prelude to cell death, for some pigment-containing cells attached to the acinar basal lamina also displayed fragmented organelles and a loss of density of the cytoplasmic matrix. In some acinar lumina there was abundant cell debris along with the trilaminar profiles. It is concluded that in the rat, some of the Harderian free porphyrins can be released through cell death.

Ultrastructure of the harderian gland in male albino rats.

Harderian glands of adult male albino rats were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. The animals were divided into the following experimental groups: (1) castrated only, (2) castrated with testosterone replacement and (3) sham operated controls. Two types of secretory cells, designated as A and B, comprise the glandular epithelium and are distinguished on the basis of morphologic differences in the following cellular components: cytoplasmic secretory vacuoles, mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Cell type A is more numerous and contains larger secretory vacuoles than cell type B which is characterized by the presence of large numbers of mitochondria and packet-like arrangement of SER profiles. The glandular secretion appears to be elaborated via merocrine mechanisms and consists primarily of lipids and a fibrogranular substance. The latter component may consist of porph,yrin compounds. Nerve endings are found in the connective tissue interstices of the gland. Direct synapses were not observed in association with either gland cells or myoepithelial cells. Castration did not produce significant alterations in the morphology of the glandular epithelium. Results of the investigation suggest that the rat Harderian gland may serve as a useful model for the study of cellular mechanisms involved in the production of human porphyrias.

STUDIES IN HISTOCHEMISTRY: LXX. QUANTITATIVE HISTOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL LIPID IN THE ADRENAL GLAND OF THE RAT MEASURED BY X-RAY MICRORADIOGRAPHY

Change in total dry mass following extraction with petroleums ether, as measured by X-ray absorption, was used to determine lipid in each histological zone of dried fresh-frozen microtome cross-sections of adrenal glands of male albino rats. Although the area of measurement was 1.1 µ2, and the data were given in units of 10–12 gm/µ2, the differences in dry mass per unit area in this material were not great enough to permit useful analytical resolution below the histological level. The data were in general agreement with those obtained from differences in mass by direct weighing of a series of whole dried fresh-frozen microtome sections which had been cut to segregate the various zones. The particular advantage of the X-ray method is that it permits determination of the lipid in situ in each of the histological zones of the gland in a single microtome cross-section, and the pair of microradiograms taken, before and after extraction, provides a permanent record from which measurements can be obtained subsequently at any time. Mean values found for total lipid, as percent of total dry mass, in adrenal zones of untreated rats were 12, capsule; 17, glomerulosa; 36, fasciculata; 36, reticularis; and 19, medulla.

Quantitative histochemical distribution of coenzyme A in the rat adrenal in various functional states.

Modifications of the procedure of Malmstrom and Glick for the micro measurement of coenzyme A were employed in a study of the quantitative histological distribution of the coenzyme in adrenal glands of male albino rats. Subcutaneous injection of 25 mg. ACTH per kg. 3 hours before sacrifice produced significant increases in coenzyme A concentration in the adjoining zones between the glomerulosa and fasciculata, and the fasciculata and reticularis. Small increases occurred in the medulla and the reticular-medullary border zone. Subcutaneous injection of 5 mg. calcium-d-pantothenate 3 hours before sacrifice increased the coenzyme concentration in all zones except the adjacent fascicular-reticular regions. Analysis of whole gland homogenates prepared from adrenals of animals killed at noon and at midnight revealed that the coenzyme concentration was about 100 per cent greater in the latter. Injection of ACTH abolished day-night differences by producing maximal concentrations in both groups. Injection of panto...