Gland Hypertrophy Research Articles

Covid-19: Frontline doctors continue PPE fight.

Intradermal inoculation of rats at the tail base with Mycobacterium butyricum led to the gradual development of an arthritic swelling of the limbs which peaked at 3 weeks and subsided thereafter. Arthritic rats displayed a loss of body weight, hypophagia, and hypodipsia in addition to a disruption of the diurnal rhythms of ingestive behavior and of core temperature. The activity of adenohypophyseal beta- endorphin-(beta-EP) secreting corticotrophs, in contrast to prolactin- (PRL) secreting lactotrophs, was increased in arthritic rats. Indeed, hypertrophy of the adrenal glands was seen. Arthritic rats also showed an elevation in spinal cord levels of immunoreactive dynorphin (DYN), an endogenous ligand of the kappa-opioid receptor. The paws and tail of arthritic rats showed lower thresholds in response to noxious pressure (hyperalgesia), higher thresholds in response to noxious heat (hypoalgesia), and no change in their response to noxious electrical stimulation. Neither naloxone nor ICI-154, 129 (a preferential delta- receptor antagonist) modified the responses of the paw or tail to pressure. However, MR 2266 (an antagonist with higher activity at kappa- receptors) decreased thresholds to pressure in arthritic, but not control, rats; that is, it potentiated the hyperalgesia. This action was stereospecific. None of the antagonists modified the response to heat. MR 2266 did not affect the response to pressure in rats with acute inflammation produced by yeast. Thus, the potentiation of pressure hyperalgesia by MR 2266 in chronic arthritic rats is highly selective. Arthritic rats showed a reduced response to the analgesic effect of a kappa-agonist (U-50,488H), whereas the response to a mu- agonist (morphine) was enhanced. These effects were specific to nociception in that their influence upon endocrine secretion (PRL and beta-EP) was otherwise changed. The secretion of beta-EP and PRL was stimulated by both morphine and U-50,488H, and the influence of U- 50,488H upon the release of beta-EP (from the adenohypophysis) was enhanced in arthritic rats. It is suggested that polyarthritis is a complex condition entailing many changes, both behavioral and endocrinological. Further, arthritic rats cannot simply be described as “hyperalgesic”: of critical importance is the nature of the nociceptive stimulus applied. The parallel alterations in spinal cord pools of DYN and kappa-receptors (see also Millan et al., 1986) and the changes in the influence on nociception of kappa-agonists and kappa-antagonists suggest an increased activity of spinal DYN. Thus, spinal kappa- receptors may play a role in the modulation of nociception under chronic pain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

OR19-03 Effects of Nonpeptide Orally Bioavailable ACTH Antagonists on Adrenal Gland Size and Function in Rats

Cushing’s disease (CD) and Ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS) stem from excess circulating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and resulting hypercortisolemia. In CD, excess ACTH is secreted from pituitary tumors, whereas excess ACTH in EAS arises from nonpituitary tumors. ACTH acts on the adrenal melanocortin type 2 (MC2) receptor to control the synthesis and secretion of adrenal hormones, including the stress hormone cortisol (corticosterone in rats) which accounts for the comorbidities of CD and EAS. Availability of a potent ACTH antagonist that can normalize cortisol in patients with diseases of excess ACTH will be a major advance in endocrinology. Additionally, an ACTH antagonist will have utility in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) because of its ability to block production of excess adrenal androgens.Crinetics is evaluating and developing ACTH antagonists for the treatment of diseases of excess ACTH. To our knowledge, these compounds represent the first potent nonpeptide ACTH antagonists to demonstrate in vitro potency and in vivo efficacy. As a result, the direct effects of sustained MC2 receptor blockade on the structure and function of the adrenal gland have never been able to be assessed. We examined the effects of several orally bioavailable ACTH antagonists across a range of doses on Sprague-Dawley rat adrenal gland weight, histology, and hormone levels in repeat dosing (7-14 days) studies. Sustained MC2 receptor antagonism dose dependently blocked activity of ACTH at the level of the adrenal gland and reduced plasma corticosterone levels. In the normal rat, this resulted in dose-dependent atrophy of the adrenal gland as assessed by organ weights and microscopically. The atrophy was primarily observed in the cortisol producing zona fasciculata, as well as in the zona reticularis, with smaller reductions noted in the aldosterone producing zona glomerulosa. Additionally, hypertrophy of the adrenal glands caused by continuous subcutaneous administration of exogenous ACTH was reversed by treatment with an ACTH antagonist. The adrenal effects were accompanied by expected changes in corticosterone levels. These preclinical findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of ACTH antagonism and provide a strong rationale for development of an orally bioavailable drug that can be used to combat CD, EAS, and CAH.

The Effect of the Virus (MdSGHV) on the Ultrastructure of the Salivary Glands of Musca domestica L

The salivary glands of insects play a key role in the replication cycle and vectoring of viral pathogens. Consequently, Musca domestica L, and the Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus (MdSGHV) serve as a model to study insect vectoring of viruses. A better understanding of the structural aspects of this virus, and the tissues it invades, will help obtain a better picture of the pathological impact that the virus has on adult flies. Furthermore, since the virus inhibits mating and egg development in the adult fly, its study can lead to development of novel techniques to control this world‐wide pest for food safety improvement. Using scanning and transmission electron microscopic techniques (SEM, TEM), researchers have shown the effects of infection by MdSGHV on the salivary glands; however, the exact location among the glands where the infection was found is unclear (i.e., given that the salivary glands extend throughout the entire adult body). For this reason, this study intends to do a comprehensive examination of the ultrastructural effects of the hypertrophy virus on the salivary glands. Here, we report the clear hypertrophy present throughout the salivary glands in their entirety, as well as enveloped virus particles in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Moreover, the virus provokes an erosion of the cuticular lining that separates the epithelial cells from the lumen of the internal duct.

SUN-268 SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM AND BROWN TUMORS: THREE CASE REPORTS FROM DIALYSIS UNIT

Brown tumor (BT) is a focal bone lesion of hyperparathyroidism. This leads to microfractures and hemorrhage and the appearance of brown tumors, which are seen most commonly in primary hyperparathyroidism, but cases of brown tumors in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to renal failure were increasingly often reported in the literature. We report three cases of patients undergoing hemodialysis and developing BT. case reports A 41-year-old men with acquired bilateral blindness, hypertension, Marfan syndrom and undergoing hemodialysis since 2007. He had a parathormone (PTH) rate at 1646 pg/ml on2017 with two femoral neck fractures operated on the right side on 2018 and on the left side on 2019. The cervical ultrasonography performed in April 2019 showed hypoechoic nodules, the largest was on the right with irregular contours and having an endothoracic extension coming into contact with the common carotid and arterial brachio-cephalic trunk. A parathyroid computed tomography scan (CTS) confirmed parathyroid hyperplasia. Two weeks later, the patient developed a swelling in the mandible on the right side increasing gradually. The facial X-ray showed osteolytic lesions related to a BT. A 61-year-old woman with hypertension and undergoing dialysis two times per week since 2016 showing secondary hyperparathyroidism with a level of PTH at 4200 pg/ml, a calcemia level at 2.3 mmol/l and a phosphoremia at 1.3 mmol/l. Cervical ultrasonography showed hypertrophy of the parathyroid glands. An x-ray of the crane revealed lacunar lesions and pepper and salt signs. Bone demineralization of the vertebrae was noted in the spine. In addition, there was a subperiostal resorption of the phalanges. The CTS of parathyroid confirmed parathyroid hyperplasia. Meanwhile, we discovered a 0.5 cm diameter swelling situated in the medial third of the right clavicle related to a tissue-density central medullar lesion and which blows the matching cortical in the CTS related to a BT. A 24-year-old girl who is undergoing hemodialysis since 2011. Her medical story includes congenital hips dislocation and heart insufficiency. She presented after 8 years of dialysis a secondary hyperparathyroidism with a level of PTH at 1700 pg/ml, a calcemia at 2.2 mmol/l, a phosphoremia at 1.3 mmol/l. She complained of left gonalgia without fever. Besides, there were no local inflammatory signs. An x-ray of the knee showed a regular osteolytic lesion at the lower third of the left femur. A CTS has showed a large osteolytic mass of the left ilio-pubic branch with small diffuse osteolytic lesions that break the cortical in the lower left femoral metaphysis bone, the left patella and the right tibial metaphysis bone related to BT. Our patients are treated by active and native vitamin D and will be referred for parathyroidectomy. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a common complication of end-stage renal disease, on long time hemodialysis. That’s why measurement of PTH should be systematic in every patient undergoing dialysis to prevent BT.

Incidence and characterization of early- and late-onset skin diseases in neonates – A hospital-based cross-sectional study

Background: Neonatal skin diseases occur in almost every newborn baby. Many are transient, involute rapidly and require no management. Objective: The objective of the study was to study the incidence and characterization of early and late onset of various skin diseases in the neonates. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out among 200 neonates in a tertiary care hospital in Central India. Skin lesions which appeared on or before 48 h before birth were categorized as early onset and skin lesion appearing after 48 h were considered as late onset and the characteristics of lesions were highlighted. Results: The most common skin lesions identified within 48 h of birth were Epstein pearl’s (77.0%), followed by Mongolian spot (45.5%), desquamation of skin (35%), sebaceous gland hypertrophy (31.5%), and milia (28.4%), respectively. Less incidence of salmon patch, erythema toxicum neonatorum, impetigo, miliaria rubra, accessory auricles, pigmented nevi, port-wine stain, and lamellar ichthyosis also was recorded. Impetigo (11.2%) and candidiasis (11.2%) were commonly seen after 48 h of birth followed by dermatitis 6.4% and a few cases of birthmarks. Conclusion: Along with increasing awareness of neonatal diseases, our study results also aid in better identification and diagnosis of these diseases.

A Brief History of Bronchitis in England and Wales.

Chronic bronchitis is associated with hypertrophy of airway submucosal glands and with mucus and squamous metaplasia of the surface epithelium. A historical review of research on these and other pathological changes is provided. Next, from annual reports of the Registrar-General's Office (and later the Office of National Statistics), death rates per unit population from acute and chronic bronchitis (a term that here includes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) are calculated for England and Wales from 1838 to the present. It is argued that a large increase in the death rate between 1838 and 1879, from all forms of bronchitis combined, was due primarily to increased levels of atmospheric coal smoke, whereas a decrease from 1879 to 1935 was due to progressively cleaner air. Between 1935 and the mid-1960s, mortality from chronic bronchitis among men increased dramatically, after which it has fallen, a pattern that parallels changes in cigarette smoking. Finally, a brief historical review of the treatments for chronic bronchitis is presented.

SIMULTANEOUS MANIFESTATION OF GLANDULAR CHEILITIS AND ACTINIC CHEILITIS IN THE LOWER LIP - CASE REPORT

Glandular cheilitis is a rare, chronic and inflammatory disease of the minor salivary glands. The etiology is still uncertain, but several conditions are reported in the literature as predisposing or causal factors. The purpose of this study is to report a case of a patient who presented both glandular cheilitis and actinic cheilitis. A male patient, a 40-year-old farmer, was hospitalized for treatment of alcoholism. The patient reported no complaints about the lips but visually presented a significant aesthetic impairment. Oral examination revealed an increase in volume and eversion of the lower lip as a result of hypertrophy and inflammation of the minor salivary glands. An incisional biopsy was performed, and anatomopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of actinic and glandular cheilitis. The lip was treated with an association of retinol and cholecalciferol. The patient was followed up weekly for 30 days when the lesion regression was observed. Glandular cheilitis is a rare, chronic and inflammatory disease of the minor salivary glands. The etiology is still uncertain, but several conditions are reported in the literature as predisposing or causal factors. The purpose of this study is to report a case of a patient who presented both glandular cheilitis and actinic cheilitis. A male patient, a 40-year-old farmer, was hospitalized for treatment of alcoholism. The patient reported no complaints about the lips but visually presented a significant aesthetic impairment. Oral examination revealed an increase in volume and eversion of the lower lip as a result of hypertrophy and inflammation of the minor salivary glands. An incisional biopsy was performed, and anatomopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of actinic and glandular cheilitis. The lip was treated with an association of retinol and cholecalciferol. The patient was followed up weekly for 30 days when the lesion regression was observed.

A novel rat model for tracheal mucosal damage assessment of following long term intubation

ObjectiveTracheal mucosal damage is a well-known complication of endo-tracheal intubation and animal models are essential for studying the underlying cellular injury cascade. The novel rat model described here is based on retrograde intubation via tracheotomy and suture fixation of the tube. It aims to simulate the common clinical scenario of tube-related airway damage due to long term intubation. Study designProspective randomized control pilot study. MethodsMale Sprague-Dawley were randomly assigned into two groups: control (no intubation, n = 10), one week of intubation (n = 13). The animals were then euthanized and the trachea was sent for histological analysis. Epithelial damage, mucosal thickness, mucosal gland hypertrophy and fibrosis were reviewed. ResultsIntubation procedure survival rate was 84.6% (11/13) and 100% in the control (10/10). The damaged ciliary mechanism was a common finding in the intubated group compared to the preserved normal ciliary architecture in almost all control rats. Average tracheal mucosal thickness was 119.0 ± 21.8 μm for the control group and 254.6 ± 22.8 μm for the intubated group, (p < 0.001). The ciliary damage score was 1.00 ± 0.02 in the intubated group, and 0 ± 0.02 in the control group. (p < 0.001). The (objective) average total tracheal mucosal gland area was 19,530 ± 24,606 in the intubated group and 10,031 ± 23,461 in the control group (p < 0,05). Collagen deposition seems higher in the intubated trachea compared to the control. ConclusionsWe describe a novel rat-based animal model for simulating tracheal mucosal damage following long term intubation. This animal model is easy to carry out, reproducible and involves containable animal mortality rates. Level of evidenceI.

Photoacoustic technique: a new method for measuring the rheologic properties of human bronchial mucus

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Patients affected by obstructive pulmonary diseases exhibit typical characteristics of airway mucus hypersecretion, including sputum production, in- creased luminal mucus, goblet cell hyperplasia and submucosal gland hypertrophy. The mucociliary system is a sophisticated defense mechanism to maintain the homeostasis of the respiratory tract by means of the bronchial mucus transport, the process in which airway mucus together with substances trapped within are moved out of the lungs. In the end, the mucus together with the substances trapped within are swallowed or coughed up. It is an impor- tant defense mechanism of the human body. [...]&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Insufficient liver maturation affects murine early postnatal hair cycle

Abnormal hair loss results from a variety of factors, such as metabolic dysfunctions, immunodeficiency, and environmental stressors. Here, we report that mutant mice having defects in liver function, develop alopecia. We have shown previously that in mice lacking a Cnot3 gene, which encodes an essential component of the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex in liver (Cnot3-LKO mice), the liver does not mature properly, resulting in various pathologies such as hepatitis, hepatic necrosis, and anemia. Unexpectedly, Cnot3-LKO mice start to lose hair around postnatal day 17 (P17). The region of hair loss expands all across their backs and symptoms persist until around P28-30. Afterward, hair re-grows, and Cnot3-LKO mice show complete hair recovery by P40. The phenotype is dependent on mouse genotype, indicating that hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling are influenced by abnormal liver development. By performing histological, quantitative PCR, and immunoblot analyses, we detected sebaceous gland (SG) hypertrophy accompanied by an increase of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Collectively, these findings suggest that paracrine signaling related to liver function influences hair growth, at least in part, by altering lipid metabolism.

State of Stress-Marker Organs in Rats after a Single Exposure to Long-Term Stress and Treatment with Lipopolysaccharide.

We studied the effect of LPS on the state of stress-marker organs in rats at various periods after a single exposure to long-term stress on the model of 24-h immobilization. The animals were intraperitoneally injected with LPS in a dose of 100 μg/kg immediately after the negative emotiogenic exposure. Changes in physiological parameters were evaluated 3 h, 1 day, and 8 days after immune stimulation. Acute stress was accompanied by a decrease in the weight of the thymus during all stages of the post-stress period. An increase in the relative weight of theadrenal glands in animals under these conditions was observed only on day 8 after restraint stress. The induction of immune reactions due to systemic treatment with LPS was shown to prevent involution of the spleen in the late stage after a single exposure to long-term stress (day 8). Hypertrophy of the adrenal glands, which serves as one of the typical reactions of mammals to negative emotiogenic factors, was not revealed during the post-stress period after antigenic stimulation. These data hold much promise for the development of new approaches to the use of immunoactive substances to prevent or reduce the severity of physiological changes after emotiogenic loads.

ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hytrosaviridae.

Hytrosaviridae is a family of large, rod-shaped, enveloped entomopathogenic viruses with dsDNA genomes of 120-190 kbp. Hytrosaviruses (also known as salivary gland hypertrophy viruses) primarily replicate in the salivary glands of adult dipteran flies. Hytrosaviruses infecting the haematophagous tsetse fly and the filth-feeding housefly are assigned to two genera, Glossinavirus and Muscavirus, respectively. Whereas muscavirus infections are only overt, glossinavirus infections can be either covert or overt. Overt infections are characterized by diagnostic salivary gland hypertrophy and cause either partial or complete infertility. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Hytrosaviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/hytrosaviridae.

Relationship between adenoid hypertrophy and sleep apnea in children

It was decided to organize this work on the assumption that it is necessary for all dental surgeons to familiarize themselves with the structure and alterations in oral anatomy from childhood, with attention to the possibility of adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) to be present, and these professionals can assist in orthodontic treatment. The objective of this literature review was to observe if there is a correlation between adenotonsillar hypertrophy and sleep apnea in children and which treatment were adopted. The following databases were searched: LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science and SciELO, from January 2014 to August 2018. It is concluded that there is a correlation between hypertrophy of the adenoid glands and apnea of the sleep in children. Hypertrophy presents as the main cause of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in pediatric patients and its treatment may be surgical, removal of the adenoid, drug or orthodontic glands.

An annual cycle of gene regulation in the red-legged salamander mental gland: from hypertrophy to expression of rapidly evolving pheromones

BackgroundCell differentiation is mediated by synchronized waves of coordinated expression for hundreds to thousands of genes, and must be regulated to produce complex tissues and phenotypes. For many animal species, sexual selection has driven the development of elaborate male ornaments, requiring sex-specific differentiation pathways. One such male ornament is the pheromone-producing mental gland of the red-legged salamander (Plethodon shermani). Mental gland development follows an annual cycle of extreme hypertrophy, production of pheromones for the ~ 2 month mating season, and then complete resorption before repeating the process in the following year. At the peak of the mating season, the transcriptional and translational machinery of the mental gland are almost exclusively redirected to the synthesis of rapidly evolving pheromones. Of these pheromones, Plethodontid Modulating Factor (PMF) has experienced an unusual history: following gene duplication, the protein coding sequence diversified from positive sexual selection while the untranslated regions have been conserved by purifying selection. The molecular underpinnings that bridge the processes of gland hypertrophy, pheromone synthesis, and conservation of the untranslated regions remain to be determined.ResultsUsing Illumina sequencing, we prepared a de novo transcriptome of the mental gland at six stages of development. Differential expression analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed that the mental gland initially adopts a highly proliferative, almost tumor-like phenotype, followed by a rapid increase in pheromone mRNA and protein. One likely player in this transition is Cold Inducible RNA Binding Protein (CIRBP), which selectively and cooperatively binds the highly conserved PMF 3′ UTR. CIRBP, along with other proteins associated with stress response, have seemingly been co-opted to aid in mental gland development by helping to regulate pheromone synthesis.ConclusionsThe P. shermani mental gland utilizes a complex system of transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation to facilitate its hypertrophication and pheromone synthesis. The data support the evolutionary interplay of coding and noncoding segments in rapid gene evolution, and necessitate the study of co-evolution between pheromone gene products and their transcriptional/translational regulators. Additionally, the mental gland could be a powerful emerging model of regulated tissue proliferation and subsequent resorption within the dermis and share molecular links to skin cancer biology.

Kimura's Disease: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge.

Kimura's disease, also known as Eosinophilic Granuloma, is a rare chronic condition seen mainly in Oriental population. It presents with subcutaneous nodules, lymphadenopathy, salivary gland hypertrophy with peripheral eosinophilia and raised serum IgE levels; rarely renal involvement may also be present. Its etiology mainly remains unknown. We present a case series of two patients. Our first case is a middle aged female which presented with a parotid swelling, mimicking a parotid neoplasm. Further investigations revealed associated intra-parotid and cervical lymphadenopathy. An excisional biopsy in the form of Superficial Parotidectomy with lymph node excision was done. Histopathological examination of the excised specimen revealed it to be a case of Kimura's disease. Our second case, a young adult, presented with a gradually increasing post-auricular swelling. Preliminary investigations in this case pointed towards Kimura's disease. Excision biopsy of the lesion was done. Histopathological studies confirmed the diagnosis for the same. Both the patients are under our regular follow up and remain disease-free at a follow up of 1year and 8months respectively.

Морфофункциональные аспекты повреждения сердца при иммобилизационном стрессе у крыс

The study was performed on rats, which were subjected to immobilization stress (24 h). It was found that stress leads to hypertrophy of the adrenal glands, the involution of the thymus, spleen, the appearance of gastric ulcers, increased levels of cortisol and corticosterone in the blood serum. Also, an increase in 12-fold of 99mTc-pyrophosphate accumulation in the heart was found. Experiments on the isolated perfused rat heart have been shown that stress reduces the left ventricular systolic pressure and increases the diastolic pressure, but does not affect the coronary flow. The morphological study showed that stress causes segmental contractions, interstitial edema, karyopyknosis. Stress did not affect the levels of creatine kinase in the coronary flow and the blood serum. Stress did not change the ECG properties.

ВПЛИВ ПРЕПАРАТУ L-АРГІНІНУ НА ЗМІНИ ПРОЦЕСІВ ПЕРОКСИДНОГО ОКИСНЕННЯ ЛІПІДІВ ТА АНТИОКСИДАНТНОЇ СИСТЕМИ В КРОВІ ЗА УМОВ КОМОРБІДНОЇ ПАТОЛОГІЇ – ІММОБІЛІЗАЦІЙНОГО СТРЕСУ ТА АДРЕНАЛІНОВОГО УШКОДЖЕННЯ МІОКАРДА

Вступ. Активація адренергічної і гіпоталамо-гіпофізарно-адреналової систем призводить до виникнення стресорної тріади Сельє, першим компонентом якої є гіпертрофія надниркових залоз із збільшенням синтезу ними глюкокортикоїдів та катехоламінів. Аргінін слугує необхідним компонентом для синтезу білків і багатьох біологічно важливих молекул, таких, як орнітин, пролін, поліаміни, креатин і агматин. Однак головна його роль в організмі людини – бути субстратом для синтезу оксиду азоту. &#x0D; Мета дослідження –вивчити вплив препарату L-аргініну на зміни процесів пероксидного окиснення ліпідів та антиоксидантної системи, що виникають у крові білих щурів під впливом гострого іммобілізаційного стресу й адреналіну.&#x0D; Методи дослідження.Дослід проводили на білих щурах-самцях лінії Вістар масою 180–200 г, яких було поділено на три групи по 10 тварин у кожній (дві дослідні та одну контрольну).&#x0D; Результати й обговорення. Встановлено, що за умов поєднаної патології (іммобілізаційного стресу й адреналінового ушкодження міокарда) до лікування L-аргініном активність у крові показників антиоксидантної системи – каталази і супероксиддисмутази зменшувалася на 5-ту добу експерименту. Було відзначено збільшення рівня продуктів пероксидного окиснення ліпідів – дієнових кон’югатів та малонового діальдегіду проти контролю. Використання L-аргініну протягом 5-ти днів призвело до підвищення активності каталази (на 107,2 %) і супероксиддисмутази (на 74,5 %) відносно групи тварин з поєднаною патологією в експерименті (іммобілізаційним стресом і адреналіновим ушкодженням міокарда) до лікування, що свідчить про антиоксидантний вплив даного препарату. Застосування L-аргініну протягом 5-ти днів знизило рівень дієнових кон’югатів (на 80,16 %, р&lt;0,05) та малонового діальдегіду (на 42,26 %, р&lt;0,05), що вказує на зменшення процесів пероксидного окиснення ліпідів. &#x0D; Висновок.L-аргінін доцільно в подальшому і перспективно вивчати в експерименті та клініці з метою корекції метаболічних порушень за умов експериментального іммобілізаційного стресу й адреналінового ушкодження міокарда і розробки методичних рекомендацій.

Prevalence of trypanosomes, salivary gland hypertrophy virus and Wolbachia in wild populations of tsetse flies from West Africa

BackgroundTsetse flies are vectors of African trypanosomes, protozoan parasites that cause sleeping sickness (or human African trypanosomosis) in humans and nagana (or animal African trypanosomosis) in livestock. In addition to trypanosomes, four symbiotic bacteria Wigglesworthia glossinidia, Sodalis glossinidius, Wolbachia, Spiroplasma and one pathogen, the salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV), have been reported in different tsetse species. We evaluated the prevalence and coinfection dynamics between Wolbachia, trypanosomes, and SGHV in four tsetse species (Glossina palpalis gambiensis, G. tachinoides, G. morsitans submorsitans, and G. medicorum) that were collected between 2008 and 2015 from 46 geographical locations in West Africa, i.e. Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana, Guinea, and Senegal.ResultsThe results indicated an overall low prevalence of SGHV and Wolbachia and a high prevalence of trypanosomes in the sampled wild tsetse populations. The prevalence of all three infections varied among tsetse species and sample origin. The highest trypanosome prevalence was found in Glossina tachinoides (61.1%) from Ghana and in Glossina palpalis gambiensis (43.7%) from Senegal. The trypanosome prevalence in the four species from Burkina Faso was lower, i.e. 39.6% in Glossina medicorum, 18.08%; in Glossina morsitans submorsitans, 16.8%; in Glossina tachinoides and 10.5% in Glossina palpalis gambiensis. The trypanosome prevalence in Glossina palpalis gambiensis was lowest in Mali (6.9%) and Guinea (2.2%). The prevalence of SGHV and Wolbachia was very low irrespective of location or tsetse species with an average of 1.7% for SGHV and 1.0% for Wolbachia. In some cases, mixed infections with different trypanosome species were detected. The highest prevalence of coinfection was Trypanosoma vivax and other Trypanosoma species (9.5%) followed by coinfection of T. congolense with other trypanosomes (7.5%). The prevalence of coinfection of T. vivax and T. congolense was (1.0%) and no mixed infection of trypanosomes, SGHV and Wolbachia was detected.ConclusionThe results indicated a high rate of trypanosome infection in tsetse wild populations in West African countries but lower infection rate of both Wolbachia and SGHV. Double or triple mixed trypanosome infections were found. In addition, mixed trypanosome and SGHV infections existed however no mixed infections of trypanosome and/or SGHV with Wolbachia were found.

Hytrosavirus genetic diversity and eco-regional spread in Glossina species

BackgroundThe management of the tsetse species Glossina pallidipes (Diptera; Glossinidae) in Africa by the sterile insect technique (SIT) has been hindered by infections of G. pallidipes production colonies with Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (GpSGHV; Hytrosaviridae family). This virus can significantly decrease productivity of the G. pallidipes colonies. Here, we used three highly diverged genes and two variable number tandem repeat regions (VNTRs) of the GpSGHV genome to identify the viral haplotypes in seven Glossina species obtained from 29 African locations and determine their phylogenetic relatedness.ResultsGpSGHV was detected in all analysed Glossina species using PCR. The highest GpSGHV prevalence was found in G. pallidipes colonized at FAO/IAEA Insect Pest Control Laboratory (IPCL) that originated from Uganda (100%) and Tanzania (88%), and a lower prevalence in G. morsitans morsitans from Tanzania (58%) and Zimbabwe (20%). Whereas GpSGHV was detected in 25–40% of G. fuscipes fuscipes in eastern Uganda, the virus was not detected in specimens of neighboring western Kenya. Most of the identified 15 haplotypes were restricted to specific Glossina species in distinct locations. Seven haplotypes were found exclusively in G. pallidipes. The reference haplotype H1 (GpSGHV-Uga; Ugandan strain) was the most widely distributed, but was not found in G. swynnertoni GpSGHV. The 15 haplotypes clustered into three distinct phylogenetic clades, the largest contained seven haplotypes, which were detected in six Glossina species. The G. pallidipes-infecting haplotypes H10, H11 and H12 (from Kenya) clustered with H7 (from Ethiopia), which presumably corresponds to the recently sequenced GpSGHV-Eth (Ethiopian) strain. These four haplotypes diverged the most from the reference H1 (GpSGHV-Uga). Haplotypes H1, H5 and H14 formed three main genealogy hubs, potentially representing the ancestors of the 15 haplotypes.ConclusionThese data identify G. pallidipes as a significant driver for the generation and diversity of GpSGHV variants. This information may provide control guidance when new tsetse colonies are established and hence, for improved management of the virus in tsetse rearing facilities that maintain multiple Glossina species.

RNA interference-based antiviral immune response against the salivary gland hypertrophy virus in Glossina pallidipes

BackgroundGlossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (GpSGHV; Hytrosaviridae) is a non-occluded dsDNA virus that specifically infects the adult stages of the hematophagous tsetse flies (Glossina species, Diptera: Glossinidae). GpSGHV infections are usually asymptomatic, but unknown factors can result to a switch to acute symptomatic infection, which is characterized by the salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH) syndrome associated with decreased fecundity that can ultimately lead to a colony collapse. It is uncertain how GpSGHV is maintained amongst Glossina spp. populations but RNA interference (RNAi) machinery, a conserved antiviral defense in insects, is hypothesized to be amongst the host’s mechanisms to maintain the GpSGHV in asymptomatic (persistent or latent) infection state. Here, we investigated the involvement of RNAi during GpSGHV infections by comparing the expression of three key RNAi machinery genes, Dicer (DCR), Argonaute (AGO) and Drosha, in artificially virus injected, asymptomatic and symptomatic infected G. pallidipes flies compared to PBS injected (controls) individuals. We further assessed the impact of AGO2 knockdown on virus infection by RT-qPCR quantification of four selected GpSGHV genes, i.e. odv-e66, dnapol, maltodextrin glycosyltransferase (a tegument gene) and SGHV091 (a capsid gene).ResultsWe show that in response to hemocoelic injections of GpSGHV into G. pallidipes flies, increased virus replication was accompanied by significant upregulation of the expression of three RNAi key genes; AGO1, AGO2 and DCR2, and a moderate increase in the expression of Drosha post injection compared to the PBS-injected controls. Furthermore, compared to asymptomatically infected individuals, symptomatic flies showed significant downregulation of AGO1, AGO2 and Drosha, but a moderate increase in the expression of DCR2. Compared to the controls, knockdown of AGO2 did not have a significant impact on virus infection in the flies as evidenced by unaltered transcript levels of the selected GpSGHV genes.ConclusionThe upregulation of the expression of the RNAi genes implicate involvement of this machinery in controlling GpSGHV infections and the establishment of symptomatic GpSGHV infections in Glossina. These findings provide a strategic foundation to understand GpSGHV infections and to control latent (asymptomatic) infections in Glossina spp. and thereby control SGHVs in insect production facilities.