Gland Cyst Research Articles

Management of female para-urethral cyst with dyspareunia: a case report

Abstract Background The diagnosis and management of female genital conditions (Rodriguez et al. in Clin Anat 34(1):103–107, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.23654) are often challenging. The atypical presentations, combined with patient hesitancy to be subjected to an examination by a male urologist, are factors that limit a timely diagnosis. Para-urethral cysts (Pastor and Chmel in Int Urogynecol J 29(5):621–629, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-017-3527-9) are often incidentally detected by gynecologists during pelvic examination for other reasons. Patients rarely present with complaints of lower urinary tract symptoms and dyspareunia affecting sexual life. Diagnosis in most instances can be made by physical examination but often a detailed evaluation with ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrogram, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging is needed. The definitive management of symptomatic para-urethral cysts is through surgical excision. Objective This report aims to reflect clinically upon a rare pathology of the female genital system. Case presentation We present the case of a 36-year-old, sexually active, Indian (Asian) woman with a 6-month history of progressively worsening lower urinary tract symptoms, consisting of dysuria, post-micturition dribble, increased urination frequency, and significant dyspareunia. Physical examination in the lithotomy position revealed a cystic lesion located in the midline slightly to the left of the anterior vaginal wall. Magnetic resonance imaging also revealed a T2/T1 hyperintense lesion located below the level of the pubic symphysis. The patient was posted for exploration under anesthesia and the cyst was excised completely. The histopathology findings were consistent with para-urethral gland cyst with ulceration and squamous metaplasia. Conclusion Any lower urinary tract symptoms in a woman needs thorough clinical examination. Association of para-urethral cyst with lower urinary tract symptoms and dyspareunia is rare, and if present, always warrants surgical excision.

CYSTIC LESIONS OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS(Report of 3 cases)

At least one-third of cystic salivary gland lesions are neoplastic. Cystic lesion of the salivary gland requires only surgery, because regardless of the type and location, drug therapy is not possible with this diagnosis.. If the cystic neoplasm is localized in a hard-to-reach place and if it is localized in the parotid gland, the surgical manipulation is performed from the outside, it is removed simultaneously with the parenchyma of the salivary gland. The FNA specimens from salivary gland cystic lesions can be no informative very often, because FNA of these lesions demonstrates hypocellular mucinous material contents, possibly with inflammatory cells and also scant epithelial cells. For example, the presence of mucin and admixed lymphocytes in cyst fluid can be demonstrated both in the benign inflammatory cysts and cystic neoplasms. A definitive diagnosis of cystic neoplasms of the salivary glands is possible only through histological examination of the neoplastic tissue. Prevention of cystic neoplasms of the salivary gland consists of preventing injuries and inflammations of the oral cavity, careful hygiene and regular visits to the dentist. This article presents cases of the salivary glands cystic neoplasms, which are the clinical interest.

Effectiveness of removal of retention cysts with localization on the lips using dental diode laser

The article discusses the etiology, clinical picture, diagnosis and methods of treatment of retention cysts of the minor salivary glands using cutting instruments and a diode laser. Analysis of statistical data shows that retention cysts of the lower lip are the most common form among salivary gland cysts. In the process of surgical treatment of retention cysts using classical cutting instruments, a number of difficulties arise associated with the thin capsule covering the cyst, by breaking through and pouring out the contents, as a result of which complete removal of the cyst is impossible and the appearance of a possible relapse, swelling after such surgery can lead to complications of the nearby salivary glands. Therefore, in a comparative aspect, the effectiveness of laser thermal ablation and the use of adhesive balm (with magnetic polymers, hexethidine, cytylpyridinium chloride and hyaluronic acid) is shown. New possibilities in the treatment of this pathology with minimal risk of complications are presented.

Secretory carcinoma of the minor salivary gland or mucous retention cyst? What is the correct diagnosis?

Secretory carcinoma of the minor salivary gland or mucous retention cyst? What is the correct diagnosis?

Symptomatic Giant Skene’s Gland Cyst During Second Trimester Pregnancy and Surgical Excision: A Case Report

Introduction: A Skene’s gland cyst is a rare gynecological disorder, and the cause of an adult onset is largely unknown. However, periurethral and perineal cystic lesions are common, causing often indistinguishable symptoms. Therefore, accurate diagnosis is crucial because it can significantly alter clinical management. Methods: A 27-year-old woman was gravida 2 para 1 with the onset of a unique, progressively large vulvar mass that began at approximately 6 weeks of gestation. At 22 weeks of gestation, the mass became more symptomatic and measured approximately 9 cm × 7 cm × 6 cm in size, with some areas of excoriation on the lateral surface. Results: The patient had a pelvic MRI without contrast, and it showed that the mass was most likely a giant Skene’s gland cyst. At 24 weeks, the mass was surgically removed under spinal anesthesia and followed by vulvar reconstruction. Histopathology showed a benign cyst lined by transitional and squamous epithelium cells, which was consistent with a benign Skene’s gland cyst. She recovered fully, continued with the pregnancy and delivered vaginally at 39 weeks and 3 days without complications. Conclusions: A case of excoriating giant Skene’s gland cyst in pregnancy that caused significant discomfort to the patient. To this day, there has been no reported literature of a Skene’s gland cyst this large, especially during pregnancy. Hence, Skene’s gland cysts should be part of the differential diagnosis of a large vulvar mass of this magnitude during pregnancy.

Vaginal Bulge is Not Always Prolapse

ObjectiveThe objective of this video is to review a case of a patient that presented to urogynecology clinic for prolapse, but was noted to have anterior vaginal cyst. In this video we review differential diagnosis, embryologic origin of vaginal cyst, excision procedure, imaging and pathology of the vaginal cyst. SettingUrogynecology clinic/operating room ParticipantPatient who presented with anterior vaginal cyst Intervention34yo G0 referred to Urogynecology for a vaginal bulge. On exam she had a 4 cm anterior vaginal cystic mass. The differential diagnosis for benign vaginal cysts is broad including Müllerian or Gartner's (mesonephric) ducts, Skene duct, Bartholin gland, epidermal inclusion, or endometriotic cysts, adenosis, or urethral diverticulum (1,2). Most are secondary to embryological remnants or trauma (3).Müllerian ducts form the fallopian tubes, broad ligament, uterus, cervix and upper part of the vagina. Müllerian epithelium is replaced with squamous epithelium of the urogenital sinus; however, Müllerian epithelium can persist anywhere along the vaginal wall. Thus, Müllerian cysts can be found at any location in the vagina (4).During vaginal cyst work-up, imaging can be helpful to further differentiate the cyst and aid in surgical planning. Our patient had an in-office translabial ultrasound that revealed a fluid filled vaginal cyst that had possible bladder connection. Pelvic MRI showed a 4 cm non-communicating fluid-filled cyst that was abutting the bladder in its entirety. We present imaging and a surgical excision video demonstrating the importance of meticulous dissection directly on the bladder wall. The video also presents histopathology slides with bland, endocervical-type columnar epithelium, leading to the final diagnosis of a Müllerian duct cyst. ConclusionVaginal cysts require careful examination and imaging. Understanding their location is crucial for surgical planning, counseling, and successful patient outcomes.

Adenoma, Hamartoma, or Something Else? Unique Diagnostic Challenges in Mixed Epithelial-Mesenchymal Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Abstract Introduction/Objective Mixed epithelial-mesenchymal lesions (MEMLs) are well-known in the gynecologic tract and, to a lesser extent, in the lungs and kidneys. However, the literature is mostly lacking in the GI tract. These cases pose significant diagnostic challenge when encountered upon, as there are many pitfalls and gray areas exist in characterization. Amongst other entities, hamartomas can account for a portion of these cases. Herein, we present a unique case of MEML identified in duodenum, which was reported as a hamartoma. Methods/Case Report A 59-year-old male presented with persistent upper GI bleeding requiring multiple transfusions. Initial upper GI endoscopy revealed an oozing ulcer as part of a 30 mm polyp in the second portion of duodenum opposite to ampulla. Epinephrine was injected for homeostasis. After repeat endoscopy failed to completely resect the lesion, the patient underwent exploratory laparotomy with resection of the 2nd portion of duodenum. The sections showed a submucosal proliferation of epithelial and mesenchymal elements. The epithelial component consisted of bland-appearing foveolar type mucinous glands, partly showing cystic dilation, while the mesenchymal component consisted of lymphovascular and neural structures as well as a population of small round cells that showed patchy SMA immunolabeling and low Ki67 proliferation index. The case was reported as hamartoma, however, a Brunner’s gland cyst and pericytic tumors (i.e. glomus tumor) were also considered. While the histologic features did not suggest malignancy, the patient had been followed-up closely for 6 months. Recurrence or malignant transformation was not reported. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion MEMLs in the GI tract are always challenging to diagnose due to their rarity, unknown etiology and natural history, and lack of established risk factors. Furthermore, mesenchymal component is often difficult to characterize due to multiple differentiations and patchy/unrevealing immunohistochemistry. We report this unique case to enhance the awareness and recognition of MEMLS in the GI tract.

8106 An Uncommon Cause Of Hyperparathyroidism: A Case Report

Abstract Disclosure: A. Calderon: None. M.C. Aguilera: None. A. Kansara: None. Introduction: Parathyroid adenomas are the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. Imaging techniques to locate parathyroid adenomas and hyperplasia include U/S (Sensitivity: 72%-89%), Sestamibi Tc-99 (Sensitivity of 68-95%), and 4D CT scan (Sensitivity of 80%). Combined imaging modalities increase sensitivity to 95%. We describe a case of symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism with rapid development of hypercalcemia, and conflicting imaging findings. The final diagnosis was made after surgery and pathology review. Case presentation: A 76-year-old man with a history of hypertension, Parkinson’s disease, and prostate cancer was admitted due to a calcium level of 13 mg/dL (8.0 - 10.2 mg/dl) on routine blood tests. He had complained of progressive fatigue and constipation, attributed to Parkinson’s Disease. Five months prior his calcium was 9.7 mg/dL. Hydrochlorothiazide was discontinued due to hypotension after two months. Blood tests in the hospital showed a corrected calcium of 12.5 mg/dL, phosphorus of 1.7 (2.4 - 4.5 mg/dl), PTH of 195 (15 - 65 pg/ml), with normal vitamin D and undetectable PTHrP. A U/S of the neck showed a 0.4 x 0.5 cm cystic mass in the right-inferior pole of the thyroid. A 4D CT scan of the neck showed a non-enhancing 0.9 x 7 x 1 mm mass in the same location, and a 7 x 4.7 x 4.8 mm mildly enhancing mass in the left lower pole of the thyroid. A parathyroid nuclear scan did not identify a parathyroid adenoma. He underwent minimally invasive parathyroidectomy and was found to have a 3.2 cm enlarged and cystic right inferior parathyroid gland weighing 792 mg. Frozen section showed hypercellular parathyroid with cystic and fibrotic changes. The PTH level dropped 59% after removal of the right cystic mass. The left inferior mass identified on CT scan was identified as normal thyroid tissue. Conclusions: Parathyroid cysts are uncommon neck masses and represent less than 5% of causes of all neck masses. They can be divided into functional and non-functional. Large retrospective studies have shown that about 5% of patients manifest as classic hyperparathyroidism, whereas the most common presentation was neck mass (40%). Identification of parathyroid cysts through imaging can be challenging. In our case, the patient presented with symptomatic and rapidly progressive primary hyperparathyroidism, and imaging findings that were discordant among ultrasound, 4DCT scan and Sestamibi Tc-99 scan. The final surgical and pathology reports identified a large parathyroid cyst. This case emphasizes the variable clinical and imaging behavior of parathyroid cysts, imposing a puzzling medical challenge. Presentation: 6/3/2024

8267 A Case of Pineal Gland Cyst and Adrenal Adenoma- Is this a New Syndrome?

Abstract Disclosure: M. Siddiqui: None. U. Rafat: None. S. Shaik: None. J.L. Gilden: None. Background: The Pineal Gland receives information through a complex multi-neuronal pathway and is responsible for the secretion of melatonin, a hormone regulated by circadian rhythm and suppressed by light stimuli. Melatonin is involved in biological rhythms and regulates immunomodulation, temperature homeostasis and maturation of hypothalamic-pituitary and gonadal axis, and can also modulate thyroid, prolactin, growth hormone, cortisol, and ACTH activity. Other effects include downregulation of thyroid activity. In addition, studies have shown that pineal body extracts can cause a minor increase in the zona glomerulosa and fasciculata of the adrenal gland. Case: A 54-year-old male with recurrent nephrolithiasis, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic rhinosinusitis, first presented to Endocrinology Clinic in 2018 for evaluation of an incidental adrenal adenoma (CT abdomen -2.8 cm, less than 10 Hounsfield units, left sided lipid rich adrenal adenoma). He had new onset erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, and fatigue. Initial lab work including LH, FSH, TSH, midnight salivary cortisol, ACTH, plasma cortisol AM, free and total testosterone, aldosterone, plasma and urine metanephrines/normetanephrines were all normal. MRI brain-1 cm thin-walled pineal cyst with internal characteristics compatible with proteinaceous benign pineal cyst. He was then lost to follow-up for 5 yrs due to the COVID pandemic. He had tried taking “testosterone protein builders”, but his symptoms remained. In addition, he now has twice weekly dull occipital headaches, relieved by ibuprofen. Lab tests-elevation in 1of 2 MN salivary cortisol samples at 0.58 mcg/dL (nl≤0.09), ACTH 12pg/mL(0-47), IGF1 261 ng/mL(50-317), and low total testosterone 222 ng/dl (250-1100) Free testosterone 36 pg/mL(35-155), borderline low TSH 0.386 µIU/ml(0.55-4.78), Free T3 and Free T4 were normal, thyroid antibodies-negative . Rest of the hormone evaluation was otherwise normal, LH 4.90 mIU/mL(1.5-9.3), FSH 11.10 mIU/mL (1.4-18.1), Prolactin 6.8 ng/mL(2.1-17.7). Thyroid Ultrasound-homogeneous echogenicity of the thyroid gland without discrete thyroid nodules. Repeat MRI brain- benign pineal cyst which was stable with no midline shift or mass effect. Repeat CT adrenal gland-lipid rich adrenal adenoma slightly reduced in size from 2.8 to 2.4 cm. Lab tests returned to normal one month later. Conclusion: Although it is unclear whether there is an exact association between this patient’s pineal cyst and adrenal adenoma, there have been intermittent hormonal abnormalities and symptoms consistent with hypogonadism and/or adrenal, also possibly related to the pineal abnormality. Although more research needs to be conducted explaining the relationship between the pineal and pituitary, and the adrenal gland, this clinical case suggests that there may be a relationship between these two abnormalities and symptoms. Presentation: 6/2/2024

British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) consensus document for the management of benign female urethral lesions.

To provide a consensus document for the management of benign female urethral lesions. The British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) Female, Neurological and Urodynamic Urology (FNUU) Section created a consensus document to guide the management of the commonest of urethral swellings using expert consensus with a modified Delphi technique. Benign urethral lesions in females can include urethral mucosal prolapse, urethral caruncle, Skene's gland cysts and urethral diverticulum. They can present in a variety of ways including haematuria, lower urinary tract symptoms and voiding dysfunction, and can initially be overlooked or not recognised, resulting in delayed management. This consensus statement led by the FNUU Section of the BAUS, in consultation with BAUS members and consultants working in units throughout the UK, aimed to create a comprehensive and pragmatic management pathway for the assessment, investigation and treatment of benign urethral lesions in females.

Follow-up of Cystic Pineal Glands in Retinoblastoma Patients Does Not Increase Detection of Pineal Trilateral Retinoblastoma

PurposeTo evaluate the effectiveness of baseline screening and follow-up with MRI to detecting trilateral retinoblastoma (TRb) and assessing the risk of TRb development. DesignProspective multicenter cohort study MethodsA total of 607 retinoblastoma patients from 2012 through 2022 were included and followed up until 1-9-2023. At each center a neuroradiologist categorized pineal glands on baseline and follow-up scans into four groups: (A) normal, (B) cystic gland, (C) suspicious gland, or (D) TRb. Different follow-up schedules were assigned to each category. Categories (B) and (C) were followed-up with MRI after approximately 3-months and after another 3 months if suspicion remained. On each MRI, they measured the height and width, evaluated the aspect (solid, partly cystic and completely cystic) of the pineal gland and evaluated radiological features suspicious of pineal TRb. The effectiveness of the current TRb screening method was assessed by evaluating its sensitivity and specificity to detect TRb. Determining the TRb incidence was a secondary outcome measure. ResultsHeritable retinoblastoma patients had a risk of 3.78% to develop TRb. One out of four pineal TRbs was detected during a follow-up scan and four out of five non-pineal TRbs were detected on the baseline MRI. Screening for pineal TRb had a sensitivity of 25% and specificity of 100%, for non-pineal TRb the sensitivity was 80%. It required 494 follow-up scans to detect one pineal TRb. However, when restricting the follow-up to solely suspicious glands, only 22 scans were required to detect one pineal TRb. ConclusionDuring extended follow-up after baseline MRI, only one pineal trilateral retinoblastoma was detected in our study. Follow-up after three months should be restricted to patients with a suspicious pineal gland defined as irregularly thickening of the cyst wall (>2mm), fine nodular aspect of the cyst wall or when a solid or cystic gland exceeds the upper 99% prediction interval for size; patients with an unsuspicious cystic gland should not be followed up. Baseline MRI screening was able to detect most non-pineal trilateral retinoblastomas.

ECHINOCOCCUS MULTIOCULARIS IN ADRENAL GLAND - THE UNEXPECTED CAUSE OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION IN A YOUNG MAN

Objective: The case report presents the patient with hydatid cyst of Echinococcus multiocularis located in the adrenal gland. Hydatid cysts in adrenal glands occur very rarely, and symptoms are nonspecific. The aim of this case report is to draw attention to atypical causes of arterial hypertension. Design and method: Th case report of the male-patient with Echinococcus multiocularis hydatid cyst in right adrenal gland complicated with extensive thrombosis of inferior vena cava and both renal veins, as well as right hepatic vein with preserved marginal flow and developed collateral circulation. Results: 32-year-old man, with a history of arterial hypertension treated since 3 weeks was admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine and Hypertension due to chest pain and peripheral oedemaMoreover, patient reported lower back pain and high blood pressure values despite of multidrug therapy. Laboratory tests indicated elevated creatinine level and proteinuria. An ultrasound examination revealed kidney enlargement and suspicion of right renal artery stenosis, prompting further investigation. Angio-CT of the abdomen and pelvis uncovered a contrast-enhanced polycyclic mass with calcifications in the right adrenal gland and several similar lesions in the liver, some of which had star-shaped calcifications. The imaging also revealed extensive thrombosis in the inferior vena cava, renal veins, and right hepatic vein, with preserved marginal flow and developed collateral circulation. The patient was started on therapeutic anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin. After performing a series of diagnostic tests and consultations, the infection of Echinococcus multilocularis was diagnosed by serological tests. Albendazole in a dose of 400 mg twice a day was added to the therapy. The patient's condition remained stable, and surgical removal of the cysts was planned. Conclusions: The case shows how important is collaboration between specialists. Holistic approach to patient enabled to find out the cause of high blood pressure. It was renal vein thrombosis due to Echinococcus multiocularis infection.

Pineal gland cyst-to fight or not to fight?

Since professional boxing is associated with substantial risk of both acute and chronic traumatic brain injury, many athletic (boxing) commissions in the United States and abroad request a neuroimaging study of the brain to determine brain fitness to fight. Either magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain or computed tomography (CT) head is needed to obtain a license to compete in professional combat sports and periodically thereafter. The neuroimaging study helps to identify and/or exclude structural brain lesions that may pose a risk of rupture or bleeding from head impact exposures (HIEs) sustained during the course of the bout. Identification of structural brain lesions such as large tumors, vascular malformations such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and large cavernous malformations results in a denial of licensure to fight. Pineal gland cysts (PC) are usually benign cysts discovered on occasions incidentally in MRI scans of boxers. A 25-year-old asymptomatic boxer was found to have a 2 cm PC with intracystic hemorrhage on MRI scan done for licensure. The medical literature was reviewed to determine whether boxers with PC can safety compete in combat sports.

Pineal gland cyst and ADHD in a juvenile patient: a case report

IntroductionThe role of the pineal gland in psychiatric disorders is poorly investigated. There are studies, primarily on adult patients, that indicate a higher presence of pineal gland abnormalities in patients suffering from depression, schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). When it comes to ADHD, there is speculation about the role of melatonin and the influence of the pineal gland on the dopaminergic system. Data on the association between pineal gland cysts and ADHD in juvenile patients are particularly scarce.ObjectivesDue to all of the above, our goal is to present the case of a nine-year-old male patient who has a confirmed cyst of the pineal gland and is being treated for ADHD. MethodsThe patient was examined by a neuropediatrician, EEG and brain MRI were performed. He was also examined by a psychologist and by a psychiatrist. Endocrinological, hematological, rheumatological, pulmonological treatment and karyotyping were performed.ResultsMRI of the brain revealed a cyst of the pineal gland with an anteroposterior diameter of 1 cm without significant compression. The EEG was mildly slowed and paroxysmally dysrhythmic for the age, ie. paroxysms of high-voltage delta waves were described. The EEG findings after sleep deprivation were paroxysmally altered with rare focal changes in the right temporoparietal region. Through psychological analysis, it was determined that specific deficits persist in the area of verbal understanding, perceptual organization and visual processing, information processing speed, numerical reasoning, attention and short-term memory. On the level of visuomotor perception and coordination, deviations are observed by organic type. He is motorically more active, impulsive, emotionally immature, easily distractible.ConclusionsThe etiology of ADHD is poorly researched, and so is the role of the pineal gland, its cyst and melatonin. There is scant knowledge for other psychiatric disorders, but primarily from researches on adult psychiatric patients. Additional researches are definitely needed on this topic, especially in the field of child and adolescent psychiatry.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Chistul de glandă Bartholin – abordări terapeutice actuale şi prezentare de caz

Bartholin gland cysts account for 2% of all gynecologic visits per year. Although the treatments for Bartholin gland cysts seem apparently simple, recurrent cysts as well as the differential diagnosis between simple cyst, abscess or malignant pathology can complicate the management for this apparent common problem. Bartholin gland disorders, such as cysts and abscesses, can significantly impact a woman’s quality of life, necessitating effective and lasting interventions. Starting from the standard conduct of authors in Bartholin gland cyst, the article aims to review the current therapeutic techniques and to present a case report of an approach based on the excision of the gland.

CLINICOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES, DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT OF CYSTS OF THE MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS

Small salivary gland cysts occupy a large percentage in the structure of oral cavity diseases in children and adults.
 The aim of the study is to determine the main diagnostic criteria and treatment tactics for patients with small salivary gland cysts.
 Materials and methods. 5 adult patients aged from 21 to 50 years and 2 children aged from 3 and 16 years were examined and surgical removal of small salivary gland cysts was performed. Pathohistologic studies of biopsy material were performed.
 Results obtained. Women (85.7%) prevail among the patients with cysts of the minor salivary gland. The average age of the patients was 27,0±6,1 years. The most frequent localization of small salivary gland cysts was the mucous membrane of the lower lip (85,7%). In 5 patients it was confirmed that the cause of cyst formation was mechanical trauma, namely biting or bruising of the lower lip. Clinically, a cyst of the minor salivary gland was a single oval or rounded mass with a size ranging from 0.4 to 1.1 cm. The average size of the cyst was 0.69±0.08 cm in diameter.
 According to the results of the pathohistological examination, the extravasation type of cyst of the minor salivary gland was determined in 3 patients, the retention cyst was also determined in 3 patients on the lower lip. A superficial extravasation cyst has been diagnosed on a soft palate in a woman aged 50 years old.
 In 3 patients, cystectomy was carried out in a traditional surgical method, in 4 patients with the use of a high-intensity diode laser. Hyaluronic acid gel hyaDENT BG was used to accelerate wound healing after laser ablation.
 Conclusion. Based on literature analysis and own clinical observations, the main etiological factors and clinical-morphological signs of various clinical variants of cysts of the minor salivary glands were determined. It is shown that only the mucous retention cyst is a true cyst, because it histologically has an internal epithelial lining.

Complete excision of a Skene gland cyst mimicking cystocele.

Skene gland abnormalities include skene gland cysts and abscess. These can be differentiated from urethral diverticulum based on clinical findings. The exact incidence of Skene gland abnormalities is unknown as they are relatively rare. They are usually seen in middle-aged female patients but have recently been reported in newborn girls. We present a video case of a large, adult-onset Skene gland cyst, which was evaluated based on clinical findings, radiological aspects and histopathological findings. The differential diagnosis was carried out step-by-step in order to avoid sequelae and complete excision was performed in order to achieve optimal results, both for long-term functional and anatomical outcomes.

Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection and Topical as an Alternative Method for Mucocel Therapy

Introduction: Mucocele is a swelling caused by the collection of saliva from the ducts of minor salivary glands that are cut off or blocked. This is a salivary gland cyst that contains mucus and generally founded in the oral cavity. Surgery is the most popular therapy in the treatment of mucocele. There are various alternative therapeutic modalities that can be used including laser ablation, cryosurgery, sclerotherapy, micromarsupialization, laser surgery, injection of sclerosis agents, and corticosteroid injection. Case and management: This paper describes the treatment of mucoceles using triamcinolone acetonide that is quite often used in the oral cavity. The therapy carried out is intradermal injection of 0.2 ml of triamcinolone acetonide IA/ID (10 mg/ml) and topical application of triamcinolone acetonide ointment in orabase 0.1% 6x/day. One week later it was seen that the mucocele lesion had almost disappeared. Discussion: Corticosteroids act as potent anti-inflammatory agents and also act like sclerosing agents causing shrinkage of the dilated salivary ducts. Conclusion: Triamcinolone acetonide can be an alternative therapy besides surgery in the management of mucocele cases. The application can be done by intradermal injection and topical ointment. No side effects were found at the end of treatment.

Pituitary Gland Cyst in a Bull Mastiff Dog

Pituitary Gland Cyst in a Bull Mastiff Dog

Benign Vulvar Conditions: Comprehensive Overview

Benign ailments of organs surround a large spectrum of non-diseased environments that influence the genitalia of outdoor girls. These environments can cause pain, aches, and misery for the damaged objects. This review supports a concise survey of mild vulvar ailments and their dispassionate presentations, sickness, and management. Lichen sclerosis (LS) is a non-meansfinishing angering condition characterized by tingling, pain, and atrophic adjustments. Early acknowledgments and the state of affairs are sent via email to save you from never-ending confusion. Lichen planus provides accompanying mauve, polygonal papules, and erosions, and its management involves syndrome aid and immunosuppressive remedies, which are unavoidable. Vulvar dermatoses, together with touch rash and rash, frequently present with pruritus and call for identification and removal of determinants. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is characterized by pre-malignant changes in the vulvar skin. Welltimed disease and invasion are essential for the development of vulvar tumors. Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses can result in pain, lumps, seepage, and marsupialization. Vestibulodynia and vulvodynia are caused by incessant vulvar pain, making it essential to use multidisciplinary techniques for efficient management. Understanding favorable vulvar illnesses and their distinct dispassionate visages is vital for proper disease management and tailored treatment plans. This records healthcare thought providers to determine appropriate care, relieve signs, and upgrade the reputation of the boom for stirred people.