Gladiolus Grandiflorus Research Articles

Effect of electric current severity and shock timing of corms on vegetative growth, flowering and corm yield characteristics of two cultivars of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus) plant

The study was conducted in the Greenhouse of Horticulture Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Duhok University, Iraq during spring season of 2019 to investigate the effect of electric current severity and shock timing of corms on the vegetative, flowering and corm growth characters of Gladiolus grandiflorus. The treatments including three levels of electric current severity (AC 6, 8 and 10 amp.) and three timings of electric shock (1, 3 and 5 min) were tested on corms of two cultivars of gladiolus (Bimbo and Sapporo). A special electric apparatus was designed for this purpose. The corms were first soaked for 3 h in 1% NaCl solution, and then soaked in fresh water for the same period of 3 h before planting. The corms of cv. Bimbo which were exposed to low current for a short period treatment (T1) i. e. 4 A × 1 min significantly reduced sprouting time of vegetative growth to 12 days and flowering date to 68 days, increased the number of lateral branches (2.75 lateral branches/plant), largest leaf area (191.35 cm2), chlorophyll content (59.65 SPAD), longest spike flower (12.50 cm), highest number of florets in spike flower (27.85 flowers/spike) and highest dry weight of corms (19.81 g). However, the treatment T15 (6 A × 3 min) significantly increased the plant height (128.95 cm), dry weight of vegetative parts (12.09 g) and diameter of corm (6.13 cm).

System productivity enhancement in coconut (Cocos nucifera) garden by intercropping with flower crops in Assam

The field experiment was conducted at Horticultural Research Station, Kahikuchi of Assam Agricultural University for four consecutive years (2012–13 to 2015–16) to study the performance of flower crops as intercrop in adult coconut (Cocos nucifera) garden spaced at 7.5 m × 7.5 m taking five commercial flower crops, viz. Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) var. Single, Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) var. Red Monarch, Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae) var. Glauca, Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus) var. Oscar, Marigold (Tagetes erecta) var. Siracole along with a control (coconut monocrop). Results showed that number of leaves on the crown, annual leaf production, number of inflorescences per palm and nut yield of coconut was not significantly influenced by the flower crops grown in coconut garden. Significantly the highest total coconut equivalent yield of 48920 nuts/ha/year was obtained in coconut + gerbera followed by coconut + tuberose (42717 nuts/ha/year), coconut + gladiolus (42334 nuts/ha/year) and the lowest in coconut as monocrop (10430 nuts/ha/year). Intercropping system of growing gerbera in coconut garden registered the highest net income (` 380075/ha) and B:C ratio (3.5) followed by tuberose (` 323420/ha and 3.1), gladiolus (` 315090/ha and 2.9), marigold (` 233050/ha and 2.8) and the lowest net income of ` 64050/ha and B:C ratio (1.6) obtained in monocropping of coconut.

Efficacy of vermicompost and/or plant growth promoting bacteria on the plant growth and development in gladiolus

The use of environmental and sustainable ornamental flower production practices with renewable resources has drawn worldwide interest. One of these renewable resources is vermicompost (earthworm castings). In recent years, increasing demand for improving environmental quality have focused on the importance of Plant Growth Promotion Bacteria (PGPBs) in agriculture. Vermicomposts also help microbial agents function effectively in soil. In this study, a total of six treatments [A: PGPB formulation, B: Not autoclaved vermicompost, C: Autoclaved vermicompost, D: Not autoclaved vermicompost+PGPBs, E: Autoclaved vermicompost+PGPBs, F: Control (untreated bacteria and vermicompost)] were tested for their effects on the plant growth and development parameters in gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L. ‘Red Beauty’) in greenhouse condition. Vermicompost was added to the related pots by dissolving in water. After the addition of vermicompost, PGPB formulation was given immediately to related pots. All the treatments were applied to soil once in three leaf stage, close to the plant root zone. Parameters in terms of yield and quality attributes of plant and corm were determined and analyzed. The treatment A increased in plant height of gladiolus of 24.55% rate. The earliest times to flowering was determined in E application (100.48 day), which also increased in corm diameter with rate of 17.41% and number of corms and cormels with rate of 151.83% according to F application. Results indicated that the treatment E promoted overall better performance as compared to other treatments diameter of flowers for number of leaves per plant, number of florets per spike, stem diameter, spike length, fresh and dry weight of flowers, the number and diameter of corm. Autoclaved vermicompost can be good choice in gladiolus cultivation but it should be enriched with PGPB.

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Water Replacement Level on the Production of Gladiolus Corms in a Protected Environment

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of water replacement levels (50, 75, 100, 125 and 150%; for the 100% level, the water replacement volume was at field capacity) and nitrogen doses (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg dm-3) on the production of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) corms, White Friendship variety. The project was developed in a protected environment using a randomized complete block design witha 5x5 factorial scheme (water replacement levels × nitrogen doses). The evaluated variables werecorm diameter and weight and cormel number and weight. The data were assed using analysis of variance F-test at 5% probability and a regression analysis using the Sisvar statistical program. There was no nitrogen fertilization effect on the analyzed variables. The water replacement levels had a significant effect. For corm weight, the water replacement level that led to the highest weight was 128.96%. The weight and number of cormels were fit using an increasing linear regression model. According to Brazilian commercial corm standards, quality corms with diameters that suggest good potential for floral stem production were observed starting at the 50% water replacement level.

INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC MANURE, BIOFERTILIZER AND/OR SOME VITAMIN TREATMENTS ON: A. VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND FLOWERING ASPECTS OF GLADIOLUS GRANDIFLORUS VAR. GOLD FIELD PLANTS

A field experiment was carried out during the two successive seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of farmyard manure (FYM) at four levels (0, 10, 15 and 20 m3/fed) in combination with Minia Azotein (M.A.) at 50 ml/plant and/or some vitamins (E and C) each at 50 ppm, in addition to the control on vegetative growth and flowering of Gladiolus grandiflorus var. Gold Field plants. Results showed that leaf length (cm), number of leaves/plant, leaves dry weight/plant (g), length of spike (cm), spike diameter (mm), spike fresh weight (g), number of florets/spike, lower floret diameter (cm) and lower floret fresh weight (g) were gradually increased by increasing the levels of farmyard manure with significant differences were detected between successive treatments. Also, Minia Azotein (M.A.) and/or some vitamins (E and C) treatments significantly increased all vegetative growth and flowering parameters in comparison with the control. Minia Azotein (M.A.) plus vitamins E and vitamin C were more effective in this concern. It was found also that the use of FYM (20 m3/fed) in combination with Minia Azotein (M.A.) plus vit. E and vit. C followed by 20 m3/fed FYM with M.A. + vit. C then 15 m3/fed FYM with M.A. + vit. E + vit. C noticeably improved the different vegetative growth and flowering parameters of gladiolus plants.

INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC MANURE, BIOFERTILIZER AND/OR SOME VITAMIN TREATMENTS ON: B. CORM AND CORMELS PRODUCTIVITY AND SOME CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF GLADIOLUS GRANDIFLORUS VAR. GOLD FIELD PLANTS

A field experiment was carried out during the two successive seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of farmyard manure (FYM) at four levels (0, 10, 15 and 20 m3/fed) in combination with Minia Azotein (M.A.) at 50 ml/plant and/or some vitamins (E and C) each at 50 ppm, in addition to the control on vegetative growth and flowering of Gladiolus grandiflorus var. Gold Field plants. Results showed that leaf length (cm), number of leaves/plant, leaves dry weight/plant (g), length of spike (cm), spike diameter (mm), spike fresh weight (g), number of florets/spike, lower floret diameter (cm) and lower floret fresh weight (g) were gradually increased by increasing the levels of farmyard manure with significant differences were detected between successive treatments. Also, Minia Azotein (M.A.) and/or some vitamins (E and C) treatments significantly increased all vegetative growth and flowering parameters in comparison with the control. Minia Azotein (M.A.) plus vitamins E and vitamin C were more effective in this concern. It was found also that the use of FYM (20 m3/fed) in combination with Minia Azotein (M.A.) plus vit. E and vit. C followed by 20 m3/fed FYM with M.A. + vit. C then 15 m3/fed FYM with M.A. + vit. E + vit. C noticeably improved the different vegetative growth and flowering parameters of gladiolus plants.

Effect of plant density and INM on vegetative, floral and yield attributes of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)- A review

Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) is one of the important leading cut flowers worldwide. It is popularly known as queen of bulbous flower crop. It is popular for its attractive spike, magnificent florets which vary in size and colour. The flowers are used for making bouquets and flower arrangements. It is considered as a viable diversification option from traditional field crop due to increased per unit return. Farmers profit can be augmented by selling the corms and cormels as well as spikes. Consequently, a comprehensive acquaintance is needed on quality and quantity production of the flowers of gladiolus. Though the quality of flower is primarily a varietal but it is greatly influence by various cultural operations. Optimum plant density is essential for proper growth and development of plant as it allows the plant to acquire the essential growth elements i.e., light, nutrients and CO2. Besides plant spacing, nutrition play an important role. Excessive and continuous use of inorganic fertilizers has various ill effects on soil health therefore attention shifted towards the holistic approach i.e., integrated nutrient management (INM). This approach has profound effect in improving flower quality and quantity. This paper reviews all the literature on important aspects of cultivation practices of gladiolus viz., plant density and INM for better understanding and to develop future strategies for quality and quantity of production of gladiolus spikes and corms.

Mixed infection of virus and phytoplasma in gladiolus varieties in India

Gladiolus grandiflorus is a bulbous ornamental plant popularly grown for its cut flowers of high commercial value. On a survey to the experimental fields at IARI, New Delhi, during 2016–2018. About 8% to 96% disease incidence of leaf yellowing and streaks were observed in eleven varieties of gladiolus. The presence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii’ (16SrVI-D) subgroup in all the eleven symptomatic varieties was confirmed by PCR amplification using phytoplasma specific primer pairs P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2 and amplified 16Sr DNA sequence comparison. The presence of mixed infection with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was also confirmed by electron microscopy and coat protein sequence analysis of gladioli samples. The results suggest the presence of mixed infection of 16SrI-D subgroup phytoplasmas and CMV associated with leaf yellowing and streaks symptoms in gladiolus varieties.

Changes in total free amino acids as quality biomarkers in cut gladiolus spikes as affected by pulsing and wet cold storage

This study aimed at evaluating and quantifying Total Free Amino acids (TFAA) as indicators of quality in cut Gladiolus grandiflorus L. cv. Fado as affected by pulsing with 600 ppm 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate plus 5% sucrose and subsequent wet-cold storage durations of 0–5 days. Spectrophotometric and thin layer chromatography of dried petal amino acid analyses of open field grown Gladiolus at Horticulture Research and Teaching Field at egerton University, Kenya, were done. A two by six factorial experiment embedded in a completely randomized design with four replicates was adopted and data was analyzed using Proc GLM model in two way Anova. Means were separated by Tukey's test at 5% level of confidence. Values of TFAA and the vase life were significantly (P< 0.0001) affected by the pulsing and wet-cold storage treatments with consequent enhanced mean vase life (10.33 ± 0.21 days) and lowered (28.006 ± 0.006 μg/mg dw) mean TFAA compared with that of the control (4.75 ± 0.21 days; 36.496 ± 0.006, respectively). Petals predominantly displayed proline, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, glutamine, glycine and threonine, which could be alternative respiratory substrates or physiological signals. The results from this study will augment existing technologies in improvement of postharvest handling of Gladiolus.

Computational modeling and functional characterization of a GgChi: A class III chitinase from corms of Gladiolus grandiflorus

The present study describes the predicted model and functional characterization of an endochitinase (30 kDa) from corms of Gladiolus grandiflorus. ESI-QTOF-MS generated peptide showed 96% sequence homology with family 18, Class III acidic endochitinase of Gladiolus gandavensis. Purified G. grandiflorus chitinase (GgChi) hydrolyzed 4-methylumbelliferyl β-d-N,N′,N′′-triacetylchitotriose substrate showing specific endochitinase activity. Since no structural details of GgChi were available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), a homology model was predicted using the coordinate information of Crocus vernus chitinase (PDB ID: 3SIM). Ramachandran plot indicated 84.5% in most favored region, 14.8% in additional and 0.6% in generously allowed region while no residue in disallowed region. The predicted structure indicated a highly conserved (β/α)8 (TIM barrel) structure similar to the family 18, class III chitinases. The GgChi also showed sequence and structural homologies with other active chitinases. The GgChi (50 μg/disc) showed no antibacterial activity, but did provide mild growth inhibition of phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum at a concentration of 500 μg/well Similarly, insect toxicity bioassays of GgChi (50 μg) against nymphs of Bemisia tabaci showed 14% reduction in adult emergence and 14% increase in mortality rate in comparison to control values. The GgChi (1.5 mg) protein showed significant reduction in a population of flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) after 35 days, but lower reactivity against rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). The results of this study provide detai.led insight on functional characterization of a family 18 class III acidic plant endochitinase.

Influence of size and plant growth regulators on corm and cormel production of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)

Gladiolus is an excellent cut flower grown throughout the world for its spikes with florets of massive form, brilliant colours, attractive shapes, varying size and long shelf life. However, major constraint for gladiolus cultivation is the corm dormancy. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) play an important role in breaking dormancy and promote more number of quality corm and cormel productions in gladiolus. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to study the influence of corm size and plant growth regulators on corm and cormel production of gladiolus during the period from October 2017 to April 2018 at the Landscaping section of the Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The two-factor experiment included two corm sizes viz., 3-4 cm and 4.1-5 cm, and two PGRs viz., GA3 @ 250, 500 and 750 ppm; and NAA @ 100, 200 and 300 ppm along with tap water as control. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed that the corm size and PGRs at different concentrations significantly influenced the corm and cormel producing attributes of gladiolus. Maximum number of corms and cormels per plant, maximum weight of single corm, maximum weight of corms and cormels per plant, biggest size of single corm, highest yield of corms and cormels per hectare were recorded from 4.1-5 cm sized corms and GA3 @ 500 ppm, compared to rest of the treatments. It was observed that combined treatments had significant influence on all the parameters studied. The treatment combination of 4.1-5 cm sized corms and GA3 @ 500 ppm was found to be best in terms of corm and cormel production of gladiolus.Progressive Agriculture 29 (2): 91-98, 2018

Biochemical, physiological changes and antioxidant responses of cut gladiolus flower 'White Prosperity' induced by nitric oxide

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), as nitric oxide (NO) donor, has been considered by postharvest researchers as one of the best option for slowing the processes controlling senescence in cut flowers. Here, we investigate the role of NO on postharvest physiology and vase life of the Gladiolus grandiflorus cv. White Prosperity. Vase life markedly extended by SNP at 150 μM from 3 day to 7.33 day and thus those inducer effects were dose- and time-dependent. SNP at 125 μM interdependent on vase life time period was observed to be the optimal dose for improving of relative fresh weight (RFW), peroxidase (POD), and total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) in cut flowers. Supplementing vase solution with SNP indicated significant increase in water uptake of cut flowers and consequently protected to decline in RFW due to alleviate water losses stress. SNP was maintained the level of total soluble protein, lipid peroxidation, and POD, whereas it enhanced the level of catalase (CAT) and TMA in flower petals. Summary of our results revealed that SNP exogenous prolongs vase life via maintaining protein degrade, scavenging free radical in term of anthocyanin and enzymes antioxidant, decreasing polyphenol oxidase, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and improving membrane stability in ‘White Prosperity’ cut flowers.

EFFECT OF COMPOST AND SOME NATURAL STIMULANT TREATMENTS ON: I. VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND FLOWERING ASPECTS OF (GLADIOLUS GRANDIFLORUS CV. PETER PEARS) PLANTS

Two field experiments were carried out during the two successive seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 at the Nursery and the Laboratory of Ornamental plants, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University. The aim of this study was to figure out the effect of organic fertilization and natural stimulants, as well as, their interaction on vegetative growth, flowering aspects of Gladiolus grandiflorus cv. Peter Pears plants. Results showed that vegetative growth (leaf length, number of leaves/plant and dry weight of leaves/plant) and flowering aspects (length of spike, number of florets/spike and lower floret diameter) were gradually increased by increasing the level of compost fertilizer. All natural stimulant treatments significantly increased all vegetative growth characters and flowering parameters in comparison with the control. Seaweeds extract at 3 cm3/l or active dry yeast at 5 g/l seemed to be more effective than other treatments in this concern. The use of high level of compost (7.5 ton/fed) in combination with seaweeds extract at 3 cm3/l or active dry yeast at 5 g/l noticeably improved the different vegetative growth characters and flowering parameters of gladiolus.

EFFECT OF COMPOST AND SOME NATURAL STIMULANT TREATMENTS ON: II. CORMS PRODUCTION AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF (GLADIOLUS GRANDIFLORUS CV. PETER PEARS) PLANTS

Two field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of plant compost (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 ton/fed) and six natural stimulants (green tea extract at 5 g/l, moringa leaves extract at 300 mg/l, garlic extract at 300 mg/l, licorice roots extract at 5 g/l, active dry yeast at 5 g/l and seaweeds extract at 3 cm3/l) on corms production and chemical constituents of Gladiolus grandiflorus cv. Peter Pears. The obtained results indicated that corm diameter, number of cormels/plant, dry weight of cormels, as well as, chemical constituents including chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and percentages of N, P and K in the corms were gradually increased by increasing the level of compost. Significant differences were detected among the four used treatments. So, the high level of compost resulted the highest values. All six treatments of natural stimulants significantly increased corm and cormels production and their content of chemical constituents in comparison of the control plants. The highest values were obtained due to the treatments of seaweeds extract at 3 cm3/l. or active dry yeast at 5 g/l. The interaction between compost and natural stimulants was significant for all previous characters, except chlorophyll a in the first season.

The effects of 24-epibrassinolide corm priming and foliar spray on morphological, biochemical, and postharvest traits of sword lily

Gladiolus, or sword lily, is one of the most important cut flowers worldwide. Enhancement of its traits is of paramount importance to the flower industry. The application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) by corm priming and plant foliar spray to improve morphological, biochemical and postharvest characteristics of Gladiolus grandiflorus cv. Oscar were investigated. Concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 µM EBR as well as distillated water as a control were used for both corm priming and foliar spray treatments. Results showed that the highest levels of corm sprouting and flower spike emergence were obtained at 1 µM EBR. Floret numbers, flower spike fresh and dry weight, and vase life showed the highest values at 1 µM EBR combined treatments. The combination of corm priming at 2 µM and foliar spay at 1 µM EBR, showed the highest effect on malondialdehyde reduction. The highest activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were obtained in combination of 1 µM EBR corm priming and 1 µM EBR foliar spray. EBR treatments prolonged vase life from 8 to 14 days and significantly improved gladiolus morphological and biochemical traits.

The beneficial role of potassium in Cd-induced stress alleviation and growth improvement in Gladiolus grandiflora L.

ABSTRACTHeavy metal contaminated agricultural soils are one of the most important constraints for successful cultivation of crops. The current research was conducted to evaluate the role of potassium (K) on plant growth and amelioration of cadmium (Cd) stress in Gladiolus grandiflora under greenhouse conditions. G. grandiflora corms were sown in media contaminated with 0 (C), 50 (Cd50) and 100 (Cd100) mg Cd kg−1 soil. The plants growing in Cd-contaminated media exhibited reduced gas exchange attributes, chlorophyll (Chl) contents, vegetative and reproductive growth as compared to control. The plants raised in Cd contaminated media showed reduced nutrition yet higher Cd contents. However, supplementation of 60 mg Kg−1 K in treated plants (C+K, Cd50+K and Cd100+K) improved quantity of total soluble protein and proline (Pro) along with activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) under Cd stress. Similarly, K supplementation reduced the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in treated plants. Potassium supplemented plants exhibited better vegetative and reproductive growth. The improved stress tolerance in K supplemented plants was attributed to the reduced quantity of MDA and H2O2, enhanced synthesis of protein, proline, phenols, flavonides and improved activity of antioxidant enzymes. The present research supports the application of K for alleviation of Cd stress in G. grandiflora.

Effect of corm size and growth regulators on growth, flowering and quality of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)

Effect of corm size and growth regulators on growth, flowering and quality of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)

Effect of plant growth regulators and biostimulants on growth and flowering of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. American Beauty

Effect of plant growth regulators and biostimulants on growth and flowering of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. American Beauty

Amelioration of cadmium stress in gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflora L.) by application of potassium and silicon

ABSTRACTGladiolus corms were grown in media contaminated with cadmium (Cd) (50 mg kg−1) and supplemented with silicon (Si) and potassium (K). The role of Si and K for mitigation of Cd toxicity was evaluated. Cd-induced stress generated significantly increased level of oxidative stress markers including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in gladiolus. The application of K and Si improved the production of protein and proline in the treated plants. Moreover, K and Si supplemented plants exhibited an improvement in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and a reduction in the level of MDA, H2O2 and Cd uptake under Cd stress. Application of K and Si also enhanced the uptake of mineral nutrients including calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sulfur (S) and K. The plants supplemented with K and Si exhibited a higher amount of total phenolics and flavonoids. The combined effect of Si and K was more pronounced regarding beneficial effects on gladiolus plants compared to individual effect of these elements under Cd stress. The current research reveals that Si and K may improve gladiolus growth by decreasing the oxidative stress and Cd uptake and by increasing the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes, the quantity of secondary metabolites and plant nutrition.

Response of GA3 as foliar spray on the performance of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) varieties

A field experiment was conducted during 2014-2015 at R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra, U.P to assess the effect of gibberellic acid on growth and flower production in different varieties of Gladiolus. The investigation was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting12 treatment combinations (0, 100, 150 and 200 ppm) GA3 along with 3 Varieties viz. Pusa Vidushi (V1) Chandni (V2) and Popidear (V3) Among all the treatment combination under the trial was found significant, On the basis of results obtained on various aspects of the study envisaged that foliar spray of 150 ppm GA3 on variety Chandni produced better growth and flowering as well as corms production of gladiolus under the experiment.