Ginger Rhizome Research Articles

Evaluation Patch of Rhizoma Extract Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) as Anti-Inflammatory with Enhancer

Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a family of Zingiberaceae. Several studies have shown that kencur can help reduce inflammation because kencur is known to contain anti-inflammatory compounds, namely marker compounds from flavonoids, kaempferol. For the development of pharmaceutical preparations, research on anti-inflammatory plasters containing 96% ethanol extract, n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract and 70% ethanol extract from ginger rhizome with the addition of penetration enhancer (enhancer), namely propylene glycol. This anti-inflammatory plaster was tested for its activity in 5 groups of Wistar strain rat feet which had been induced 1% carrageenan (negative control); positive control (diclofenac sodium), ethanol96% extract, n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract and 70% ethanol extract from kencur rhizome and compared with plaster of kencur rhizome ethanol extract without enhancer. The results showed the effect of adding enhancers 30 minutes after administration. 96% ethanol extract and ethyl acetate extract had reduced inflammation by 79.99% in rat test animals compared to plaster ethanol extract of rhizome kencur without the addition of enhancers. Keywords : Kaempferia galanga. L., patch, anti-inflammatory, enhancer, propylene glycol

The effect of Nigella sativa (black cumin seeds) and Zingiber officinale (Ginger rhizome) Essential Oils on Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

Antibiotic resistance is growing and has limited the ability of physician's treatment decisions. Discovery of new, effective and safe substances that prevent troublesome infections is greatly needed to provide alternative therapeutic options. This study evaluated the antibacterial and synergistic effect of Hydro extracts of two plants essential oils of black seed (Nigella sativa) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome each alone and in combination, against selected different strains of gram negative and gram positive multidrug-resistant bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ) isolated from burn patients. The isolated were identified basing upon their colony characteristics, gram-staining, motility and biochemical tests according to standard microbiological techniques. All the isolates were tested for their susceptibility to different antibiotics and compared to the interpretive chart zone sizes. The antibacterial effect of essential oils was conducted against all isolates by disk diffusion assay, the minimum inhibitory concentrations and the minimum bactericidal concentrations of the plant essential oils were processed by using micro-dilution technique. The results indicated that all the different strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli that were tested against 100% concentration of essential oils; there was no recorded zone of inhibition. However, for the different strains of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, different zones of inhibition where obtained for Nigella sativa oil singly and combination of Nigella sativa with Zingiber officinale at different dilutions 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25% and 3.12%. Nigella sativa oil alone presents inhibition zones at concentration 100% ranged between (10mm) to (34mm), while Zingiber officinale oil extracts alone had no significant antibacterial effect. In 
 addition, combination of both oil extracts at 100% concentration showed inhibition zone greatest than the standards antibiotics which ranged between (12mm) to (52mm). Synergistic effect was noticed in combination of Nigella sativa, Zingiber officinale oil extracts and Antibiotics. The combination of both oil extracts of Nigella sativa oil and Zingiber officinale oil showed an excellent antibacterial and synergistic activity against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

KARAKTERISTIK ORGANOLEPTIK DAN FISIKOKIMIA KOPI JAHE CELUP PADA VARIASI TINGKAT PENYANGRAIAN DAN KONSENTRASI BUBUK JAHE

Coffee is one of the plantation commodities that have high economic value. Coffee beans generally process become roasted coffee beans or ground coffee. Brewed ground coffee still leave the dregs when it mix with boiling water. The effort to reduce the dregs of the ground coffee is making dip coffee products. One of the new innovations was make healthful coffee products with ginger, namely coffee-ginger bag. Ginger rhizome contains bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds (shogaol and gingerol) and essential oils, such as bisapolen, zingiberen, zingiberol and curcumen, that act as antioxidants. Different roasting level of coffee and concentration of ginger powder affected the flavor and aroma of coffee-ginger bag. The results showed that the most preferred coffee-ginger bag was dip ginger coffee roasted on dark level and 6% ginger powder concentration. It had total polyphenol of 98.72 μg GAE/ml with the antioxidant activity of 44.31%. Coffee-ginger bag roasted on dark level and 6% ginger powder concentration had lightness of 39.4. The highest total content of dissolved solids was coffee-ginger bag roasted on dark level and 0% ginger powder concentration which reached 13.12 mg/ml.
 Keywords: antioxidants, coffee, ginger, polyphenols, roasting

Essential oil from ginger as a novel agent in delaying senescence of cut fronds of the fern (Davallia solida (G. Forst.) Sw.)

Rabbit’s foot fern (Davallia solida (G. Forst.) Sw.) is traded as cut floral greens and commonly used in orchid flower arrangements and bouquets; however, its use is limited by its relatively rapid postharvest yellowing and desiccation. This study was designed to investigate the chemical profile of the essential oil from ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and to determine the oil’s effectiveness in extending the postharvest quality of rabbit’s foot fern. Essential oil was extracted from ginger rhizomes by hydrodistillation. The percentage composition of major identified compounds was citral (29.91%), zingiberene (13.3%), α-farnesene (11.68%), 1,8-cineole (10.60%), and β-sesquiphellandrene (6.14%). The ginger essential oil was applied in emulsion form to rabbit’s foot fern fronds as a pulse (25, 50, or 100 mg L−1) or a holding solution (5, 10 and 20 mg L−1). Pulse treatments were applied for 6 h before the fronds were transferred into a holding solution containing either distilled water or essential oil of ginger. Control fronds received distilled water as both pulsing and holding solutions. Rabbit’s foot fern pulsed with 25 mg L−1 essential oil and transferred into a holding solution with 5 mg L−1 essential oil increased frond longevity by 4.9 days and helped maintain both water uptake and visual quality. Under this treatment, fronds exhibited higher chlorophyll a and b contents, lower malondialdehyde content, and delayed loss of radical scavenging ability compared to control. Together, these results indicate that when dosed appropriately in pulsing and holding solutions, essential oil of ginger prolongs the vase life of fronds; it also enhances postharvest quality by simultaneously retarding the degradation of chlorophyll a and b, preserving DPPH scavenging activity, and lowering malondialdehyde accumulation.

Methyl jasmonate maintained antioxidative ability of ginger rhizomes by regulating antioxidant enzymes and energy metabolism

Antioxidant capacity and energy status are closely related to postharvest senescence and stress tolerance of fruits and vegetables. In this study, ginger rhizomes were treated with 100 μM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) solution for 10 min and stored at 20 °C with 30%-40% relative humidity for 18 d to investigate the changes of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, the activity of antioxidant enzymes in reactive oxygen species and energy metabolism. The results indicated that MeJA treatment increased H2O2 content and the activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase in ginger rhizomes. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome C oxidase, H+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase, the content of ATP, ADP and energy charge were also enhanced by MeJA treatment in ginger rhizomes. All these results suggest that MeJA could maintain antioxidative capacity of ginger rhizomes by regulating antioxidant enzymes and energy metabolism during room temperature storage.

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Temulawak (Curcuma Xanthorrizha Roxb.) Terhadap Level Nekrosis pada Jaringan Lien Mencit Putih (Mus Musculus L.) Jantan Galur Balb/C yang Diinokulasi Plasmodium berghei anka

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong>Background : </strong>Malaria is a disease caused by the <em>Plasmodium</em> parasite and is transmitted by the <em>Anopheles</em> mosquito and is still a health problem in Indonesia due to high mortality and morbidity. One form of a severe complication of malaria in addition to cerebral malaria is a function failure of the spleen. Today, the management of malaria is increasingly limited due to resistance. Therefore, further development is needed to find new innovations in malaria treatment.</p><p><strong>Purpose : </strong>The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of temulawak rhizome extract (<em>Curcuma xanthorhizza</em> Roxb.) On the level of necrosis in the spleen tissue of male BALB / c mice (<em>Mus musculus</em> L.) inoculated with <em>Plasmodium berghei</em> ANKA.</p><p><strong>Methods :</strong>Experimental research used a post-test only control group design that used five groups of mice. One group of mice was left normal while the other four groups were inoculated with <em>Plasmodium berghei</em> ANKA, positive control groups were given aquades and three treatment groups treated with temulawak extract (<em>Curcuma xanthorrhiza</em> Roxb.) With a dose of 150 mg / KgBB, 100 mg / KgBB, and 50 mg / KgBB for four day. On the fifth day an observation of the level of necrosis in the spleen organ of mice to determine the level of necrosis by histopathological examination using a light microscope.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and Result : </strong>The results of this study indicate that the administration of ginger rhizome extract (<em>Curcuma xanthorriza</em> Roxb.) Has an influence on the level of necrosis of male mice (<em>Mus musculus</em> L.) BALB / c inoculated with <em>Plasmodium berghei</em> ANKA α = 0,002 (ρ<0,05), where the administration of temulawak extract can increase necrosis levels compared to the control group . This is probably due to the lack of temulawak extract dosage and lack of observation in this study.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords </strong>: Malaria, curcuma (<em>Curcuma xanthorrhiza</em> Roxb.), Necrosis level, <em>Plasmodium berghei</em> ANKA</p>

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIDEPRESAN PERASAN RIMPANG TEMULAWAK (Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Roxb) TERHADAP MENCIT PUTIH JANTAN (Mus musculus)

ABSTRACTPrevention and treatment with synthetic antidepressants has many side effects that affect the central nervous system and usage must be under the supervision of a doctor. Whereas prevention and traditional medicine relatively do not cause side effects, are inexpensive, and easy to obtain. One example of traditional medicine from natural ingredients, which can provide an antidepressant effect is ginger rhizome. This research aims to determine whether ginger rhizome have antidepressant effects on male white mice. Antidepressant effect testing was carried out on male white mice (Mus musculus) using the forced swim test method. The part of the plant used is the rhizome of the ginger plant. Curcuma rhizome is made with juice and given orally with a concentration of 20%, 40%, and 60%. The negative control used is Na CMC 0.5%, while the positive control used, namely amitriptilyn. The parameters observed were the duration of immobility time, swimming time and climibing time (in seconds) which were calculated from minutes 3-6 for 6 minutes, and statistical tests were carried out with a confidence level of 95%. The results showed that at a concentration of 40% the curcuma rhizome juice had a significant value (p> 0.05) which means that there was no significant difference in antidepressant effect (%) from the juice of temulawak 56.31% and amitriptylin 78.78%Keywords: ginger rhizome, antidepressants, the forced swim test

BIOEFFICACY OF PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST MUSTARD APHID AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES

The Bio-efficacy of eleven plant extracts namely viz.Neem Kernel; Rhizome of Ginger; Leaves of Datura, Gajarghas, Harsingar, Oak and Latjeera; Bulb of Garlic and Onion; Flowers of Chrysenthemum and Fruits of Chilli in the concentration of 5 percent and imidacloprid @ 40 g ai/ha was tested against mustard aphid, Lipaphiserysimi and their effect on D. rapae and Coccinellid beetle were tested in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.). All the tested plant materials and imidacloprid @ 40 g ai/ha were effective significanty in reducing the aphid population over control.The aphid population in treated plots ranged from 7.2 to 40.0 as against 85.4 aphid/twig in untreated control. Among the plant material, three sprays of Neem Kernel were found most effective followed by three sprays of chilli fruits.All the plant extracts were found significantly safer to D. rapae and coccinellid bettle in comparision to insecticide (imidacloprid).

Exosome-like Nanoparticles from Ginger Rhizomes Inhibited NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation (P06-072-19)

ObjectivesThe NLRP3 inflammasome is a key regulator of innate immune responses, and its aberrant activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many complex diseases including multiple sclerosis, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Our study aimed to identify the food-borne exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) that inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages. MethodsELNs from nine vegetables or fruits were purified using ultracentrifugation, incubated with bone-marrow derived macrophages, followed by the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. After the dietary ELNs with strong inhibitory effects on inflammasome were identified, their roles in the inflammasome assembly and downstream pathways were further examined. ResultsWe identified that ELNs from ginger rhizomes (G-ELNs) strongly inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We verified that G-ELNs were exosome-like nanoparticles containing biomolecules including RNAs, proteins, and lipids. The G-ELNs were taken up by macrophages. G-ELNs suppressed the downstream pathways of NLRP3 inflammasome activation including Casp1 auto-cleavage, interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 secretion, and pyroptotic cell death. G-ELNs blocked the assembling steps of NLRP3 inflammasome, but had no effects on protein levels of a key mediator of NLRP3 inflammasome NIMA-related kinase 7 (Nek7), or the inflammasome subunits NLRP3, ASC, and Casp1. ConclusionsOur findings identified G-ELNs as a new potent agent that blocks NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation. Funding SourcesThis work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) 1P20GM104320 Nebraska Center Prevention of Obesity Diseases (NPOD) Seed Grant and Project Leader Grant, and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Hatch Project 1015948.

Safe, Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Fungicide Against Aflatoxin-producing Fungi in Nourishment Cereal (P04-133-19)

ObjectivesAflatoxins are highly toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic metabolites produced by some Aspergillus species that contaminate a wide range of nourishment cereal and pose serious health problems for human and livestock with nanograms limits of acceptability in foods. This study aimed to extract, identify and assess essential oils extracted from ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Rose) (EOG) and flower head of Chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L.) (EOC) against aflatoxin producing fungi. Toxicity evaluation was conducted to ensure their safety. MethodsEssential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus and identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The fungicidal effect was assessed against penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus isolated from bean, corn and rice using agar disc diffusion method to determine maximum inhibition zone (MIZ) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each extract. Toxicity evaluation was conducted on two groups of 10 male rats treated with EOG or EOC at a dose of 0.1 g/kg (1/50 LD) for 28 consecutive days against control group. Serum biochemical analysis, hematological parameters and liver histological investigations were considered. ResultsThe phytochemical analysis identified 20 compounds in EOG and 26 compounds in EOC. The most common compounds were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in EOG and EOC respectively. The highest MIZ showed by EOC (5.15 ± 0.07 cm) and EOG (4.15 ± 0.07 cm) against P. chrysogenum. The MIC showed that EOG has greater inhibitory effect against P. chrysogenum (2.5 μg/ml) whereas EOC exhibit strong inhibitory effect against all tested fungi with lower MIC values ranged from 1.25 to 2.5 μg/ml. Serum biochemical analysis and hematological parameters indicated minor changes in EOC and EOC group while liver histological features showed marked improvement in hepatic tissues of EOC and EOG groups compared with control. ConclusionsPromising fungicidal effects of both EOC and EOG against aflatoxin producing fungi have been demonstrated, however further evaluation is needed concerning its safety. Funding SourcesCollege of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs▪▪▪▪▪

Isolasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Senyawa Fenol Ekstrak Etil Asetat Rimpang Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. sunti)

In the treatment of infectious diseases, one of the serious problems faced is the occurrence of bacterial resistance to the antibiotics used. The search for new antimicrobial compounds is one of the important research activities, because of the background of the development of resistant bacterial populations. In line with this, the development of new drugs is needed to replace drugs that become resistant. This study aimed to isolate phenol compounds from the ethyl acetate extract of red ginger rhizome (Z. officinale Roscoe var. Sunti), and analyze the results of isolation using UV and FTIR spectrophotometers and test the antibacterial activity of phenol compounds to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The isolation stage was started by macerating the powder with n-hexane solvent then continued maceration using ethyl acetate solvents. After that the ethyl acetate extract was carried out by separation and purification of the compound using the vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), guided gravity chromatography with thin layer chromatography (TLC) and also preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC). From the isolation results obtained pure isolates, purity test, measurement using UV and IR spectrophotometers, and antibacterial activity tests. From the results of UV and FTIR analysis, it was concluded that the compounds obtained were groups of phenol compounds, in the form of yellow solids and showed the existence of a double bond system conjugated in the presence of –OH, C = O, C = C and –CH aromatic groups. Antibacterial activity test showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Escherichia coli bacteria was 12.5% with a minimum kill concentration (MBC) of 50%, whereas for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 6.3% and minimum kill concentration (MBC) of 25%.

Plant‐supported silver nanoparticles: Efficient, economically viable and easily recoverable catalyst for the reduction of organic pollutants

Ginger rhizome powder was used for the synthesis of supported metallic nanoparticle catalysts. A simple and novel adsorption method was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles loaded on ginger powder (Ag/GP), copper on ginger powder (Cu/GP) and nickel on ginger powder (Ni/GP). Among these, Ag/GP showed selective reduction of methyl orange and was used for further reactions. The prepared nanomaterials were characterized through X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The prepared Ag/GP catalyst was employed in the catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP), 2‐nitrophenol (2‐NP), rhodamine B, methyl red and congo red. Ag/GP showed excellent catalytic reduction activity, the rate constants being 1.26 × 10−3 and 2.38 × 10−3 s−1 for 2‐NP and 4‐NP, respectively. The turnover frequency reached 1.06 min−1 for 2‐NP and 1.16 min−1 for 4‐NP when using the Ag/GP catalyst. The prepared Ag/GP catalyst demonstrated outstanding activity for the degradation of a mixed solution of dyes. Also, stability and reusability of the prepared catalyst were investigated, which showed outstanding reusability up to five times and was stable up to five days.

Performance Evaluation of a Portable Ginger Slicing Machine

The study aimed at evaluating the functional performance of a developed portable ginger rhizomes slicing machine. The study was conducted at various levels of impeller speed, impeller gang and slicing compartment in the Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria between April 2018 and June 2018. A factorial experiment in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used. The indices for the performance evaluation were the Slicing Efficiency and Throughput Capacity. The machine was powered by one horse power petrol engine and ginger moisture content of 77.44%. Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test the significance level of the experimental factors and their interactions; and those found significant were further subjected to Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for mean separations at (P = .05), respectively. The results showed that, the ANOVA for all the factors evaluated and their interactions on Slicing Efficiency were highly significant at (P ≤ .01). However, the ANOVA for the factors evaluated on Throughput capacity were highly significant but interaction between type of compartment and speed of impeller was not significant at (P =.05). The mean Slicing Efficiencies for the cushion and spring compartments were: 63.5 and 50% while the mean Throughput Capacities were: 58.32 and 6.32 kg/h, respectively.

In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) rhizome, callus and callus treated with some elicitors

This study evaluated the effect of ginger rhizome and its callus as well as callus elicited by yeast extract, glycine and salicylic acid on the production of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and TGF-β) cytokines in vitro. Petroleum ether (PE) and chloroform; methanol (1:1) (CM) extracts of rhizome and callus were shown to significantly (P < 0.05) suppress in a dose-dependent manner the LPS-induced production of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6. Both callus extracts showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher ability than the rhizome extracts. CM extract of ginger callus treated with elicitors showed significant (p < 0.05) capacity to inhibit IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α secretion at highest concentration used (100 μg/mL) when compared to control (untreated callus). Elicitors improved significantly (P < 0.05) the callus capacity to produce the IL-10 and TGF-β anti-inflammatory cytokines. HPLC analysis showed that 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol were found in both extracts of rhizome, but were not detected in the callus extracts. Furthermore, gallic acid was found only in CM extracts of rhizome (34.05 ± 0.39 μg/mg) and callus (17.88 ± 0.01 μg/mg). Yeast extract, salicylic acid and glycine elicitors enhanced significantly (p < 0.05) the production of gallic acid in callus CM extract where the highest content was obtained from callus elicited with 100 mg/L of yeast extract followed by callus elicited with 50 mg/L of salicylic acid and 200 mg/L of glycine, respectively. Therefore, ginger callus could be included in nutraceutical formulations where it could provide valuable protection against inflammatory diseases. Key words: Anti-inflammatory, ginger, callus, elicitors.

Efek Sinergis Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanolik Kayu Secang dan Rimpang Lempuyang pada Sel Kanker Payudara MCF-7

Cancer is one of critical, chronic, and complex disease, also becoming the high cause of death in the world. Brazilin and brazilein in sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and zerumbone in bitter ginger rhizome (Zingiber zerumbet L.) are known having cytotoxic activity with different mechanisms. This study aimed to examine combination effect of sappan wood and bitter ginger rhizome. Sappan wood and bitter ginger rhizomes macerated with ethanol 96% for 3x24 hours, filtered, and evaporated to obtain dried extract.Cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells was done using MTT assay. Combination Index (CI) was determined by CompuSyn based on the result of cytotoxic combination. Cell cycle profile and apoptosis induction was analyzed by flow cytometry. Sappan wood extracts and bitter ginger rhizome exhibited cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cells with the IC50 values of 30 and 155 μg/mL respectively. The combination of sappan wood 15 μg/mL and bitter ginger 8, 12, 24, and 60 μg/mL produced synergistic effect with the CI value of 0.57-0.85. Sappan wood 15 μg/mL combined with bitter ginger 8 and 24 μg/mL showed cell cycle inhibition at G2/M phase. The combination also increased apoptosis induction compared to untreated cells and its single treatment.The combination of sappan wood ethanolic extracts and bitter ginger rhizome showed synergistic cytotoxic effect. Its synergism effect revealed through cell cycle arrested at G2/M phase and acceleration of apoptotic induction.

Evaluation of the oxidative and thermal stability of soybean methyl biodiesel with additions of dichloromethane extract ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of the addition of dichloromethane extract obtained from Ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in biodiesel, as well as to compare the results obtained with the synthetic antioxidants BHT and TBHQ. The soybean methyl biodiesel (BMS) used was produced in our laboratory. The thermal behavior of the extract, synthetic antioxidants and biodiesel produced were evaluated using TG/DTG techniques. The additions of EDG and BHT and TBHQ were performed in increasing proportions relative to the mass of the extract: mass of the methyl biodiesel and the samples were stored under the same conditions and studied for storage time of up to ninety days using TG/DTG and method to evaluate the action of the addition of these antioxidants in inhibiting and/or retarding the oxidative stability of the biodiesel samples. After 90 days of storage, the BAN-4 sample had the highest initial decomposition temperature. Regarding the oxidative stability, the samples with EDG additions also presented values higher than the minimum regulated by the ANP, confirming the action of the antioxidants present in the EDG in the control of the oxidation reactions of BMS.

The effect of ginger on testis of Broiler breeders

Abstract: The rhizome of ginger is a fresh or dried organ of the plant Zingiber officinale, which has been used as a medicine since ancient times. The present study was conducted to examine the effects of ginger on testicular histomorphometry in roosters of broiler chicken flocks. Eighty single-day rooster of broiler chickens belonging to 308 Ross breed was used in the present study. The chickens were divided into two groups with 40 broiler roosters (experimental and control groups). Initially, the rhizome of ginger was powdered; 1 g/kg of ginger powder was added to the ration of the group treated with ginger from the beginning of the breeding season. The blood samples were taken from each chick at 20 weeks of age. The samples were stained with H&E. Data was expressed as mean ± SD. T-test was used to analyse and compare the difference between the control is also an experimental groups using SPSS 9.0 software. The testosterone level, weight of the testicle, thickness of seminal tube and number of spermatids in the experimental group compared to the control group increased significantly P<0.05. The most important difference between the control and the intervention group treated with ginger was the number and density of spermatids and spermatozoids cells in the lumen area of the seminal tubes. The present study obtained positive results for the efficacy of using ginger in roosters of broiler chick flocks.

Exosome-like Nanoparticles from Ginger Rhizomes Inhibited NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation.

The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a key regulator of innate immune responses, and its aberrant activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes. Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome could hold promise to combat these complex diseases, but therapies specifically inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome have not been developed for patient treatment. The current study aimed to identify food-borne exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) that inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Nine vegetables or fruits were selected to extract ELNs, which were examined for their inhibitory effects on activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in primary macrophages. Although most of the tested ELNs posed minimal impacts, the ELNs from ginger rhizomes (G-ELNs) strongly inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The G-ELNs contained lipids, proteins, and RNAs and were easily taken up by macrophages. G-ELN treatment suppressed pathways downstream of inflammasome activation including caspase1 autocleavage, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 secretion, and pyroptotic cell death. Apoptotic speck protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) oligomerization and speck formation assays indicated that G-ELNs blocked assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome. The lipids in G-ELNs, rather than the RNAs or proteins, were responsible for the inhibitory activity observed. Together, the data suggested G-ELNs as new potent agents that block NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation. The unique features of G-ELNs including biomolecule protection and tissue bioavailability should facilitate the development of G-ELN-based therapy to target the NLRP3 inflammasome in the disease settings.

Chromatographic analysis of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol using TLC and HPLC methods

Nowadays spices are known not only for their taste and flavour, but also for their medicinal value. Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Zingiberaceae family) contains a number of bioactive phenolic constituents, which in pure form or it‘s derivates might be potential antioxidants, in the most cases scientists discover 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol as a major constituents of ginger rhizomes.Methods. For this investigation we have chosen four different food supplements, containing ginger and one traditional herbal medicine. The presence of two major ginger constituents in the investigation objects were analysed through TLC analysis, which was performed using CAMAG TLC Visualizer and other method was HPLC analysis, which required a high performance liquid chromatographic system Waters 2695 with fotodiode detector Waters 966 PDA.Results. Our results suggest that ginger-containing food supplements and medicine contain two major constituents which leads to ginger biological active properties. Chromatographic analysis might be useful in providing information about quality of ginger rhizomes and commercial ginger products.Conclusions. Selected chromatography methods are suitable for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol in dietary supplements and other products

Evaluation of ginger extract’s yield, using cold extraction method and its antimicrobial activity against pathogens

Ginger is commonly used herb across the world either in a meal or in herbal products. The chemical constituents of ginger possess antioxidants, can modulate apoptosis, inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor and inhibit inflammatory reactions. The main aim of this study is to assess the antimicrobial activity of the ginger extracts. For this purpose, ginger rhizome (R), packaged ginger powder (P) and ginger leaves (L) were collected from Urlabari, Morang and Kathmandu, Nepal. The plant materials were first minced (except P) and then extracted using cold extraction technique. For assessing the antimicrobial activity of the extracts against the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains, cup well method was preferred. The percentage yield of extracts R, P, L and ginger rhizome’s juice (J) was 10.79 ± 0.03 %, 9.76 ± 0.16 %, 8.17 ± 0.07 % and 16.8 ± 1.98 % respectively. The extract R were found to susceptible against the pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The extract P were found to susceptible against the pathogens E. coli, S. aureus and MRSA. The methanol extract of L was found to be susceptible to S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and MRSA. All the extracts (R, P, L) were reistant against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All 6 bacterial isolates were resistant against the extract J. The extract shows antimicrobial property only when the extract is concentrated. The ginger leaves also have antimicrobial property.&#x0D; Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2019, 5(1): 8-13