Ginger Oleoresin Research Articles

Ginger Oleoresin Alleviated γ-Ray Irradiation-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species via the Nrf2 Protective Response in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Unplanned exposure to radiation can cause side effects on high-risk individuals; meanwhile, radiotherapies can also cause injury on normal cells and tissues surrounding the tumor. Besides the direct radiation damage, most of the ionizing radiation- (IR-) induced injuries were caused by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), which possess self-renew and multilineage differentiation capabilities, are a critical population of cells to participate in the regeneration of IR-damaged tissues. Therefore, it is imperative to search effective radioprotectors for hMSCs. This study was to demonstrate whether natural source ginger oleoresin would mitigate IR-induced injuries in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We demonstrated that ginger oleoresin could significantly reduce IR-induced cytotoxicity, ROS generation, and DNA strand breaks. In addition, the ROS-scavenging mechanism of ginger oleoresin was also investigated. The results showed that ginger oleoresin could induce the translocation of Nrf2 to cell nucleus and activate the expression of cytoprotective genes encoding for HO-1 and NQO-1. It suggests that ginger oleoresin has a potential role of being an effective antioxidant and radioprotective agent.

Microencapsulation Technology of Ginger Oleoresin With Chitosan as Wall Material: A review

Ginger oleoresin is a product of ginger extraction using an organic solvent. Ginger oleoresin can be used in the pharmaceutical and food industry because it tastes the same as the original material, but more concentrated and also contains active components such as shogaol, gingerol which are sensitive to environmental influences so easily oxidized. Appropriate protection for ginger oleoresin is by microencapsulation. Microencapsulation is the process of protecting the active ingredient in the form of gas, liquid and solid by the use of coating material. The main objective was for the protection of microencapsulated active ingredients and release control by controlling the dissolution rate of the coating material. Microencapsulation method can be done in physics such as spray drying or chemically as coacervation. The type of coating used is not toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable polymers such as chitosan which is natural and safe for consumption. Rate of release can be done by determining the release kinetics using several models such as the model of zero order, first order, Higuchi models, Korsmeyer-Peppas and Hixon-Crowell

Solid lipid microparticles produced by spray chilling technique to deliver ginger oleoresin: Structure and compound retention

Ginger oleoresin (GO) is frequently used as a flavor ingredient in various foods. Besides flavoring, its bioactive compounds are known for antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In this study, we investigated the formation and characterization of solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) loaded with GO by the spray chilling technique. Mixtures composed of palmitic acid with oleic acid or palm fat were used as carriers. DSC and X-ray diffraction showed that the particle crystalline structure was decreased by oleic acid. Retention of pungent and volatile compounds was higher than 96% and 75%, respectively, in the best formulations. FTIR spectroscopy revealed no chemical interaction between GO and carriers. The particles presented a spherical shape and rough surface, and GO was dispersed over the entire particles, as shown by confocal microscopy. High volatile and pungent compound retention have shown that spray chilling can be a very promising technique for the production of SLM loaded with GO.

PP1 - A New Protocol for the Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Plant Components

A new approach is proposed to evaluate antioxidant activity. It is based on simultaneous measurement of cellular turbidity and hemoglobin. Human erythrocytes were pretreated separately with ginger oleoresin, ginger essential oil, and ascorbic acid. Untreated cells served as control. Oxidative stress was induced by H2O2. Samples were then evaluated by simultaneous measurement of cellular turbidity and the released hemoglobin. Additionally, morphological changes of erythrocytes, catalase activity, and lipid peroxydation were investigated. The results showed that the hemoglobin concentrations were significantly higher in samples treated with ginger extracts compared to the control. Surprisingly, cell concentrations were also higher in these same samples. This indicates that in the presence of antioxidants the measurement of hemoglobin levels alone is not a sufficient indicator of hemolysis. These findings were supported by the measurement of catalase activity and lipid peroxidation. We show that a concurrent measurement of erythrocyte concentration and hemoglobin levels is essential in such assays and provide a new protocol that is based on simultaneous measurement of cellular turbidity and hemoglobin levels.

Encapsulation Red Ginger Oleoresin (<em>Zingiber officinale</em> var. Rubrum) With Chitosan-alginate as Wall Material Using Spray Drying

Encapsulation is the process of protecting the active ingredients that is susceptible to environmental influences by using a coating. Red ginger oleoresin contains bioactive components that can be used as natural antioxidants, but sensitive to environmental influences. Chitosan-alginate nanoparticle is used as the coating, because it is safe for consumption and also stable. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the Tripolyphosphate (TPP) concentration against the emulsion droplet size and determine the encapsulation efficiency of red ginger oleoresin. Encapsulation method was done by mixing 2% chitosan solution with 1% acetic acid, 1% sodium alginate and 8 g of red ginger oleoresin. The mixture was stirred and added sodium tripolyphosphate (3.5, 4.5 and 5.5%, respectively), emulsion preparation process was done by adding tween 80 (3, 4 and 5%, respectively) and then stirred using homogenizer with a speed of 22,000 rpm, emulsions formed were analyzed using nano-particle analyzer. Emulsion formed was flowed on to the spray dryer inlet temperature of 180οC to form a powder encapsulation. Powder products were analyzed for determining encapsulation efficiency and morphology of red ginger oleoresin powder using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Based on the research results, the smallest droplet size of the emulsion was obtained at 481.5 nm and the largest encapsulation efficiency was as high as 70.59%.

Ginger Oleoresin Chemical Composition, Bioactivity and Application as Bio-Preservatives

Ginger oleoresin was extracted from ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale) using acetone. The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed gingerol to be the major compound of the oleoresin and accounted to 12.8 ± 0.5%. The oleoresin comprised rich fraction of 52.4 ± 0.6 mg GAE/g and exhibited 77.66 ± 0.8% antioxidant activity. They also exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity against foodborne pathogens and the mininum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for bacteria and fungi were 200–300 ppm. The biomolecules in ginger oleoresin have appreciable biological activities and were used as a bio-preservative in fresh sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) juice at refrigeration (4C) temperature for 35 days. During storage, the samples were analyzed for physicochemical, microbiological and sensory attributes at regular intervals. The juice treated with ginger oleoresin was stable at refrigerated temperature with insignificant changes in dietary properties and also aesthetic appeal. The ginger oleoresin attributed to biological activity and also illustrated to be effective bio-preservative in sugarcane juice. Practical Applications Exploitation of natural preservatives in consumer goods is accepted to increase in the future due to the rise of “green consumerism.” The use and development of products derived from plants and herbs needs to be focused. Oleoresin adds value addition due to its biological properties and is also natural. Oleoresin of ginger used in the preservation of raw sugarcane juice vouches food safety with value addition in terms of nutraceutical properties.

Evaluation of antiradical properties of components of the ginger root

Antiradical properties of components of juice of the fresh ginger root and essence and oleoresin of ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) were studied and compared with the properties of the ionol synthetic antioxidant. A reaction with the stable free 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical was used for the evaluation of the antiradical properties. Rates of the fast phase of this reaction and equivalent concentrations of the antiradical components in the ginger samples were determined from kinetic curves of this reaction phase. The values of EC50 and antiradical efficacy (AE) found for the ginger oleoresin were close to those of ionol and characteristic of highly active natural antioxidants, whereas the same values for the ginger essence and juice were two orders of magnitude lower. The ginger preparations belonged to the antiradical compounds of prolonged action according to their kinetic parameters.

Separation of Oleoresin from Ginger Rhizome Powder Using Green Processing Technologies

AbstractGinger oleoresin is an important condiment in food and pharmaceutical industries because of its antioxidant and polyphenolic compounds. The effects of various extraction methods on yield parameters were presented in this article. The ultrasound treatment showed its potential to increase oleoresin extraction rate. The ultrasound‐assisted supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was found to be the best method of extraction with the highest oleoresin yield of 8.15 ± 0.06% at 35°C temperature and 25 MPa pressure. The supercritical carbon dioxide extraction had 6.87% oleoresin yield at 25 MPa pressure, 40°C and 15 g/min CO2 flow rate. The signal‐to‐noise ratio showed that pressure and temperature had significant effect on the oleoresin yield, but their effect on flow rate was not significant. The ultrasound‐assisted solvent extraction was 1.75 times faster than simple soxhlet extraction.Practical ApplicationsSupercritical carbon dioxide extraction is an environment‐friendly technology that separates pure compound from natural resource. Limitations of the solvent extraction method and steam distillation, such as residual organic solvent in product and degradation of thermally liable compounds, respectively, are major factors toward supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method gaining much attention in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors. Ginger consists of specific oleoresin because of the presence of phenolic compounds. It has significant use in some foods and medicines as well. Hence, the optimization of the process to separate this oleoresin is an uphill task because of lack of literature. The orthogonal array design is a tool to reduce the number of experiments, and can become a useful tool in optimizing the experiment. This reduces the time of the experimentation, the cost on research, while obtaining better results. In this regard, the study was conducted to extract ginger oleoresin using supercritical carbon dioxide and orthogonal array design.

Total antioxidant activity and antimicrobial potency of the essential oil and oleoresin of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

ObjectiveTo compare in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and oleoresin of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. MethodsThe antioxidant activity was evaluated based on the ability of the ginger extracts to scavenge ABTS°+ free radical. The antimicrobial activity was studied by the disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration was determined by using the agar incorporation method. ResultsGinger extracts exerted significant antioxidant activity and dose-depend effect. In general, oleoresin showed higher antioxidant activity [IC50=(1.820±0.034) mg/mL] when compared to the essential oil [IC50=(110.14±8.44) mg/mL]. In terms of antimicrobial activity, ginger compounds were more effective against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and less effective against Bacillus cereus. Aspergillus niger was least, whereas, Penicillium spp. was higher sensitive to the ginger extracts; minimal inhibitory concentrations of the oleoresin and essential oil were 2 mg/mL and 869.2 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the studied extracts showed an important antifungal activity against Candida albicans. ConclusionsThe study confirms the wide application of ginger oleoresin and essential oil in the treatment of many bacterial and fungal diseases.

Influence of pH on Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Ratio by Gingerol

In this paper, the work was mainly studying influence of pH on Fenton reaction and gingerol scavenging hydroxyl radical. The antioxidant activity of gingerol was characterized by the scavenging hydroxyl ratio and scavenging hydroxyl ratio was analyzed by the spectrophotometry. Hydroxyl radical was produced by Fenton reaction. In the experiment pH and buffer solution have influence on the scavenging hydroxyl radical and Fenton reaction. Gingerol exhibits a strong scavenging radical activity for hydroxyl radical (OH.). The scavenging hydroxyl radical of different extractions of ginger oleoresin is different.

One-Step Effective Segregation of Ginger Essential Oil and Gingerol in Oleoresin Ginger via Transcritical CO<sub>2</sub>

We developed a supercritical CO2 extraction procession and determinated ginger essential oil contents from the ginger oleoresin to explore the effects of temperatures or pressures on the supercritical CO2 extraction. Our research indicated that pressures had little effect on the liquid CO2 extraction capacity. However, supercritical CO2 extraction capacity was affected dramatically by the variant pressures. Additionally, changing pressures or temperature pushed the CO2 into transcritical isolation state. Under this circumstance, we not only ensured the yield of ginger oleoresin, but also did we obtain the ginger essential oil and gingerol simultaneously.

A New Process of Extracting Oleoresin Ginger from Ginger by Critical-State Liquid CO<sub>2</sub>

We developed a new procession of extraction efficiency of ginger oleoresin by comparing the CO2 flux in liquid state with that in supercritical state under variant pressure conditions. In our this report, we found that the optimal parameters of this procession: 9～10MPa in extraction pressure, 10～20°C in extraction temperature, 8～10MPa in isolation pressure, and 35～45°C in isolation temperature. This procession is steady and ensures both the extraction yield of ginger oleoresin and the low cost of operation.

Comparison of the antiradical activity of ionol, components of fresh ginger, and its extracts

The antiradical properties of three samples of ginger (Zingiber officinale R.)-juice from fresh rhizome, essential oil, and extracts (oleoresin)-were studied and compared with the properties of synthetic antioxidant ionol (butylatedhydroxy-toluene, BHT). Reaction antioxidants with stable free 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrozyl radicals were used as model systems. DPPH equivalents per gram of ginger sample, EC50, and antiradical efficiency (AE) were determined. The EC50 and AE values for ginger oleoresin and BHT were similar. They were the same as those of highly active natural antioxidants, and the values for essential oil and ginger juice were lower by two orders of magnitude. On the base of kinetic parameters, the ginger samples may belong to antiradical compounds with prolonged action.

초임계유체 추출에 의한 생강(Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Oleoresin의 항균활성

본 연구에서는 에탄올추출과 초임계추출(SFE) 조건에 따른 생강 oleresin(GO) 추출물의 Gram 양성균(Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes)과 Gram 음성균(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli)에 대한 항균활성을 살펴보았다. GO 에탄올추출은 추출물의 농도가 증가할수록 clear zone이 비례적으로 증가하였다. 이의 항균성은 Gram 양성균이 Gram 음성균보다 크게 나타났으며, 특히 Listeria monocytogenes에서 항균활성이 크게 나타났다. 생강분말과 에탄올의 추출비율이 1:6인 E-III 처리구가 항균활성이 높았다. GO 에탄올추출물의 항균성은<TEX>$80^{\circ}C$</TEX> 조건에서 처리하는 것이 효과적이었고, 추출시간 (1시간~7시간)은 처리구 간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 초임계추출물에 대한 항균성은 Listeria monocytogenes에서 가장 크게 나타났다. 초임계추출물에서는 100 bar <TEX>$35^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 250 bar <TEX>$35^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 250 bar <TEX>$65^{\circ}C$</TEX> 조건에서 강한 항균력을 보였다. 그리고 용매추출물의 경우 추출조건에 따라서 항균활성에 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, 초임계추출물의 경우 추출압력 100 bar, 500 bar 처리구와 추출온도 <TEX>$35^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$65^{\circ}C$</TEX> 처리구에서 항균활성이 크게 나타났다. The study indicated that antimicrobial activity about gram positive and gram negative bacteria of ginger-oleoresin(GO) extract with the condition of ethanol and supercritical fluid extractions. As the concentration of extraction increases, the clear zone of GO ethanol extract also increased dependently. This led the antimicrobial activity of gram positive bacteria to take bigger place than gram negative bacteria especially in Listeria monocytogenes. There was a high antimicrobial activity in E-III treatment where the ratio of the ginger powder extract to ethanol extraction was 1:6. It was quite effective to treat the antimicrobial activity of GO ethanol extract under <TEX>$80^{\circ}C$</TEX> and there was not big difference in the intervals which were the extraction time - 1 to 7 hours. The antimicrobial activity of supercritical fluid extract seemed to take the biggest place in Listeria monocytogenes. From the supercritical fluid extract, it was shown the strong ability of antimicrobial activity in the condition with 100 bar <TEX>$35^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 250 bar <TEX>$35^{\circ}C$</TEX> and 250 bar <TEX>$65^{\circ}C$</TEX>. Furthermore, according to the case of solvent extract, there was not any significant difference in the antimicrobial activity with condition of extraction. However, there was significant antimicrobial activity in E-III treatment of 100 bar and 500 bar of extraction pressure, and <TEX>$35^{\circ}C$</TEX> and <TEX>$65^{\circ}C$</TEX> of extraction temperature.

SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF GINGER OLEORESIN USING ULTRASOUND

The use of ultrasound in extraction process creates novel and interesting methodologies, which are often complementary to conventional extraction methods. In the present study, the use of ultrasound to extract oleoresin from ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) was investigated. The extraction was performed by using ethanol as solvent in the presence of ultrasonic irradiations operating at frequency of 42 kHz at extraction temperature of 60 oC. The oleoresin extracted was in the form of dark thick liquid with specific ginger flavor. Based on GC-MS analysis, the use of ultrasound was not give an effect on alteration of main component in ginger oleoresin. The main component in extracted ginger oleoresin was zingerone. Gingerol as one of the pungent principle of the ginger oleoresin was not detected due to decomposition of gingerol at a temperature above 45 oC. Extraction rate of ultrasound-assisted extraction was about 1.75 times more rapid than a conventional system based on soxhlet. The scanning electron microscopy images provided more evidence for the mechanical effects of ultrasound, mainly appearing on cells’ walls and shown by the destruction of cells, facilitating the release of their contents.

EKSTRAKSI OLEORESIN DARI RIMPANG JAHE DAN BIJI PALA MENGGUNAKAN MICROWAVE

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Abstract: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Oleoresin is one of refined products from ginger and nutmeg, and also one of the high economic export commodities compared to other processed products. Oleoresin produced through conventional extraction process using organic solvent for about 2 hours. Microwave as one of the heater is expected to be another alternative. This study aimed to determine the effect of power (watts) and time to yield and to compare the yield between the conventional process and microwave process at the same time. The result showed that the yield of oleoresin produced by microwave extraction process is greater than the conventional extraction and meet established quality criteria. The optimum yield of ginger oleoresin was obtained at 200 watts power and 25 minutes. While the optimum yield of nutmeg oleoresin was obtained at 300 watts power and 15 minutes.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;: ginger, nutmeg, microwave extraction, oleoresin&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Study on the Interaction of Gingerol and Sudan Dye

The antioxidation activity and the linear relationship between the absorbance and the concentration of gingerol were detected in different condition. Gingerol’s median effect concentration(EC50) was 7.6165ug·mL-1and its TAC was higher than that of ginger oleoresin prepared from ginger extract. The surface property of gingerol-Sudan (I) was investigated with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) .The linear pits of Sudan were observed , and the average size of Sudan was 18nm to 20nm in Z-range, there were a few tinodular islands of gingerol-Sudan in the AFM image. The tests demonstrated gingerol reacted with Sudan in appropriate alkalinity solution, and the products held larger maximum maximum wavelength(λmax). The reaction capacity of gingerol and the enlarging of λmaxwere closely related to the gingerol’s concentration. There was no signal for gingerol-fibrinogen solution in Sum Frequency Generation vibrational spectroscopy. The results indicted that gingerol could remove the Sudan’s toxicity from organic tissue and did not affect the property of fibrinogen.

Anti-&lt;i&gt;Candida&lt;/i&gt; and radical scavenging activities of essential oils and oleoresins of &lt;i&gt;Zingiber officinale&lt;/i&gt; Roscoe and essential oils of other plants belonging to the family Zingiberaceae

Essential oils of young and mature rhizomes, air-dried and steamed rhizomes, and seed rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) were prepared, and their inhibition of filamentation by Candida albicans was examined. Ginger essential oils, and particularly those from seed and air-dried rhizomes, had potent inhibitory activity compared to ginger oleoresins obtained by ethanol and hypercritical carbon dioxide extraction and essential oils of 5 other plants in the family Zingiberaceae. Of the constituents, [6]-shogaol was most active against filament formation and growth of C. albicans, followed by citral and [6]-gingerol. Ginger oleoresin, and especially that obtained by ethanol extraction, with a high [6]-gingerol content exhibited potent scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals in comparison to essential oils of ginger and other Zingiberaceae plants.

Chemopreventive efficacy of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in ethionine induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosco) is widely used in foods as a spice all around the world. It has been reported to have antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. We investigated the effect of ginger in ethionine induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: group 1 and 2 served as controls and they received normal rat chow and olive oil respectively. Group 3 was fed with ginger oleoresin dissolved in olive oil at 100 mg/kg body wt. Group 4 was fed with choline deficient diet and 0.1% ethionine in drinking water (CDE diet), and group 5 received ginger with CDE diet. Blood samples were taken from the orbital sinus at 0 and 8 weeks of experiment for the determination of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase and lipid peroxidation end product, malondialdehyde (MDA). Rats were also killed at 8 weeks for the observation of liver tumor formation. CDE diet induced the formation of liver nodules in rats and increased SOD activity. However, it had no effect on catalase, GPx and MDA levels when compared to both controls at 8 weeks of experiment. When CDE rats were treated with ginger, the formation of liver tumour, SOD activity and MDA level reduced, catalase activity was increased but no change was observed for GPx activity when compared to CDE group. In conclusion, ginger supplementation suppressed liver carcinogenesis by scavenging the free radical formation, and by reducing lipid peroxidation.

Ginger oleoresin supplementation lowers blood pressure and triglyceride levels in hypercholesterolemic rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ginger oleoresin on blood pressure and serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic rats. Three groups of Sprague Dawley rats were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (consisting 95% rat chow, 4% cholesterol and 1% cholic acid) for six weeks and a control group was fed rat chow for the same period. Two of the groups on the hypercholesterolemic diet were given (orally) ginger oleoresin (242μg/kg and 484μg/kg) daily for six weeks. The third group on the hypercholesterolemic diet and the control group received (orally) ginger oleoresin vehicle daily for six weeks. Weekly blood pressure measurements were taken, and at the end of the six weeks blood was taken from each animal for serum lipid analysis. The data was analyzed using unpaired student's t test. The results show that the hypercholesterolemic diet significantly increased blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations in comparison to the results in the control group of rats. Treatment with ginger oleoresin significantly decreased blood pressure from week three. Triglyceride concentration was also significantly decreased by ginger oleoresin (484μg/kg), but total cholesterol, LDL and high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations were not significantly affected by the ginger oleoresin treatment. It is concluded that ginger oleoresin prevented blood pressure elevation produced by hypercholesterolemic diet. It also reduced serum triglyceride concentration without significantly affecting total cholesterol, LDL and HDL concentrations.