Ethanolic Extract Of Ginger Research Articles

Inhibition of the mycelial growth and germination of Stromatinia cepivora by plant extracts and essential oils

Stromatinia cepivora is one of the major pathogens of Allium species worldwide. Assuming that substances pro­duced by plants may be used in the management of this pathogen, the effect of plant extracts and essential oils on the mycelial growth and germination of S. cepivora was assessed in this study. The fungus was grown on PDA medium with aqueous and ethanolic extracts (20 %, m:v) of mentrasto, rue, ginger, false saffron, garlic and citron­ella at the concentrations of 1 or 10 mL L -1 and the essential oils of citronella, rosemary, neem and Corymbia citriodora at 100, 200, 400, 800 or 1,200 µL L -1 . None of the plant extracts reduced the germination of the sclerotia. All aqueous extracts at 10,000 µL L -1 reduced the growth of the fungus from 28.0% to 53.5%. At the 1,000 µL L -1 , the ethanolic extracts of ginger, citronella, rue and false saffron reduced the mycelial growth of the pathogen up to 45.1 %, especially the extract of ginger. The essential oils of all the plants suppressed the mycelial growth of S. cepivora at 800 and 1,200 µL L -1 , especially the citronella and rosemary oils at 1,200 µL L -1 , which caused 100% of inhibition. 5 % of sclerotia germinated in PDA containing the oils at 1,200 µL L -1 , regardless the plants. The extracts of mentrasto, rue, ginger, false saffron and citronella and especially the essential oils of cit­ronella, rosemary, neem and C. citriodora at 1,200 µL L -1 have substances that inhibit the growth of S . cepivora .

Inhibition activity of Zingiber offcinale. and Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum

Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of ginger )Zingier officinale) and (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) were used to investigate an antifungal activity against food spoilage fungal pathogens. Study of the inhibitory effect of these extract was done separately against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum isolated from (tomato pasts, cheese) the samples were cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA) at pH 5.6 and 28°C. In this study, results had shown that the extracts of Both plant demonstrated antifungal activity. When compare extracts of the two plants, C. zeylanicum extracts showed higher inhibition activity than (Zingiber officinale) extracts significantly. Ethanolic extracts of these tow plants gives significantly inhabitation in the mycelia growth of fungi more than their aqueous extracts (16-22), (19-25)mm, P. noitatum and A. niger respectively while the inhibitory observed by the aqueous extract (5-6) mm against A. niger for (6-8) mm. Against P. notatum was the most affected by all extracts while A. niger was the least susceptible. There was a significant difference (P=0.05) between groups in the antifungal activities of tested fungi, and the effectiveness of ethanolic extracts was increased with increase in their concentrations. The ability of these extracts to inhibit the growth of the two fungi must take into consideration an indication of the antifungal potency of cinnamon and Zingiber officinale, that makes them the candidate for the production of antifungal agents.

Modelling and prediction of selected antioxidant properties of ethanolic ginger extract

Response surface methodology was applied to investigate the influence of powder content (powder-to-solvent ratio), extraction time and extraction temperature on ethanolic extraction of ginger antioxidants. The use of colour and absorbance properties of the ginger extract for rapid estimation of its antioxidant properties was also investigated. The results indicate that ethanolic extraction of ginger could give rise to 239% (6272 ± 1 mg catechin equivalent per litre) and 269% (701.5 ± 1 mg gallic acid equivalent per litre) increases in extracted total flavonoids and total phenols contents, respectively, when compared to aqueous extraction, under single response optimisation conditions. The extraction of total flavonoids was significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by the powder content only. The extraction of polyphenols was significantly influenced by extraction temperature, extraction time and powder content. The ethanolic extraction of ginger total phenols was maximised at temperature of 36.3 °C and time of 36.1 min. Reduction in total phenols content values were observed as extraction temperatures and times moved closer to 70 °C and 90 min, respectively, thus suggesting degradation of some ginger phenolics at longer extraction times and higher extraction temperatures. The absorbance at 510 nm and a* (red-green balance) of the ethanolic ginger extract were linked to the total flavonoids content and the total phenols content of the extract, respectively.

Ginger Extract and [6]-Gingerol Inhibit Contraction of Rat Entire Small Intestine.

This study aims to investigate the effect of oral administration and the direct action of ginger extract or [6]-gingerol on small intestinal contractility. The direct effect of 10 minutes preincubation of ginger ethanolic extract (10, 100 and 300 μg/mL) or [6]-gingerol (1, 30, and 100 μM) on 0.01 to 30 μM ACh-induced contractions of all parts of the small intestine isolated from normal rats was investigated using the organ bath technique. For in vivo study, the rats were orally administered with extract (10, 20, and 100 mg/kg/d) or [6]-gingerol (2 mg/kg/d) for 7 days, followed by determining the contractile responses to ACh of rat isolated duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and their histology were assessed. Direct application of the extract or [6]-gingerol attenuated ACh-induced contractions in each small intestinal segment, E max was reduced by 40% to 80%, while EC50 increased 3- to 8-fold from control. Similarly, in the in vivo study ACh-induced contractions were reduced in all parts of the small intestine isolated from rats orally treated with ginger extract (20 and 100 mg/kg/d) or [6]-gingerol (2 mg/kg/d). E max decreased 15% to 30%, while EC50 increased 1- to 3-fold compared to control. No discernable changes in the histology of intestinal segments were detectable. Thus, the results support the clinical application of ginger for disorders of gastrointestinal motility.

Plant extracts as a natural treatment against the fish ectoparasite Neobenedenia sp. (Monogenea: Capsalidae).

The toxicity of water-ethanol extracts of garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), basil (Ocimum basilicum), bitter chaparro (Castela tortuousa), onion (Allium cepa) and papaya (Carica papaya) against adults, eggs and oncomiracidia of Neobenedenia spp. parasites was examined. Parasites were exposed to continuous immersion and treated as follows: extracts were tested at three dilutions: 1:10, 1:50 and 1:100 made with filtered seawater (35 g l-1); ethanol (70%) was evaluated at the same dilutions of 1:10 (7% ethanol), 1:50 (1.4% ethanol) and 1:100 (0.07% ethanol) and a seawater (35 g l-1) control. The antiparasitic effect was measured on: (1) adult survival, egg production and time to detachment from the culture vessel; (2) egg development and cumulative egg hatching; and (3) oncomiracidia survival. All three dilutions of ginger and dilutions 1:100 and 1:50 of basil extract reduced adult survival in vitro, time to detachment from the surface of the culture vessel, egg production and oncomiracidia survival. Bitter chaparro extract reduced adult egg production and oncomiracidia survival. Hatching success was significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in basil extract (1:100) to 86.6% compared to the seawater control (100%). Dilutions 1:10 of ginger and basil exhibited the highest impact on the biological parameters of Neobenedenia sp. Our study demonstrates that water-ethanol extracts of ginger, basil and bitter chaparro are toxic against Neobenedenia sp. life stages.

Influence of particle size and extraction solvent on antioxidant properties of extracts of tea, ginger, and tea-ginger blend.

The influence of particle size and extraction solvent on the antioxidant properties of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of tea (Camellia sinensis), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and tea–ginger (2:1) blend was investigated. The powder sizes studied were 0.425, 0.710, and 1.180 mm. Extracts were analyzed for DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, total phenol content (TPC), iron chelating activity, total flavonoid content, and peroxide scavenging activity. The powder with the lowest particle size of 0.425 mm tends to produce aqueous extracts of tea, ginger, and tea–ginger with highest antioxidant content. At this lowest particle size all the antioxidant properties assayed were maximized. The TPC of aqueous extracts obtained from the 0.425 mm tea, ginger, and tea–ginger powders were 685.44 ± 175, 283.58 ± 19, and 483.02 ± 176 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) L−1, respectively. The TPC of aqueous extracts obtained from the 0.710 mm tea, ginger, and tea–ginger powders were 679.06 ± 169, 208.94 ± 147, and 400.10 ± 130 mg GAE L−1, respectively. However, for the aqueous ethanolic and ethanolic extracts, the particle size that maximized the antioxidant extraction varied depending on the antioxidant property that was being assayed. The study suggests that particle size influences the extraction of antioxidants. Also, the optimum powder size that would maximize antioxidant extraction is dependent on the solvent used and the antioxidant property being measured.

Encapsulation of ginger ethanolic extract in nanoliposome and evaluation of its antioxidant activity on sunflower oil

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a blooming plant in the Zingiberaceae family which is broadly utilized as a flavor or a traditional drug. The ethanolic extract of ginger (GE) in liposome is encapsulated in the present examination. The average size of the nanoliposomal GE (NGE) was 164.5 nm. The phenolic content of GE was measured by Folin–Ciocalteo reagent. The DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power of Fe(Ш) and total antioxidant activity assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of GE and NGE contrasted with the synthetic antioxidant (BHT). The antioxidant activities of NGE were higher as compared to GE and BHT in all tests. Furthermore, in order to assess the effects of GE and NGE at 100–1000 ppm concentrations in deferring the oxidation procedure of sunflower oil, heat treatment tests (peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values) at 63 °C within a 12-day period were used. The peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values of NGE were lower than GE and BHT. The NGE at 1000 ppm concentration had the highest level of antioxidant activity. In conclusion, findings indicate that NGE can be securely utilized as a natural antioxidant agent instead of synthetic preservation additives for food and biological systems.

Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Ethanol Extracts of Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum and Syzygium aromaticum against Some Food Associated Bacteria and Fungi

The in vitro antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of ginger (Zingiber officinale), garlic (Allium sativum) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) were evaluated against some bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and moulds (Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer) isolated from food samples by agar well diffusion method and poisoned food technique respectively. The phytochemical screening revealed that the three extracts contained carbohydrates, flavonoids and triterpenes in addition to other bioactive components such as glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins and alkaloids which varied among the extracts, however, anthraquinones are absent in all the extracts. The extracts showed inhibitory effects against the test organisms with zones of inhibition ranging from 10mm to 23mm at concentration range of 62.5 to 500mg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of clove was 3.90mg/ml, ginger 62.5mg/ml and garlic 125mg/ml on both bacteria. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were recorded for cloves at 15.62mg/ml while garlic and ginger had no MBC values. Percentage mycelial growth inhibitions ranging from 2.5% to 100% were recorded against the test fungi. Based on these findings, it may be suggested that these plant materials may be used as natural antimicrobial additives to improve the quality and shelf-life of foods.

ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS

In this study, three plants; rosemary, ginger, and peppermint, were extracted using three solvents; ethanol, methanol and water. A comparison was held between different extracts concerning: chemical composition, efficiency of the extraction method, yield, antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials. Phenolic compounds profile were studied via High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was examined against: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans, Klebseilla pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus. sppusing agar well diffusion method. The inhibition zones diameter (IZD) were ranged between 11- 37 mm. The results showed that ethanol extraction had the highest yield of rosemary and peppermint (19.17 and 17.19%, respectively). While; the lowest was obtained from ginger methanol extracts (12.78%). Rosemary water extract had the highest total phenolic contents (271.66 ± 12.2 µg/mg, while ethanol extract of ginger and peppermint gave 201.31 ± 8.99 and 165 ± 4.74 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE/g) respectively. Concerning the total flavonoid contents; rosemary methanol extract gained the highest content (123.9 ± 2.99 µg/mg), while in ethanol extracts of ginger and peppermint showed the best results (44.06 ± 0.55, 89.54 ± 2.63 µg/mg, respectively). Antioxidant activity was used as a parameter to evaluate the protective antioxidant ability of examined herbs represented in IC50 (inhibition concentration). Results showed that in rosemary water extract 24.5µg/ml, while in ginger and peppermint ethanol extracts was 38.98 and 80 µg/ml, respectively. Depending on results stated above, it can be recommend using water for rosemary extraction and ethanol 70% for ginger and peppermint extractions for the best antioxidant and antimicrobial impact.

The Effect of Water and Ethanol Extracts of Ginger and Garlic on the Nutritional Quality and Physico-Chemical Properties of Stored Soymilk

Soymilk is an aqueous, white, creamy extract produced from soybeans (Glycine max). It is a highly nutritious food drink which contains protein, fat, carbohydrates vitamins and minerals. Recently, there has been an increased demand for foods having long shelf-life but with presence of minimum or no chemical food additives; therefore, the use of natural preservatives especially culinary herbs and spices in food products has increased. This study set out to investigate the effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts of ginger and garlic on the nutritional properties of soymilk before and after two weeks of storage. The soymilk was prepared using hot extraction method and each sample labeled A, B, C, D and E according to the extract they contain; ginger-ethanolic, ginger-aqueous, garlic-ethanolic and garlic-aqueous respectively while sample E served as the control containing no extract. The samples were stored at ±4°C for sixteen (16) days. The result obtained showed no significant difference (P<0.05) in the % protein, % fat and % ash contents of all the fresh samples when compared with the control. However, after the storage period, there was significant (P<0.05) decrease in the content, % fiber content, % protein content, % carbohydrate, and % fat contents of almost all the treated samples when compared with the control. A significant increase was also observed for the pH value for all treated samples after the storage period when compared with the control, although samples A and D showed a significant increase after the storage period. Samples A, C, and D, showed a significant reduction in % TTA when compared with the control after the storage period.

CURCUMINOID AND TOXICITY LEVELS OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF JAVANESE GINGER (Curcuma xanthorriza) ON BRINE SHRIMP (Artemia salina) LARVAE AND ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio) EMBRYOS

Objective: This study was aimed at determining the levels of curcuminoids and analyzing the toxicity of ethanol extracts of Javanese ginger.Methods: Curcuminoid levels were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, while the toxicity tests were done on larva of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) by using a brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method and embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio) using a zebrafish embryo acute toxicity (ZFET) method.Results: The level curcuminoid of ethanol extracts was 10.5% dry wt., consisting of curcumin at the highest percentage (68.06%) followed bydesmethoxycurcumin (24.6%) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (1.41%). In BSLT method, the lethal concentration 50% values (LC) value of our ethanol extract was 238 ppm, whereas in ZFET method, the LC value at 96 hours after fertilization was 80 ppm. The ethanol extract of ginger caused major malformations of the pericardial edema of zebrafish embryos at a concentration of 100 ppm. 50Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Curcuma xanthorrhiza from Bogor contained curcuminoids consisting of curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, with acute toxicity, caused major malformations on the pericardial edema in zebrafish embryos.Keywords: Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Curcuminoid, Toxicity, Zebrafish embryo acute toxicity.50

Ginger Treatment Ameliorates Alcohol‐Induced Myocardial Damage by Suppression of Hyperlipidemia and Cardiac Biomarkers in Rats

BackgroundAlcohol‐induced hyperlipidemia is positively correlated with cardiovascular diseases. Several herbal extracts are reported to protect the cardiac injury and suppress the hyperlipidemia. However, the effect of ginger on alcohol‐induced hyperlipidaemia and myocardial damage remains unclear.ObjectiveThis study investigated the cardio protective properties of ginger ethanolic extract (Gt) on alcohol‐induced myocardial damage, and further distinguished the association between hyperlipidemia and occurrence of myocardial damage in rats.Materials and MethodsTwenty four Wistar male albino rats weighing 250 ± 20 g were divided into four groups includes, Normal control (NC) (0.9% NaCl), Ginger treated (Gt) (200 mg/Kg b.w.), Alcohol treated (At) (20%, 6 g/Kg b.w.) and Alcohol along with Ginger treatment(At+Gt). In this study, lipid profiles such as fatty acids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, phospholipids, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoproteins and Cardiac biomarkers includes LDH, AST, CK‐MB, cTn‐T and cTn‐I were examined in rats. In addition, histopathological studies were also conducted.ResultsWe found alcohol‐induced myocardial damage was associated with increased lipid profile except high density lipoprotein in alcohol treated (6 g/kg b.w.) rats compared to control rats while ginger treatment (200 mg/kg b.w.) reduced the lipid profiles except high density lipoproteins. Furthermore, elevated cardiac biomarkers activities with alcohol intoxication were significantly suppressed by ginger treatment. In addition, ginger treatment significantly minimized the myocardial damage induced by alcohol.ConclusionOur results conclude that ginger could protect from alcohol ‐ induced myocardial damage by suppression of hyperlipidemia and cardiac biomarkers.Support or Funding InformationUGC‐MRP‐F.No43‐586/2014(SR) dated 30‐10‐2015

Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of rhizome from three ginger varieties against acne isolated bacteria

Abstract. Indrawati I, Miranti M, Mayfi IR. 2017. Antibacterial activity of rhizome extracts of three ginger varieties against acne-isolated bacteria. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 92-96. Antibacterial activity of rhizome extracts of three ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) varieties against bacteria isolated from acne was done. Three ginger varieties, namely emprit, gajah and red ginger, were tested to obtain the best concentration of ethanolic extracts among them in inhibiting the growth of the acne-isolated bacteria. This research used experimental approach by Completely Randomized Factorial Design with two factors of treatment, A x B. The first factor (A) were bacteria strain isolated from acne that consists of 3 levels. The second factor (B) was a varied concentration of rhizome ethanolic extract of three ginger varieties which consist of 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20% for emprit and gajah, while for the concentration used for red were 2, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5%. Moreover, a synthetic antibiotic clindamycin 30 mg mL-1 was used as a comparison. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA with 95% of confidence and then followed by Tukey test when the significance was detected. The results showed that the acne-isolated bacteria were identified as Propionibacterium sp 1 and 2 and Staphylococcus. The rhizome ethanolic extract of red ginger had the highest antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. This finding was supported by the fact that the red ginger variety had a small value of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Additionally, the measurement of clear zone revealed that the interaction between ethanolic extract of red ginger with a concentration of 12.5% ​​producing a clear zone of 13.5, 25.0 and 17.5 mm against Propionibacterium sp.1, Staphylococcus sp and Propionibacterium sp.2, respectively.

MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION OF WHITE GINGER AND CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE ON ACRYLIC PLATES TOWARD Candida albicans

ABSTRACT Background: Acrylic resin-based dentures are commonly used nowadays. The hygiene of denture base can be maintained by soaking the denture base into 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. Unhygienic denture base can lead to denture stomatitis. Flora accumulation, such as Candida albicans, may occur. White ginger is active towards Candida albicans, with antifungal properties due to its phenol compound. Aim: This study aims to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration value (MIC) of the ethanol extract of white ginger towards Candida albicans growth in heat cured removable acrylic dentures. Methods: This is an experimental study with a post test only control group design. Acrylic resin were soaked in treatment extract of 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% concentration,0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 70% ethanol as the control. One Way ANOVA test and Bonferroni Post Hoc test with 95% confidence level were used. Results: The result of the study shows that the MIC value of 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% 90% and 100% of treatment extract were respectively 13:07%; 18:36%; 23.67%; 28.87%; 36.84%; 42.10%; 49.98%; 52.61%. Conclusion: This study concluded that the treatment extract can reduce the amount of Candida albicans,100% concentration made the strongets antifungal effect compared to lesser concentrations and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. Key words: Candida albicans, chlorhexidine gluconate, denture stomatitis, heat cured acrylic resin, MIC, white ginger.

Ginger treatment ameliorates alcohol-induced myocardial damage by suppression of hyperlipidemia and cardiac biomarkers in rats

Background:Alcohol-induced hyperlipidemia is positively correlated with cardiovascular diseases. Several herbal extracts have been reported to protect the cardiac injury and suppress the hyperlipidemia. However, the effect of ginger extracts on alcohol-induced hyperlipidemia and associated myocardial damage remains unclear.Objective:This study investigated the cardio-protective properties of ginger ethanolic extract (Gt) against alcohol-induced myocardial damage, and further distinguished the association between hyperlipidemia and occurrence of myocardial damage in rats.Materials and Methods:Twenty four Wistar male albino rats (250 ± 20 g) were divided into four groups including, Normal control (NC) (0.9% NaCl), Ginger treated (Gt) (200 mg/Kg b.w.), Alcohol treated (At) (20% of 6g/kg b.w. alcohol), and Alcohol along with Ginger treatment (At+Gt). In this study, lipid profiles such as fatty acids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, phospholipids, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoproteins, and cardiac biomarkers, including LDH, AST, CK-MB, cTn-T and cTn-I were examined in rats. Furthermore, histopathological studies were also conducted.Results:We found that alcohol-induced myocardial damage was associated with increased lipid profile except high density lipoprotein in alcohol treated (20%, 6g/kg b.w.) rats compared with control. Ginger treatment significantly reduced the alcohol-induced lipid profiles except high density lipoproteins. Furthermore, elevated cardiac biomarkers activity with alcohol intoxication was substantially suppressed by ginger treatment. In addition, ginger treatment for 7-weeks significantly minimized the alcohol-induced myocardial damage.Conclusion:Our results concluded that ginger could protect alcohol-induced myocardial damage by suppression of hyperlipidemia and cardiac biomarkers.SUMMARY Ginger extract could alleviate the myocardial injury partially due to the suppression of circulating FFAs and TG levels.Increased circulating cholesterol, LDL and phospholipids with alcohol intake were substantially suppressed by ginger treatmentAlcohol, induced an increase in cardiac damage biomarkers, CK-MB, cTn-T and cTn-I were remarkably suppressed by ginger treatmentPerformed histopathological studies by transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy shows additional convincing evidence on ginger cardio-protective effects. The drastic changes were rehabilitated in cardiac tissue by ginger treatment may be it acts as a good antioxidant and possessing hypolipidemic activity.Collectively, our findings confirm hypothesis that ginger has cardio protective potential through suppression of hyperlipidemia, preserving the tissue damage bio markers, cardiac biomarkers in plasma and preservation of histoarchitecture of myocytes. Abbreviations used: Gt: Ginger Ethanolic Extract; NC: Normal Control; At: Alcohol treated; MI: Myocardial Infarction

Antibacterial, anti-oxidant and in vitro anticancer analysis of Zingiber officinale (L.) Rosc.

Ginger is considered as an important spice with many clinical potential activities. The present study was undertaken to determine antimicrobial, antioxidant and in vitro anticancer activities of rhizome extract of Zingiber officinale. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Entero toxigenic Excherichia coli (ETEC) and Salmonella typhi by disc diffusion assay. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay and ABTS free radical scavenging assay. The ethanolic extract showed more activity against Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, ETEC and Salmonella typhi at 5–25 mg/well. The extract also exhibited dose dependent scavenging of DPPH and ABTS radicals. Scavenging of DPPH radicals was more efficient than that of ABTS radicals as revealed by the low IC50 value. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were used to investigate the in vitro anticancer activity of ethanol extracts of ginger. The inhibitory activity of the extracts against MCF-7 was carried out using colorimetric tetrazolium salt (MTT) assay. The results showed considerable anticancer activity in MCF–7 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 10 µg/ml. Ginger extract effectively inhibited proliferation of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner over 24h. Thus the compounds of ginger displaied potential for antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer agents.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) induces apoptosis in Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro

Trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted protozoan diseases in the worldwide. Metronidazole is the choice drug for trichomoniasis treatment, however, metronidazole resistant Trichomonas vaginalis (T.vaginalis) has been reported. Natural products are the source of most new drugs, and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) is widely used ingredient in the traditional medicine. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of the ginger ethanol extract on the growth of T.vaginalis trophozoites in vitro. In this experimental study, 970 women who were attend in Kashan health centers were examined for T. vaginalis. Of them, 23 samples were infected with T.vaginalis. Three T. vaginalis isolates were cultured in a TYI-S-33 medium. The effect of ginger ethanol extracts and its toxicity in different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 µg/ml) on mouse macrophages were measured in triplicate exam by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The effect of ginger on apoptosis induction was determined by Flow cytometry. The IC50 of ginger and metronidazole were 93.8 and 0.0326 µg/ml, respectively. 12, 24 and 48 hr after adding different concentrations of extract on mouse macrophages, fatality rates in maximum dose (800 µg/ml) were 0.19, 0.26 and 0.31 respectively. Flow cytometry results showed the apoptosis rate following treatment with different concentrations of the extract after 48 hr were 17, 28.5, 42.1, 58.8, 76.3 and 100% respectively, while in the control group was 2.9%. Ginger ethanol extract induces programmed death in T. vaginalis. It is recommended that due to the known teratogenic effect of metronidazole, ginger can be considered as an alternative drug for metronidazole.

Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) determined by HPLC-MS/MS

Oxidative stress related diseases often arise from over production of free radicals and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. The prevention of these diseases could be possible with the use of natural antioxidant plants that could be promising as therapeutic candidates. Since antioxidant properties of a species could be stem from phenolic compounds, it is, therefore, important to evaluate antioxidant and total/individual phenolic and flavonoid content. For this purpose, we evaluated antioxidant properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) based on three parameters: the antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and flavonoid content as well as identification of phenolic acids of water extract (WEG) and ethanol extract (EEG) of ginger. For antioxidant capacity, we performed FRAP, CUPRAC assay, Fe2+ chelating ability, DPPH and DMPD radical scavenging activities. Also, total phenolic and flavonoid contents in both extracts were also measured via Folin Ciocalteu’s method. For identification of phenolic acids, HPLC-MS/MS method was performed. The results showed that EEG had generally better antioxidant activity than WEG in all assays. HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that there are at least eight different phenolic acids found in ginger, among which pyrogallol p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid were more abundant in both extracts. This study clearly showed that ginger extracts demonstrated effective antioxidant properties and their consumption may reduce or delay the progression of diseases that oxidative stress take place due to lack of antioxidant supplementation.

Effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale on growth performance and mucosal immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss )

This study was conducted to examine the effect of ethanolic ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract on growth performance and some skin mucus immune parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A total of 600 rainbow trout fingerling (10.07 ± 0.21 g) were randomly assigned to four groups in triplicate and fed for 45 days with 1, 2.5 and 5 g kg−1 of ginger extract and with unsupplemented basal diet as the control. The total protein content and lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and protease activities of skin mucus were investigated following 15, 30 and 45 days of feeding. Results showed that administration of 2.5 and 5 g kg−1 of ethanolic ginger extract for 45 days improved weight gain, feed utilization efficiency and feed conversion ratio of O. mykiss (P < 0.05). Significantly higher (P < 0.05) skin mucus lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and protease activity and protein level were observed in the 2.5 and 5 g kg−1 ginger extract groups on the 30th and 45th day compared to the controls. The findings suggest that ethanolic extract of ginger enhances growth performance and skin mucus immune parameters of rainbow trout.

In vitro effectiveness of Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale extracts on Echinococcus protoscoleces.

Hydatid disease is an important economic and human public health problem with a wide geographical distribution. Surgical excision remains the primary treatment and the only hope for complete cure of hydatosis. The most important complications arising from surgical excision, however, is recurrence, which is due to dissemination of protoscolices during the surgery. Pre-surgical inactivation of the contents of the hydatid cyst by injection of scolicidal agent into the cyst has been used as adjunct to surgery in order to overcome the risk of recurrence. In the present study, ethanolic extracts of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) were tested as scolicidal agent for Echinococcus protoscoleces. Protoscoleces were collected aseptically from sheep livers containing hydatid cysts. Three concentrations (10, 30 and 50 mg/ml) of each extract were investigated and viability of the protoscoleces was tested by 0.1% eosin staining. Ginger extract showed the strongest scolicidal effect (100%) after 20 min at a concentration of 30 mg/ml and 10 min at 50 mg/ml. The maximum scolicidal effect of turmeric was 93.2% after 30 min at a concentration of 50 mg/ml. It is concluded that turmeric and ginger extracts have high scolicidal activity and could be used as effective scolicidal agents against Echinococcus protoscoleces.