Periophthalmodon Schlosseri Research Articles

Phenetic taxonomy approach: Identifying relationship of local gelodok fish in East Java

Various natural and human factors have fragmented the populations of Mudskippers, which will disrupt their existence in the wild population, especially their mangrove habitat in East Java. Classification of relationships is identified as a first step in efforts to conserve fish outside their natural habitat. The relationship determination is based on phenetic characteristics supported by morphometric, meristic, and morphological characters. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of gelodok fish based on phenetic characters. The method used in the phenetic analysis is UPGMA (Unweighted pair-group using arithmetic) using NTSYSpc 2.01 software. There are four types of fish can be found in those areas, which are: Periophthalmodon schlosseri, Periophthalmus argentilineatus, Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, and Boleophthalmus boddarti. Based on the dendrogram of morphological analysis results, apomorphy A and apomorphy B were obtained, namely the Periophthalmodon schlosseri clade and the Periophthalmus argentilineatus clade with a similarity level of 90.322% and the Boleophthalmus pectinirostris clade and the Boleophthalmus boddarti clade with a similarity level of 78.494%. The relationship between the species Periophthalmodon schlosseri and Periophthalmus argentilineatus is very close with a value of 90%. While the species Boleophthalmus pectinirostris and Boleophthalmus boddarti have a closely relationship with a value of 78%. It is recommended to develop targeted conservation strategies to protect the most unique and vulnerable populations.

Habitat of the amphibious mudskipper Periophtalmodon schlosseri in Songkhla Lake, Thailand

Abstract. Pattaratumrong MS, Pompha T. 2024. Habitat of the amphibious mudskipper Periophtalmodon schlosseri in Songkhla Lake, Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 1875-1881. This study aimed to investigate the preferred habitat of giant mudskippers, Periophtalmodon schlosseri Pallas 1770. It was conducted from August to October 2022 at six sampling stations in Koh Yoh, a small island in the Lower Songkhla Lake. Environmental parameters such as organic matter and organic carbon in sediment, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and substrate were observed. The results indicate that the density of giant mudskipper weak to moderate correlates with all studied environmental parameters (P<0.05). Within the study area, the highest population density of P. schlosseri was recorded in the mudflat habitat adjacent to mangroves, and the lowest density was recorded in the mudflat habitat with a seawall, absent with nearby mangroves. This study suggests that environmental conditions affect the abundance of giant mudskippers, but this does not reach the limiting threshold; the more influential factor for this species is the character of the habitat. The mangrove habitat should be conserved and protected from development and urbanization. These results provide insights into the preferred habitat and offer a better understanding of the ecology of these fishes in the estuarine lake.

From a biomonitoring checklist to effective coastal ecosystem management: A study in the selected coastal jetties of west Peninsular Malaysia

The present study aimed to provide a current (2022) checklist of benthic organisms found at the coastal jetties at Sungai Rambai Jetty and Pasir Panjang Jetty, in Negeri Sembilan of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 10 diff erent species of benthic organisms were collected near the Sungai Rambai fi shermen’s jetty, namely Periophthalmodon schlosseri, Parasesarma sp., Turritella sp., Chicoreus capucinus, Nerita balteata, Littoraria melanostoma, Littoraria scabra, Tubuca rosea, Tubuca sp., and Brachyuran crab. Six diff erent species of benthic organisms were found at the Pasir Panjang jetty. These included the Tachypleus gigas, Mactra violacea, Volegalea cochlidium, Diogenes sp., Murex trapa, and Tegillarca granosa. Although a traditional study, this study is a fundamental current baseline for future references and provided the most basic ground in choosing the potential biomonitors of chemical pollution in the coastal area of Negeri Sembilan. This would be an important information source for eff ective coastal ecosystem management in Malaysia.

Iron bioaccumulation and ecological implications in the coastal swamp wetlands ecosystem of South Kalimantan: Insights from giant mudskipper fish as bioindicators

This study investigated iron (Fe) accumulation in South Kalimantan's coastal swamp wetlands ecosystem, utilizing giant mudskipper fish as indicators of heavy metal pollution. By analyzing Fe levels in water, sediment, and fish organs over time, insights into its effects on the environment and human health were gained. Furthermore, through Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Fe concentrations in Kuala Lupak's coastal wetland were measured, revealing significant correlations between Fe levels in water, sediment, and fish tissues. These results enhance our understanding and inform better management strategies. Anthropogenic and natural sources contribute to the accumulation of heavy metals, particularly Fe, with anthropogenic pollution being the most dominant. This study presented the escalating concentrations of Fe within the Kuala Lupak estuary and raised concerns regarding the ecological and human health implications. Continuous monitoring, source identification, public awareness, regulations, remediation, and long-term exploration are essential for addressing heavy metal pollution and its ecological impact. Therefore, valuable insights are provided for environmental management and conservation efforts.

The Diversity of Mudskipper Fish Family Gobiidae in Mangrove Area, Seberang District, Tanjung Jabung Regency, West Jambi

Mudskipper fish (Periopthalmus spp) is a member of the order Periophthalmini, family Gobiidae and subfamily Oxudercinae. This fish is known by the names of gunshots, tempakul, timpakul and belacak. Mudskipper fish have a role as a bioindicator in mangrove ecosystems, so its existence and diversity needs to be known. This research is quantitative exploratory which aims to analyze the diversity of mudskipper fish in the mangrove area of ​​Seberang District, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency and determine environmental factors that affect their lives. The technique for determining the sampling station was purposive sampling. Sampling was carried out at 3 stations in two different villages, namely Kuala Baru Village and Seberang Village. The survey method was conducted at 2 different stations. Each sampling station area in Seberang Village is 50 x 20 m, while in Kuala Baru village it is carried out on 2 transect lines with a transect length of 35 meters and consists of 3 plots measuring 5 x 5 m and spaced 10 m between plots. The results showed that there were 2 species of 2 general of mudskipper fish, namely Periophthalmodon schlosseri and Boleophthalmus boddarti. The most abundant type of Boleophthalmus boddarti was obtained with 36 individuals out of a total of 45 individuals. The index of diversity of mudskipper fish species at the three stations was low ranging from 0.3-0.6 and the dominance index ranged from 0.6-0.8. Environmental conditions are water temperature 31-33°C, soil temperature 28-35°C, salinity 13-15 ppt, water pH 6.8 and soil pH 6.2-6.8. DO ranges from 5.9 to 6.8 mg/L, the soil texture is clay type, dusty loam, and clay. It can be concluded that the diversity of mudskipper fish in Seberang sub-district is low, with an abundant number found in the Boleophthalmus boddarti fish species.

Microplastic contamination in Thai vinegar crabs (Episesarma mederi), giant mudskippers (Periophthalmodon schlosseri), and their surrounding environment from the Bang Pu mangrove forests, Samut Prakan province, Thailand

The mangrove ecosystem becomes the receptacle for both land- and marine-based plastic waste. This study examines MPs contamination in the Bang Pu mangrove forests (BPMFs) in the inner Gulf of Thailand. For this, Thai vinegar crabs (TVCs) (Episesarma mederi) and giant mudskippers (GMs) (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) were investigated with their surrounding environment in both rainy and dry seasons. Two-step digestion was employed for biota samples. MPs abundance ranged from 7.5 ± 3.8 to 15.9 ± 6.7 items/individual in TVCs and 6.2 ± 5.0 to 10.6 ± 2.6 items/individual in GMs. MPs in small-size ranges (<0.5 mm) were predominant. Fiber MPs were mostly detected in the rainy season. Most MPs were transparent with polyethylene and polypropylene as dominant polymers in all samples. Bioaccumulation was not observed in GMs. The results indicated the imperiled status of MPs contamination in TVCs and GMs with contaminated surrounding environments.

Vertebral Column Variation of Mudskippers (Gobiidae: Oxudercinae): Early Stages of Water-to-land Transition

Carrying a gravitational load requires modifications of the skeletal system during water-to-land transition of vertebrates. Early stages of the transition are little known due to incomplete and scattered fossil deposits which can be fulfilled by examining extant amphibious fishes facing analogous conditions. In the present study, we compared vertebral morphometrics of eight oxudercine gobies (Parapocryptes serperaster, Pseudapocryptes elongatus, Oxuderces nexipinnis (low terrestrial); Boleophthalmus boddarti and Scartelaos histophorus (moderate terrestrial), Periophthalmus chrysospilos, Periophthalmodon schlosseri, and Periophthalmodon septemradiatus (high terrestrial)) to gain understanding of the vertebral modifications during land invasion. Results show that the higher terrestrial species possess higher flexibility of the vertebral column, heavy ossification of the neural and haemal spines in the caudal region, and the dorsal twisting feature of the caudal base which could serve effective terrestrial locomotion and allow to perform various body postures. The flexibility of the anterior portion of the caudal region could serve the tail standing and leaping of some mudskippers. We tentatively presume that terrestrial locomotion of oxudercine gobies is endowed by flexibility of the vertebral column and heavy ossification of the caudal vertebrae.

Structure community of mudskipper at Coast of Bahak Indah, Tongas, Probolinggo – East Java

Mangrove forest is one of the ecosystems in the coastal area that plays an important role as a habitat for iktiofauna, one of which is the gelodok fish community. The purpose of this study was to compare the community structure of mudskippers at Bahak Indah Coast, Tongas, Probolinggo with or without mangrove vegetation. The study was conducted in January–February 2022. The determination of the observation station was carried out purposively, which was determined based on the presence or absence of mangrove vegetation. Observation of the mudskipper community used a systematic sampling method with the help of transects and plots. The analyzed mudskipper community structure data included diversity index, uniformity index and dominance index. The results found 4 species from 2 genera of mudskipper namely Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, Boleophthalmus boddarti, Periophthalmus chrysospilos and Periophthalmodon schlosseri. Mudskipper diversity index at both stations was in the medium category, and was higher at the stations with mangrove vegetation. The uniformity index was included in the high category, and was higher at the stations with mangrove vegetation, and the dominance index was in the low category, and lower at the stations with mangrove vegetation. The results of this study indicate that the coastal waters area with mangrove vegetation contributes to the high diversity and uniformity of the mudskipper community compared to areas without mangrove vegetation.

Expression of Antimicrobic Peptide Piscidin1 in Gills Mast Cells of Giant Mudskipper Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Pallas, 1770).

The amphibious teleost Giant mudskipper (Periophthalmodon schlosseri, Pallas 1770) inhabit muddy plains and Asian mangrove forests. It spends more than 90% of its life outside of the water, using its skin, gills, and buccal-pharyngeal cavity mucosa to breathe in oxygen from the surrounding air. All vertebrates have been found to have mast cells (MCs), which are part of the innate immune system. These cells are mostly found in the mucous membranes of the organs that come in contact with the outside environment. According to their morphology, MCs have distinctive cytoplasmic granules that are released during the degranulation process. Additionally, these cells have antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that fight a variety of infections. Piscidins, hepcidins, defensins, cathelicidins, and histonic peptides are examples of fish AMPs. Confocal microscopy was used in this study to assess Piscidin1 expression in Giant Mudskipper branchial MCs. Our results demonstrated the presence of MCs in the gills is highly positive for Piscidin1. Additionally, colocalized MCs labeled with TLR2/5-HT and Piscidin1/5-HT supported our data. The expression of Piscidin1 in giant mudskipper MCs highlights the involvement of this peptide in the orchestration of teleost immunity, advancing the knowledge of the defense system of this fish.

Morphological comparison of the cranial movement apparatus in mudskippers (Gobiidae: Oxudercinae)

Possession of the neck allows vertebrates to move the head independently from the trunk. Fish do not have the neck and thus the cranial mobility could be limited. Oxudercine gobies show full range of habitat transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments and exhibit flexible cranial movement, yet the cranium-movement apparatus is little known. In this study, we investigated the anatomy of the structure of the eight oxudercine gobies, Oxuderces nexipinnis, Parapocryptes serperaster, Pseudapocryptes elongatus, Scartelaos histophorus, Boleophthalmus boddarti, Periophthalmus chrysospilos, Periophthalmodon schlosseri, and Periophthalmodon septemradiatus. These species share similarities in the specialized features of the craniovertebral joint and the epaxials attaching onto different locations of the neurocranium. On the other hand, large space between the ventral portions of the craniovertebral joint only occurs in O. nexipinnis, Pd. elongatus, Pn. schlosseri and Pn. septemradiatus. Hypaxials are hypertrophied at the insertion point and attach more anteriorly onto the ventral side of the neurocranium in B. boddarti, O. nexipinnis, Pa. serperaster, Pd. elongatus, and S. histophorus, whereas the muscles are small and attach posteriorly in the remaining species. There were significant differences in the area occupancy ratio of the post-cranial neural spines, the lever arm ratio of the cranial rotation, and the angle between the horizontal plane and the plane through the craniovertebral joint among the species. The cranial depression presumably facilitates grazing of oxudercine gobies in their early stage of terrestrial transition, whereas the cranial elevation parameters are contradictory to the terrestrial gradient. The cranium-movement morphometrics partially agree with the phylogeny.

Short Communication: Investigating gonad length and fecundity in mudskippers (Gobiidae) at the Musi River estuary, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Ridho MR, Patriono E, Wati DR, Pratama R, Avesena M. 2021. Short Communication: Investigating gonad length and fecundity in mudskippers (Gobiidae) at the Musi River estuary, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4413-4420. Information on the biological aspects of mudskipper (Gobiidae) reproduction is needed as a conservation effort to use economically valuable and sustainable resources in the future. This can be used to enrich the information on the status of the mudskipper research at the Musi River estuary, South Sumatra, Indonesia. The field sampling was carried out by using the purposive sampling method. The sampling of fish was carried out by the researchers and assisted by the people of the community using fishing rods and bubu fish traps. The results showed that 122 mudskipper were obtained, which consisted of four species Boleophthalmus boddarti, Boleophthalmus dussumieri, Periophthalmus chrysospilos, Periophthalmodon schlosseri. 93 male and 29 female fish were caught, the sex ratio was 3.20:1. There are more male than female fish overall with the sampling method used. Most of the female fish fecundity was reported in P. chrysospilos, namely 23,270-36,264 items in GM (III) and ranged from 40,825-87,749 items in GM (IV). The largest egg diameter was reported in P. chrysospilos by 0.051-0.069 mm (GML III) and 0.053-0.062 mm (GML IV), while the smallest weight and length were reported in P. chrysospilos than other species. The egg size was not positively correlated with body size.

Elemental Composition and Health Risk Assessment of Giant Mudskipper (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) From the Intertidal Zone of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

The elemental pollution in the intertidal zone of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia is of concern because this place is an ultimate sink of anthropogenic contaminants. In this study, the elemental concentrations (Al, Fe, Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, and Cd) in various tissues (muscle, gill, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and scale) of the giant mudskippers (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) from the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia were determined by the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The potential health risks associated with fish muscle consumption were assessed using estimated weekly intake (EWI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and target cancer risk (TR). The results showed that relatively high concentrations of Fe (1,641.91 ± 96.77 mg/kg), Ba (7.07 ± 0.05 mg/kg), Co (0.32 ± 0.00 mg/kg), Mn (36.08 ± 0.04 mg/kg), and Ni (4.43 ± 0.06 mg/kg) were found in the fish scales, suggesting the uptake waterborne elements via dermal exposure. However, all studied elements in the fish muscle were below the national and international food permissible limits. Health risk assessment through the estimation of THQ suggested that long-term exposure of As through fish consumption would cause possible non-carcinogenic risk. Also, the estimation of TR indicated that consumers are susceptible to cancer risks because of Cr and As exposure via fish consumption. Thus, for a developing country like Malaysia, it is recommended to include continuous monitoring of intertidal zones, using potential bioindicators, to assess ecosystem health status and safeguard human health. Additionally, mitigation strategies to address estuaries contamination and efforts to conserve and sustain natural resources should be established.

The Hydrolysis of Fish Protein from Giant Mudskipper (Periophthalmodon Schlosseri) using Alcalase Enzyme

Giant mudskippers (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) are amphibious fish and considered as endemic fish, so it can not be found in any other place and they live in a typical habitat in a tidal area with the mud of mangroves. Mudskipper These fish is relatively untapped as food source. This research aims to obtain the optimum conditions of enzyme concentration, pH, temperature, and hydrolysis incubation time on the degress of hydrolysis of alcalase enzyme in giant mudskipper (P. schlosseri). The production of fish protein hydrolysate was conducted by varying one parameter at a time to determine its effect without considering interactions with other parameters. The results obtained optimum hydrolysis at 1.5% alcalase concentration of protein weight, pH 7.5, temperature 50°C, and the duration of hydrolysis 2 hours. The degree of hydrolysis produced at the optimum condition was 67.44%.

Introducing the Amphibious Mudskipper Goby as a Unique Model to Evaluate Neuro/Endocrine Regulation of Behaviors Mediated by Buccal Sensation and Corticosteroids.

Some fish have acquired the ability to breathe air, but these fish can no longer flush their gills effectively when out of water. Hence, they have developed characteristic means for defense against external stressors, including thirst (osmolarity/ions) and toxicity. Amphibious fish, extant air-breathing fish emerged from water, may serve as models to examine physiological responses to these stressors. Some of these fish, including mudskipper gobies such as Periophthalmodon schlosseri, Boleophthalmus boddarti and our Periophthalmus modestus, display distinct adaptational behaviors to these factors compared with fully aquatic fish. In this review, we introduce the mudskipper goby as a unique model to study the behaviors and the neuro/endocrine mechanisms of behavioral responses to the stressors. Our studies have shown that a local sensation of thirst in the buccal cavity—this being induced by dipsogenic hormones—motivates these fish to move to water through a forebrain response. The corticosteroid system, which is responsive to various stressors, also stimulates migration, possibly via the receptors in the brain. We suggest that such fish are an important model to deepen insights into the stress-related neuro/endocrine-behavioral effects.

Bioactive Compounds Evaluation of the Mudskippers in the Estuarine Area of Musi River, South Sumatera, Indonesia

This research was conducted to assess various bioactive compounds in the meat of mudskippers found in the Sungsang 2 Village, Banyuasin regency, South Sumatra. The research had been synthesized using n-hexane from February to May 2018 at Agricultural Technology Production Laboratory, Sriwijaya University. Subsequently, the mudskippers (Periopthalmus chrysospilos, Boleopthalmus boddarti, and Periophthalmodon schlosseri) extract was synthesized and further investigate by conducting the GC-MS analysis. The study of bioactive compounds in mudskippers was carried out by evaporating in vacuum evaporation at 30°C. The results showed that Periopthalmus chrysospilos has five classes of bioactive compounds such as steroids, terpenoids, carotenoids, canabinoids, and alkaloids and Boleopthalmus boddarti has five classes of bioactive compounds including steroids, carotenoids, terpenoids, bufadienolides, and carotatoxins. Furthermore, Boleopthalmus dussumieri has four classes of bioactive compounds such as steroids, carotenoids, terpenoids, and carotatoxins and Periophthalmodon schlosseri has three classes of bioactive compounds including steroids, carotenoids and terpenoids. This research discussed the potential benefit of all bioactive compounds inmudskippers for alleviating and treating children with enuresis through the review of literature on the most cited bioactive compounds.

Short Communication: Digenea parasites in giant mudskipper (Periopthalmodon schlosseri) in Kuala Lupak Village, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Hidayaturrahmah, Santoso HB, Nurapriana D, Badruzsaufari, Muhamat. 2019. Short Communication: Digenea parasites in giant mudskipper (Periopthalmodon schlosseri) in Kuala Lupak Village, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3782-3787. Parasites are organisms that impart detrimental effects on their host. Monogenea which are generally ectoparasites and digenea which are endoparasites are the most common parasites which invade fish. This research was aimed to find out the existence of monogenean and digenean parasites as well as their species in giant mudskipper or timpakul fish (Periopthalmodon schlosseri) in Kuala Lupak Village, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Employing 25 giant mudskipper which was randomly collected from Kuala Lupak Village, South Kalimantan, this study explored the presence of ectoparasites and endoparasites on the mucous, fins, gills, intestines, stomach, and meat of the fish. The results showed that only digenean parasites were found in the giant mudskipper (Periopthalmodon schlosseri). The digenean parasites found to come from Opecoeloides genus and Buchepalidae family, metacercariae cysts, and parasites of the nematode phylum. Monogenea parasites were not found due to low fish-density, fish behavior that is rarely in the water, and adequate nutrition which is the opposite of growth-supporting factors of monogenean. Parasitic infection could occur because the fish eat some intermediate hosts of digenea, such as snails and other fish. Besides, the condition of waters that have been contaminated with digenean eggs allows the life cycle of the digenean to continue in fish.

Food habits of three species of mudskippers in the Musi River Estuary, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Ridho MR, Patriono E, Sholikah M. 2019. Food habits of three species of mudskippers in the Musi River Estuary, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2368-2374. This study provided understanding of morphometric variation and diet composition of three species of mudskippers, i.e. Boleophthalmus boddarti, Periophthalmodon schlosseri, and Periophthalmus chrysospilos. The data obtained can be used for fish cultivation in the future. The relation of weight and length of species B. boddarti, P. schlosseri and P. chrysospilos had a correlation of 72.2%, 98.2%, and 94.5%, respectively with the value of b = 1.474, 3.189, and 2.271, respectively. This suggests that the growth patterns of B. boddarti and P. chrysospilos are allometrically negative, while P. schlosseri is allometrically positive. B. boddarti is classified as a herbivore, the main food of phytoplankton from Bacillariophyceae class with percentage 100%; 80% of Chlorophyceae; 95.6% of Cyanophyceae; 13.33% of Desmidiaceae; 13.33% of Euglenophyceae and 37.78% of Xanthophyceae. P. schlosseri is classified as carnivores, the main food is Uca sp. with IRI of 17.131.45% and complimentary food of Lycosa sp. with IRI of 80.79%. P. chrysospilos is also classified as carnivores with the main food is fish eggs with IRI of 8057.07% and complementary foods of Uca sp. with IRI of 1935.3%.

Diversity and behaviour of mudskippers of Tanjung Piai, Pontian, Johor

This paper describes an effort to study the diversity and behaviour of mudskippers occurring in the RAMSAR site Tanjung Piai, Pontian, Johor. Ten species from four genera of mudskippers were reported here. They are all members of the family Gobiidae and subfamily Oxudercinae. The most species rich genus was Periophthalmus (five species) followed by Baleophthalmus and Oxuderces (two species each). The fourth genus Periophthalmodon was represented by one species. Indication is that Malaysia may harbour 19 species representing 12 genera. The giant mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri was found at all level and stages of the intertidal zones. Being the largest in size of approximately 20cm, Periophthalmodon schloserii also shows interesting courting and mating behaviour and tree climbing. Baleophthalmus boddarti and Scartelaos histophorus are two other common species. This paper illustrates the different species at Tanjung Piai with photographs and endeavours to make notes of their peculiar behaviour. The paper discusses the diversity of the species comparing its occurrence, distribution and abundance. Special notes are made on the importance of this fish group; including discussion on its potential to be developed, promoted and marketed as a new tourism product especially of the mangrove ecosystem.

Short Communication: Protein profiles of Giant Mudskipper and its potential use as biomarker candidate for heavy metal contamination in Barito Estuary, Indonesia

Abstract. Hidayaturrahmah, Mabrur, Santoso HB, Sasmita R, Rahmy USA, Badruzsaufari. 2019. Short Communication: Protein profiles of Giant Mudskipper and its potential use as biomarker candidate for heavy metal contamination in Barito Estuary, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 745-753. Giant mudskipper (Periphthalmodon schlosseri, Pallas 1770) is one of important biological diversity that potential as bio-indicator in environment assessment which is heavy metal contamination. These fish are susceptible to ambient environment, that effect to their physiological mechanism including protein synthesis and expression. This research aims to identify protein profiles of giant mudskipper muscle and review its potential application as a biomarker for heavy metal contamination in Barito Estuary of South Kalimantan. Total proteins were isolated from fish muscle using Tris EDTA buffer and then precipitated using Ammonium sulfate salt. The protein concentration was measured using Bradford assay and then separated based on molecular weight using the SDS-PAGE method. The result showed muscle proteins of giant mudskipper could be precipitated on optimum condition at Ammonium sulfate saturation 60-70% which protein concentration 5.106 mg.mL-1. The protein separated into 20 bands for raw and precipitated proteins which molecular weight ranging from 33 into 184 kDa. Further study is needed for protein identification based on amino acids sequence of protein bands for biomarker discovery and validation.

Biotic potential of mucus extracts of giant mudskipper Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Pallas, 1770) from Pichavaram, southeast coast of India

BackgroundThe epidermal mucus of fish contains various bioactive compounds, which play a crucial role in the animal defense mechanisms. However, the mucus from giant mudskipper is not well characterized for its biochemical and pharmacological effects. This study for the first time analyzed the mucus extracts of this species for antimicrobial (against human pathogen) and hemolytic activities. Fourier-transform infrared spectrum analysis (FT-IR) and SDS-PAGE of mucus extracts were also carried out.ResultsThe protein content in Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Gobiidae: Oxudercine) mucus extracts was 0.66 ± 0.04 mg/ml. The mucus extracts of P. schlosseri showed antibacterial activity against all eight human pathogenic bacteria and four fungal strains tested in this study. The hemolytic activities against chicken and human blood cells were observed with maximum activity for dichloromethane extracts. The FT-IR spectrum of mucus extract of P. schlosseri showed the presence of functional groups, evident protein bands of various molecular weights ranging from 14 kDa to 97 kDa.ConclusionThe obtained results suggested that the mucus of this species has proteinaceous compounds responsible for antimicrobial and hemolytic activities.