Apis Dorsata Research Articles

The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of four types of honey against several bacteria

Honey is a natural animal-derived product from flower nectar. Honey’s flavonoid, organic acid, and phenolic contents may function as natural antioxidants and antimicrobials. Previous findings showed that adding honey into avocado juice still leaves total contamination in a relatively high amount. This research aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of four types of honey against several test bacteria. The research employed the completely randomized design (CRD), with the first factor being the types of honey, including the honey produced by Apis mellifera from the nectar of wildflowers (AMBL), the honey produced by Apis dorsata (AD), the honey produced by Apis mellifera from the nectar of kapok flowers (Ceiba pentandra) (AMBR), and the honey produced by Trigona sp. (TG). The second factor was the types of test bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus. The MICs were determined using the modified Kirby-Bauer method. The honey was also tested for its antioxidant ability, total titratable acidity, pH, and sugar. The MICs of the AMBL and AMBR honey against E. coli, S. Typhi, and S. aureus was 50% (v/v), the MIC of the AD honey against E. coli and S. typhi was 6.25% (v/v), the MIC of the AD honey against S. aureus was 12.5% (v/v), the MIC of the TG honey against E. coli and S. aureus was 12.5% (v/v). The MIC of the TG honey against S. typhi was 6.25% (v/v). The highest antioxidant activity was obtained from the TG honey (49% RSA DPPH).

Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Correlation Analysis of Honey of Wild Honeybees

Honey of wild honey bees Apis dorsata and Apis florea was sampled from northern states of India during the year 2018-20 and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and microbial load using standard procedures and correlation analysis. A. dorsata honey had high moisture content (17.20%), pH (6.25) and F: G ratio (1.98), whereas A. florea honey exhibited higher bacterial loads (3.82) than A. dorsata (3.70). No fungal spores were recorded in any of the honeys analyzed. Significant positive correlation was recorded between colour and pollen density; amino acid content and acidity; Vitamin C and acidity in honey of A. dorsata. Whereas Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH; amino acid and acidity content in honey of A. florea had significant positive correlation. Bacterial load had significant positive correlation with pH and moisture. The quality parameters were well within the acceptable limit defined by the Food Safety Standards Authority of India.

Entomophagy practices among the primitive tribes inhabiting the Nilgiris district of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, South India

Insects have been a traditional food among the people of various countries including India. The Nilgiris district of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu a recognised biodiversity hotspot in South India, has six different inhabitant primitive tribes namely Todas, Kotas, Kurumbas, Irulas, Paniyas and Kattunayakans, whose insect eating habit and their traditional knowledge on collection, processing and cooking of edible insects have been documented in this study. Eight species of insects viz., Apis dorsata, Apis cerana, Apis florea, Trigona sp., Oecophylla smaragdina, Vespa affinis and Odontotermes sp. belonging to five families under two orders (Hymenoptera and Isoptera) have been recorded to be used as food. The use value of insects have been calculated and inferred that honey bee broods were widely eaten. Their entomophagy habit varies geographically where the members of Kurumba and Kattunayakan tribes residing in the Gudalur and Pandalur taluks were found to consume more insect species than the other tribes. Insects were eaten raw or roasted or cooked with the vegetables. The respondents are also aware of the therapeutic values and health benefits of insects they consume, however various factors including modernization and availability of alternate foods causes decline of insect foods.

Tualang Honey: A Sweet Remedy

Honey is a sweet and sticky biological liquid that is produced by bees following the collection from plant nectars. Honey is enjoyed as a popular food product across the globe for its sweetness, flavor and texture. The benefits offered by honey as food and medicine to mankind is immense with its virtues being documented in ancient religious, medical and secular texts. The source and composition of honey greatly influences its biochemical properties while the therapeutic value of honey has been relatively associated with its antioxidant properties. Tualang honey is a Malaysian multi-floral jungle honey produced by the rock bee (Apis dorsata). Although there are various types of honey being marketed globally such as the Manuka honey, less attention was given to the Tualang honey as a commercially available food product. Also, Tualang honey is less extensively studied and characterized unlike the Manuka honey. At present, there is a growing interest in the use of honey as a nutraceutical and therapeutic lead to develop new methods of treatment. Therefore, this paper reviews the functional and therapeutic properties, such as antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antinociceptive and hepatoprotective activity of the Tualang honey suggesting its use as a potential functional food or functional food ingredient.

Evaluation of phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of a new polyherbal formulation TC-16: additive, synergistic or antagonistic?

BackgroundScientific literature has demonstrated the association of free radicals in the aetiology of various chronic diseases. Hence, the identification of potent antioxidants remains a useful task. The combination of multiple herbs in polyherbal formulations (PHF) is often associated with greater therapeutic efficacy due to synergistic interactions. However, antagonism can occur in natural product mixtures and the resultant antioxidant potential might not always be the additive value of the antioxidant properties of each component. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the phytochemicals, antioxidative potential and interaction among the herbs in TC-16, a new PHF comprising Curcuma longa L., Zingiber officinale var. Bentong, Piper nigrum L., Citrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands and Apis dorsata honey.MethodsTC-16 was screened for phytochemicals. Phenolic and flavonoid contents of TC-16 and its individual ingredients were determined, followed by assessment of antioxidant properties using in vitro assays including 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and β-carotene bleaching (BCB) assays. Interactions among the herbs were also investigated by calculating the difference in antioxidant activity and combination index.ResultsAlkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides were present in TC-16. TC-16 possessed the highest phenolic (46.14 ± 1.40 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (132.69 ± 1.43 mg CE/g) contents following C. longa. Synergistic antioxidant activity among the herbs was evident in ORAC and BCB assays which uses mainly hydrogen atom transfer-based antioxidant mechanisms.ConclusionsTC-16 demonstrated roles in combating free radicals. In a PHF, synergistic interaction among the herbs is observed in some but not all mechanisms. Mechanisms showing synergistic interactions should be highlighted to maximise the beneficial property of the PHF.

Sayyid Honey MSME Development to Increase Trigona Honey Production Capacity

Sayyid Madu is an MSME that sells products in the form of quality pure honey which was founded in 2021. This business started with selling trigona honey and apis dorsata honey online, and received a good response from consumers. The good response was especially for the type of trigona honey. This causes the demand for trigona honey to increase rapidly so that better trigona honey-producing bee cultivation techniques are needed. The goal is to get the best quality and increase production capacity. Trigona honey also has the potential to reach national and international markets due to its efficacy in medical cases. As cultivation developed, the number of trigona bee colonies increased from 7 colonies with honey production of approximately 10 kg/month, at the beginning of January there was an addition of 20 colonies. The increase in this colony is expected to produce honey with more production than usual. To produce lots and lots of quality Trigona honey, breeders must have super colonies, namely colonies with large numbers, dense density, aggressiveness and very active activity. The colony of course requires nectar-producing plant vegetation, namely all plants that have flowers. The yield depends on the spring in the forest area where the bees nest. The main problem faced by Sayyid madu SMEs is Trigona honey production which is still minimal and inconsistent. The lack of production of trigona bee honey is caused by food sources that are less available in nature. In addition, the harvesting equipment that is owned is still lacking so that it can hamper harvesting and affect the quality of the honey produced. There are three alternative solutions implemented in this PKM, namely: (1) making artificial vegetation on residential land, (2) procuring dynamo-based manual nectar suction equipment, and (3) logs for beehives.

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Sri Lankan Bee Honey Varieties

Objectives: Honey has abundant medicinal properties. It is formed by floral nectar, swaps of plants, and the secretions of bees. The current study determined the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Sri Lankan raw bee honey varieties. Methods: A honey stock/library was created using local honey produced by Apis cerana, and Apis dorsata. Colour, conductivity, cell constant and pH were determined under physical tests while free acidity, water content and hydroxymethylfurfural content were determined under chemical tests. Evaluation of biological activities includes checking for antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity and enzymatic activity. Results: The pH values recorded for A. dorsata and A. cerana honey ranged from 4.14–5.55 and 4.54–6.33, respectively. The electrical conductivity of all the samples ranged from 0.39-2.59 mS cm-1. The free acidity of honey samples of A. dorsata was between 25-81.7 meq/kg and that for A. cerana was between 40- 82.7 meq/kg. The hydroxymethylfurfural content of honey samples of A. dorsata and A. cerana were 9.38-49.50 mg/kg and 7.49-53.94 mg/kg, respectively. The two honey varieties were similar in chemical and physical characteristics tested except for water content where the water content of honey from A. dorsata was significantly higher than that of A. cerana. All honey samples investigated had antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria E. coli and gram-positive bacteria S. aureus. A. cerana honey had higher antioxidant activity than A. dorsata honey while A. dorsata honey had higher enzymatic activity than A. cerana honey. Conclusions: The present study reveals that the physiochemical properties of two honey varieties were similar except for water content while biological properties were significantly different. This study indicates that honey from both A. dorsata and A. cerana of Sri Lanka has potential therapeutic activities that can be used to develop natural drug formulations.

Chemical characteristics of raw, processed and stored Honey of Indigenous Giant Bee Apis Dorsata F. and Hive Bee Apis Cerana Indica

Chemical characteristics of raw, processed and stored Honey of Indigenous Giant Bee Apis Dorsata F. and Hive Bee Apis Cerana Indica

Neuroprotective effects of Apis dorsata forest honey on the neurons count in cerebrum and cerebellum of mice (Mus musculus) exposed to monosodium glutamate

Introduction: Monosodium glutamate or MSG can have an effect on increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain. Apis dorsata forest honey is known to have higher antioxidant activity than Apis mellifera and Apis cerana honey. This study aims to determine the preventive effect of Apis dorsata honey on the number of pyramidal cerebrum neurons and purkinje cerebellum neurons of mice (Mus musculus) exposed to monosodium glutamate (MSG). Material and Methods: This study used 25 mice which were divided into 5 groups. In the K- group only aquadest was given. The K+ group was given 4mg/gBB of MSG. Groups P1, P2, and P3 given Apis dorsata honey at a dose of 53.82mg/20gBW, 107.64mg/20gBW, and 161.46mg/20gBW. All treatments were carried out orally for 52 days. Results: The results showed that the average number of cerebral pyramidal neurons in the K-, K+, P1, P2, and P3 groups was 12.24±0.607; 7.24±2.875; 12.48±1.513; 15.72±0.944; and 19.28±2.827. The mean number of purkinje cerebellar neurons was 4.8±1.456; 2.08±0.807; 3.08±1.035; 3.56±0.434; and 4.68±1.390. Discussion: The average number of pyramidal neurons and purkinje neurons in the group given preventive dose of Apis dorsata honey and exposed to MSG was higher and there is a significant difference compared to the group that was only exposed to MSG. It can be concluded that the administration of Apis dorsata honey can maintain the number of pyramidal cerebrum neurons and purkinje cerebellar neurons in mice exposed to MSG.

Abundance, foraging behavior and pollination efficiency of insects visiting the flowers of Aonla (Emblica officinalis)

Many insect species visit the flowers of a plant and play an important role in their pollination. Of late, the interest of the pollination biologists has been to determine their relative contribution towards the reproductive success of the plant. Such information is lacking on the pollinators of Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), a plant of very high nutritive and medicinal importance. Therefore, let’s attempt to make this study to generate such information on this plant. The study was conducted on three varieties of Aonla (viz. Chakaiya, NA-7 and NA-10) for two years. An entire range of flower visitors of this fruit plant was captured with hand net from its field during its flowering period and were identified. On the basis of foraging mode, the flower visitors were characterized as pollinators and non-pollinators. Their abundances, foraging rates, activity durations and number of pollen grains carried on the surface were recorded, and these parameters were used to determine their relative contribution towards the reproductive success of this plant. Among the 12 insect species visiting the flowers of Aonla at the study site, 5 belonged to Hymenoptera, 6 to Diptera and one to Lepidoptera. Apis dorsata was the most abundant visitor having maximal foraging rate and carried maximal number of loose pollen grains, followed by A. mellifera, A. florea and Sarcophaga sp; other visitors had lesser values of these parameters. On the basis of these parameters, melittophilous mode of pollination was found to predominate in Aonla. However, the plant was found to be benefitted from the multispecies pollinator guild, and the pollinator diversity seemed to matter for maximization of pollination in Aonla. Therefore, there is a dire need to conserve the pollinator diversity

Population Structure, Demographic History, and Adaptation of Giant Honeybees in China Revealed by Population Genomic Data.

There have been many population-based genomic studies on human-managed honeybees (Apis mellifera and Apis cerana), but there has been a notable lack of analysis with regard to wild honeybees, particularly in relation to their evolutionary history. Nevertheless, giant honeybees have been found to occupy distinct habitats and display remarkable characteristics, which are attracting an increased amount of attention. In this study, we de novo sequenced and then assembled the draft genome sequence of the Himalayan giant honeybee, Apis laboriosa. Phylogenetic analysis based on genomic information indicated that A. laboriosa and its tropical sister species Apis dorsata diverged ∼2.61 Ma, which supports the speciation hypothesis that links A. laboriosa to geological changes throughout history. Furthermore, we re-sequenced A. laboriosa and A. dorsata samples from five and six regions, respectively, across their population ranges in China. These analyses highlighted major genetic differences for Tibetan A. laboriosa as well as the Hainan Island A. dorsata. The demographic history of most giant honeybee populations has mirrored glacial cycles. More importantly, contrary to what has occurred among human-managed honeybees, the demographic history of these two wild honeybee species indicates a rapid decline in effective population size in the recent past, reflecting their differences in evolutionary histories. Several genes were found to be subject to selection, which may help giant honeybees to adapt to specific local conditions. In summary, our study sheds light on the evolutionary and adaptational characteristics of two wild giant honeybee species, which was useful for giant honeybee conservation.

Potential of Beekeeping to Support the Livelihood, Economy, Society, and Environment of Indonesia

The management of natural resources based on socio-economic and ecology development has led to a focus on the bioeconomy in the policy discourse of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Honey is an important NTFP with high socio-economic value, and its production involves millions of Indonesians. This article reviews the current status of honey-producing bee management, cultivation and harvesting system, marketing and socio-economic values, and the industry’s environmental function in Indonesia. This research utilized a meta-narrative review method to collect data and information from Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, ResearchGate, Sinta, and Garuda. The study showed that the four bee species, namely Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, and stingless bee, are the most common species in honey production in Indonesia. The four species have specific characteristics based on habitat, production capacity, derivative products, management intervention to meet honey product standards, and sustainable livelihoods. The value chain of bees’ major products, such as honey, propolis, pollen, royal jelly, wax, and other derivative products, involves the distribution of honey to all involved communities, including beekeepers, honey gatherers/hunters, intermediate traders, and the processing industry. This study also found a significant association between environmental sustainability statutes that affects functional sustainability and economic function. The finding parallels the global trends that put forward a forest-based bioeconomy approach to forest resource management. The policy must be strengthened in managing relationships among supporting actors for sustainable honey production.

Comparison of the mitochondrial genomes of three geographical strains of Apis laboriosa indicates high genetic diversity in the black giant honeybee (Hymenoptera: Apidae).

Apis laboriosa is the largest honeybee that lives mainly on cliff faces, with strong migratory ability. In this study, we firstly sequenced and assembled two complete mitochondrial genomes of A. laboriosa isolated from two distant locations in China (Chongqing and Shangri-La regions). Combined with the published mitochondrial genome of A. laboriosa from Nepal, comparative genomic analyses were conducted to gain insight into the genetic diversity of giant honeybees from different geographical distributions. The mitochondrial genomes of A. laboriosa from Chongqing and Shangri-La regions were 15,579 and 15,683 bp in length, respectively, both larger than that from Nepal with the length of 15,510 bp. Three mitochondrial genomes all harbor 37 common genes and present the same AT bias and the frequency of codon usage. However, the fragments including COX1, SSUrRNA, LSUrRNA, and the AT-rich region of the mitochondrial genome from Shangri-La region demonstrate distinctive insertions and deletions compared to those from Chongqing and Nepal regions. Phylogenetic trees of mitochondrial genomes show that A. laboriosa from Chongqing is most closely related to that from Nepal, rather than to Shangri-La. Genetic distance between Shangri-La and Chongqing or Nepal was even larger than that between the various subspecies of Apis mellifera. Overall, these results unmark that A. laboriosa in different geographical distributions can exhibit high genetic diversity at the mitochondrial genomic level, and therein, A. laboriosa from Shangri-La may be the subspecies. All these studies will contribute to our understanding of the geographical distribution and genetic differentiation of black giant honeybee in Asian region.

PERANCANGAN DAN ANALISIS PENGARUH KEMASAN MADU HUTAN KECAMATAN LUNYUK BESERTA ATRIBUT PENDUKUNGNYA TERHADAP MINAT BELI KONSUMEN

Apis dorsata forest honey is one of the superior products from Lunyuk District, Sumbawa. Not a few Sumbawa people believe that forest honey products from this area have better quality than other areas in Sumbawa Regency. Unfortunately, so far, people in Lunyuk District still manage these products conventionally, including the packaging, which mostly still uses used mineral water bottles or other plastic bottles attached with labels that are easily damaged. This study aims to design forest honey product packaging in Lunyuk District which has a role to increase market opportunities for honey producers in the region. In addition, for consumers, packaging is very useful to get information related to the honey product. The method used in this research is to use a questionnaire that applies a preference scale to 150 respondents consisting of educators and lecturers at the Sumbawa University of Technology. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling. The results showed that the price of honey, the design and size of the forest honey packaging that had been prepared, as well as other supporting attributes of the packaging had a significant effect on buying interest in forest honey in Lunyuk District. In addition, the independent variable (X) can explain 42.5% of the dependent variance (Y) where the remaining 57.5% is influenced by other variables not explained in this study.

Stinging News: ‘Dickinsonia’ discovered in the Upper Vindhyan of India not worth the buzz

A recent report of Dickinsonia tenuis ‘hiding in plain sight’ at the Bhimbetka rock shelters in rocks of the Maihar sandstone (Upper Vindhyan) has important implications for paleogeography and the age of the Upper Vindhyan. We visited the site in December 2022 and found the evidence for Dickisonia lacking. The ‘fossil’ resembles decayed parts of modern Apis dorsata (giant honeybees) hives. In this contribution, we note the structural similarities between “Dickinsonia” and honey and pollen stores of recently decayed bee nests. A closer view of the photos provided in the original paper reveals honeycombed structures within the purported fossil. We also note that the fossil is not located on a bedding surface and is not a part of the rock, but rather is attached as a ‘tracery of waxy material’ above the surface. The remaining paleogeographic conclusions of that paper are also negated by this new discovery.

MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE DIFFERENT HONEYBEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) SPECIES FROM BANGLADESH

The honeybee is an eusocial species that plays an important role in conservation, pollination, and environmental protection. In Bangladesh, apiculture has become a profitable venture for the last few decades. Taking into account the potential of different honeybee species in pollinating and producing bee products, knowledge of different species can help maximize the production of bee products and increase pollination. To identify these species using their morphometric characteristics, three samples of honey species, namely Apis mellifera L., Apis cerana F., and Apis dorsata F. were collected to analyze their morphometric characteristics. Approximately 172 worker honeybee samples were collected from 24 colonies in 7 districts of Bangladesh. For each of the collected samples, 22 (22) morphometric characters were measured in the entomology laboratory of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University. Analysis of variance was performed to understand the variability of the morphometric characters between honeybee species, which indicated that the morphometric characters are suitable for identifying honeybee species. The principal component analysis delineated three morphometric characters (along with their morphometric characters in parentheses): The distance of the cubular vein a (19), longitudinal length of the forewing (17), and the angle of venation of the forewing B4 (22), which contributed the most to the variance. Classification of honeybee species using multilayer perceptron considering only these three morphometric characters achieved an accuracy of 100% while significantly reducing the overall computation required. The findings of this study can be helpful in identifying the discriminating morphometric characteristics of the honeybee for improving the apiculture sector in Bangladesh.

Effect of dietary honey supplementation on weight growth performance of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)

This study aimed to identify the effect of local bee (Apis dorsata) honey as a feed additive on the growth performance of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). The honey was supplemented at 1%, 2%, and 3% per kg diet. The test fish were reared for 35 days in a net placed in a floating-net cage (KJA). The results showed that the dietary honey supplementation affected the absolute weight and specific growth rate (p<0.05). The supplementation of 3% honey per kg diet obtained the highest growth performance compared to other treatments with the weight growth at 42.43 ± 12.78 g, specific growth rate at 1.21 ± 0.37 g/day and survival rate at 100%. The water quality parameters in the rearing tank of test fish were eligible based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) of 01-6493.1-2000 about water quality for Asian seabass grow-out rearing.

Insect pollinator diversity and their foraging behaviour in Radish, Raphanus sativus L.

Radish is a cross-pollinated crop and honey bees are essential for its pollination. In the present investigation, the diversity and abundance of insect pollinators and additionally their visitation rate and frequency were also studied during 2019 and 2020. The foraging observations were noted at 08:00–10:00 hours (early morning foraging activity), 10:00-12:00 hours (late morning foraging activity), 12:00-14:00 hours (noon foraging activity), and 14:00-16:00 hours (afternoon foraging activity). The results revealed that nine species of bees, five flies, three butterflies, and three wasps species visited the flowers of radish during the study period. Apis florea, Apis mellifera, and Apis dorsata were the dominant pollinator species with 132-201, 110-130, and 90-115 individuals, respectively during the study duration. The maximum foraging activity of the dominant pollinators was observed at 14:00 hrs followed by 12:00 hrs whereas the minimum foraging activity was recorded in the early morning hours at 08:00. The frequency of floral visitors varied greatly, with A. florea (14.50-15.80 visits/flower/5 min) being the most frequent, followed by A. mellifera (9.80-11.00 visits/flower/5 min) and A. dorsata (8.30–9.40 visits/flower/5 min) in both seasons. Similarly, A. florea had statistically higher visitation rate (26.93–27.40 flowers visited/min) followed by A. mellifera (15.93–16.00 flowers visited/min) and A. dorsata (12.62-15.13 flowers visited/min). The findings suggested that A. florea, A. mellifera, and A. dorsata may be efficient radish pollinators. Therefore, on a commercial scale, these three species can be effectively used to increase crop yields.

Effects of Apis dorsata Honey on the mRNA Expression of Selected CYP450, Pro-apoptotic, and Anti-apoptotic Genes during Induced Cytotoxicity in Cyclophosphamide-treated Human Lung Carcinoma (A549) Cells

Effects of Apis dorsata Honey on the mRNA Expression of Selected CYP450, Pro-apoptotic, and Anti-apoptotic Genes during Induced Cytotoxicity in Cyclophosphamide-treated Human Lung Carcinoma (A549) Cells

The Effect of Administering Apis dorsata Forest Honey on Liver Histopathological Changes of Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Exposed to Physical Stress

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Apis dorsata forest honey on the liver histopathological changes of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to physical stress. This study used 24 rats which were divided into 4 groups. The positive control group (C+) was only given a stressor and distilled water orally, the treatment group 1 (T1) was given a stressor + honey 2g/rat/day, T2 was given a stressor + honey 4g/rat/day, and T3 was given a stressor + honey 6g/rat/day. All treatments were carried out within 14 days. The results showed that there was a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between the C+ control group (3.44a ± 0.622; 3.52a ± 0.109; 1.76a ± 0.384) and the treatment group1 /T1 (1.13b ± 0.389; 2, 48c ± 0.438; 0.84b ± 0.260) in terms of reduced level of liver damage, however, there was no significant difference (p&gt; 0.05) between the C+ control group (3.44a ± 0.622 ; 3 .52a ± 0.109; 1.76a ± 0.384) and treatment group2 / T2 (3.72a ± 0.268; 3.64ab ± 0.260; 1.90a ± 0.400) and T3 (3.84a ± 0.167; 3.88a ± 0.178; 2 .48a ± 0.840). It can be concluded that the administration of Apis dorsata honey to rats exposed to physical stress within 14 days can reduce the level of liver damage with an effective dose of 2g/rat/day. However, excessive consumption of honey causes adverse effects on the liver as seen in the T2 and T3 treatment groups with doses of honey 4g/rat/day and 6g/rat/day which can increase the risk of liver damage.