Giant Cell Tumor Research Articles

Repercussions of Denosumab in Patients With Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: An Observational Study

Repercussions of Denosumab in Patients With Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: An Observational Study

Synovial chondromatosis: Rare involvement of metacarpophalangeal joint and diagnostic challenges in MR imaging.

Synovial chondromatosis (SC) is a rare benign tumor of the cartilaginous tissue that frequently affects large joints intra-articularly. Characteristic imaging findings were reported for the diagnosis of SC. Herein, we report a case of SC of the metacarpophalangeal joint with atypical MRI findings. Considering the clinical presentation, erosion, absence of calcification on X-ray and CT, and low intensity on short tau inversion recovery (STIR), tenosynovial giant cell tumor was the initially diagnosis. However, histopathological findings revealed SC with fibrosis, which was confirmed using Elastica Van Gieson (EVG) staining. In general, low intensity on STIR in SC indicate calcification; however, it can also represent fibrosis in SC. In this case, the diagnosis of SC using MRI was limited highlighting the importance of histopathological findings for an accurate diagnosis of SC.

Various hand tumors: over 20 years of clinical experience in Korea

Purpose: Although the hand only constitutes 2% of the body, it is a site where a wide variety of tumors occur, and the results of surgery substantially impact its function. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis and appropriate selection of individual treatment strategies are very important. This study reviewed the diagnostic characteristics and clinical features of surgically treated hand tumors at our facility.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 65 patients who underwent surgery for suspected hand tumors at our institution between 2003 and 2020. Data, including patient demographics, diagnosis, pathology, type of surgery, comorbidities, and tumor characteristics (e.g., location and tumor size), were collected from medical records.Results: In total, 59 (90.7%) and six patients (9.3%) were diagnosed with benign and malignant tumors, respectively. Ganglion cysts were the most common tumors (n=11), followed by vascular anomalies (n=10), epidermoid cysts (n=7), and glomus tumors (n=4). There were four cases of bone tumors (6.2%), including one chondroma, one chondrosarcoma, and two giant cell tumors. In 53 cases with an imaging workup, the pathological diagnosis was concordant in 44 cases. Of the nine cases with inconsistent results, eight were tumors located in the finger; this association was significant (p=0.048).Conclusion: In this study, ganglion cyst and squamous cell carcinoma were the most common benign and malignant tumors, respectively, and four cases of bone tumors were found. Radiologic misdiagnosis was more frequent in finger tumors than in other tumors. Thus, hand tumors, especially those suspected to be malignant, should be assessed using a multidisciplinary approach.

Effect of denosumab in treatment of unresectable spine and sacrum giant cell tumor of bone.

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a rare tumor of the bone that is locally invasive. Surgery is the primary treatment that is usually done by intralesional curettage. In pelvis and spine surgery may be associated with high rate of complications, recently, Denosumab has been proposed for the treatment of these tumors in latter anatomical regions. Denosumab may be administered alone or as an adjuvant to surgery. This study aimed to assess the treatment effects of Denosumab in patients with unresectable GCTB. This study was a case series. Patients with unresectable GCTB of vertebra and sacrum were enrolled in this study. Patients received 120mg of monthly Denosumab and additional doses on days 8th and 15th of treatment. Images of patients before and after treatment were evaluated. Nine patients with a median age of 30 years with spine and sacrum GCTB were included in this study. The median time of treatment with denosumab was 28 months (range: 3-67). Tumor control was seen in all patients. According to Inverse Choi density/size (ICDS), criteria objective response (complete response and partial response) was seen in 8 patients, and one had stable disease. Based on CT scan images, in 4 patients (44.44%), less than 50% of the transverse diameter of the tumor became ossified, and in the other five patients (55.55%), more than 50% of the tumor's transverse diameter became ossified. The median tumor volume before treatment was 829 cm3, and after treatment was 504cm3 which was significantly reduced (P = 0.005). No complication related to therapy was seen. Tumor response was seen in all patients, and tumor control according to ICDS criteria was evident in all cases. This finding was in line with previous studies. Clinical improvement of signs and symptoms was also seen in all patients. Generally, our study demonstrates a sustained clinical benefit and tumor response with Denosumab, as tumor response ≥ 24 weeks was evident in all cases. No side effects were seen in patients despite long-term treatment with Denosumab.

Tenosynovial giant cell tumours: experience at an Australian tertiary referral centre for musculoskeletal tumours with minimum two-year follow-up

AimsTenosynovial giant cell tumour (TGCT) is a rare benign tumour of the musculoskeletal system. Surgical management is fraught with challenges due to high recurrence rates. The aim of this study was to describe surgical treatment and evaluate surgical outcomes of TGCT at an Australian tertiary referral centre for musculoskeletal tumours and to identify factors affecting recurrence rates.MethodsA prospective database of all patients with TGCT surgically managed by two orthopaedic oncology surgeons was reviewed. All cases irrespective of previous treatment were included and patients without follow-up were excluded. Pertinent tumour characteristics and surgical outcomes were collected for analysis.ResultsThere were 111 total cases included in the study; 71 (64%) were female, the mean age was 36 years (SD 13.6), and the knee (n = 64; 57.7%) was the most commonly affected joint. In all, 60 patients (54.1%) had diffuse-type (D-TGCT) disease, and 94 patients (84.7%) presented therapy-naïve as "primary cases" (PC). The overall recurrence rate was 46.8% for TGCT. There was a statistically significant difference in recurrence rates between D-TGCT and localized disease (75.0% vs 13.7%, relative risk (RR) 3.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.17 to 5.34; p < 0.001), and for those who were referred in the ”revision cases” (RC) group compared to the PC group (82.4% vs 48.9%, RR 1.68, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.28; p = 0.011). Age, sex, tumour volume, and mean duration of symptoms were not associated with recurrence (p > 0.05).ConclusionRecurrence rates remain high even at a tertiary referral hospital. Highest rates are seen in D-TGCT and “revision cases”. Due to the risks of recurrence, the complexity of surgery, and the need for adjuvant therapy, this paper further supports the management of TGCT in a tertiary referral multi-disciplinary orthopaedic oncology service.Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(11):846–852.

Giant Cell Tumor: Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestation

A giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) as known as a benign bone tumor (neoplasm) is aggressive locally and frequently recurs, and it is characterized by the growth of mononuclear stromal cells and datia cells that resemble osteoclasts. GCTB has varying incidence rates and has been shown to have high mortality. GCTB patients have several treatment options, but the majority of patients still experience recurrence and even metastasis to other organs. This literature review aims to explain more deeply about Giant Cell Tumor (GCT) starting from the definition, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment options so that patients get a better prognosis. This literature review was conducted using the keywords "Giant Cell Tumor AND pathogenesis AND clinical manifestation" from PubMed dan Google Scholar. The results of the literature review carried out are that the molecular and biological pathogenesis of GCTB consists of 4 processes, namely tumorigenesis of neoplastic mononuclear stromal cells, generation of reactive multinucleated giant cells, bone resorption/migration, and bone matrix remodeling for angiogenesis, invasiveness, and metastasis. Besides, the histological picture of GCTB contains "reactive" osteoclasts such as multinucleated giant cells (Giant Cells/GC), round cells such as macrophages and spindle stromal cells such as "neoplastic" fibroblasts (mononuclear stromal cells/SC) which are important findings in establishing the diagnosis. In conclusion, staging and management are very important to produce a better prognosis and reduce recurrence rates in GCTB patients.

Is higher body mass index associated with secondary osteoarthritis in patients treated with bone cement for benign aggressive bone tumors? Long-term evaluation of 43 patients

BackgroundThis study was designed to investigate the secondary osteoarthritis rate in patients with benign aggressive bone tumors treated with curettage and cementing at long-term follow up. MethodsPatients diagnosed with benign aggressive bone tumor (giant cell or aneurysmal bone cyst), treated with extended curettage and cementation with polymethylmethacrylate, who had a minimum of 60 months of follow up after surgery were included in this study. After definitive diagnoses were confirmed by a histopathologist, we decided to perform standard surgical management. Osteoarthritis was staged radiologically using the Kellgren–Lawrence scoring system, and the contralateral knees of the patients were used as the control group. Based on the Kellgren–Lawrence classification system, stages 3 and 4 were accepted as the existence of osteoarthritis. Body mass index, the distance to the subchondral joint line, tumor mass volume, the location of the tumor (i.e., femur, tibia, medial condyle, or lateral condyle), age, and sex were also investigated, all of which are factors that can affect the occurrence of osteoarthritis. ResultsForty-three patients, 24 male (56%) and 19 female (44%), were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 29.5 ± 10 years, and mean follow up duration was 128.7 months. Tumor localization was the distal femur in 20 patients (46.5%) and the proximal tibia in 23 patients (53.5%). The mean tumor mass volume was 77.84 cm3 and the distance to the knee joint subchondral line was 3.2 ± 2 mm. According to this scoring system, 14 patients were at stage 0, 10 patients were at stage 1, 10 patients were at stage 2, four patients were at stage 3, and five patients were at stage 4. When we compared osteoarthritis development, the affected knee had a significantly higher rate of osteoarthritis development than the contralateral knee. A univariate analysis demonstrated that age (P = 0.002) and body mass index (P = 0.045) were associated with secondary osteoarthritis. Moreover, multivariate analysis demonstrated that none of the variables were independently associated with secondary osteoarthritis. ConclusionPatients with contralateral osteoarthritis had bilateral knee osteoarthritis, indicating that primary osteoarthritis progressed in both knees. Seven of the 43 patients (16.2%) showed secondary osteoarthritis. Although age and body mass index were associated with secondary osteoarthritis in univariate analysis, none of the variables were independently associated with secondary osteoarthritis in the multivariate analysis.

Oral management of patients treated with denosumab for giant cell tumor of bone: A retrospective study at the University Hospitals of Strasbourg

ObjectivesGiant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is defined as a rare intermediate-grade mesenchymal tumor. The first-line treatment was surgery but since the 2010s, denosumab is a medical therapeutic option that can stop progression of GCTBs with a high efficiency. Osteochimionecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a well-documented oral complication associated to denosumab implying careful oro-dental follow-up. So far, GCTB patients constitute a particular subgroup of denosumab-treated patients for whom very few studies about orodental care are described. Materials and methodsAll patients diagnosed with GCTB and treated by denosumab therapy and who had oro-dental follow-up were included. Nine patients received denosumab as adjuvant and/or neoadjuvant treatment of surgery and one patient received denosumab as an exclusive therapy. Denosumab was temporary stopped in case of a serious adverse event like ONJ. ResultsOf the 10 patients enrolled in this study, 8 started denosumab after undergoing one or more GCTB resection surgeries, and 1 patient was started on denosumab early on because surgery was considered too harmful. Only one patient benefited from denosumab treatment without tumor resection. All patients except one received an oral examination prior to initiation of denosumab treatment, the mean DMFT index was 9.8 and 4 patients had a poor periodontal status. In 5 of our 10 patients, denosumab therapy have been disturbed in order to manage one ONJ and 7 tooth extraction. ConclusionOro-dental status can strongly influence denosumab therapy in GCTB patients that's why a close collaboration is required between oncologist and oral surgeon.

Clinical retrospective analysis with a predictive model for diffused-tenosynovial giant cell tumors of the temporomandibular joint

BackgroundThis study aimed to find out the characteristics in relation to tumor recurrence in diffused-tenosynovial giant cell tumor of temporomandibular joint and to develop and validate the prognostic model for personalized prediction.MethodsFrom April 2009 to January 2021, patients with diffused-tenosynovial giant cell tumor of temporomandibular joint at a single center were included in this study. The clinical features and local recurrence-free survival were assessed through the expression of the Ki-67 index and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor expression. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on the prognostic factors for local recurrence-free survival. An independent predictor nomogram and pertinent tumor characteristics were included.ResultsThe retrospective study enrolling seventy eligible patients at the Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. During the follow-up time, eleven patients suffered tumor recurrence. Age was an independent risk factor for local recurrence-free survival (P = 0.032). The Ki-67 index varied significantly in different sites (P = 0.034) and tumor volume (P = 0.017). Multivariate logistic regression was used to develop the prediction model using both statistical significance and prognostic indicators. The C-index of the nomogram based on age, site, Ki-67, and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor was 0.833. These variates provided good predicted accuracy for a nomogram on local recurrence-free survival. Diffused-tenosynovial giant cell tumor from the temporomandibular joint is extremely uncommon, and certain clinical traits are linked to the tumor proliferation index.ConclusionsWe identified the risk indicators and developed a nomogram in this study to forecast the likelihood of local recurrence-free survival in patients with diffused-tenosynovial giant cell tumor from temporomandibular joint.

CD147 expression as a recurrence and metastatic marker in giant cell tumor of the bone

CD147 expression as a recurrence and metastatic marker in giant cell tumor of the bone

398P Evaluation of the effectiveness of denosumab therapy giant cell tumor of the pelvis

398P Evaluation of the effectiveness of denosumab therapy giant cell tumor of the pelvis

Giant Cell Tumor in the Proximal Femur of an Eight-Year-Old Boy: A Case Report

Background: Giant cell tumor (GCT) is a benign aggressive bone tumor that occurs mostly in young adult patients after puberty. The most common location is around the knee joint. Occurrence in pre-puberty pediatric patients is very rare and accounts for 1.8% to 10% of all known GCTs.
 Case Report: Here, we report an eight-year-old boy who complained of pain and loss of range of motion (ROM) in the right hip. Radiological and pathological studies revealed GCT of the femoral head with joint expansion. We treated the patient by wide resection and osteochondral allograft reconstruction.
 Conclusion: We believe this is the first reported case of GCT in the proximal femoral bone of pediatric patients, which is proven by pathology. Studying the current case may help tumor surgeons to become aware of this possibility.

The Knee Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor: A Deceptive Case Report with Non-Specific Presentations

Background: Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) is a rare hyperplastic disease of the synovial membrane of the joint with a high recurrence rate and tumor-like features, affecting large joints such as the hip, knee, and ankle. Dull and chronic pain is common, as is swelling of the joint, which can make definitive diagnosis difficult. The gold standard of treatment is complete resection of the lesion. In this case report, we present a TGCT at the knee joint of an adult patient with nonspecific clinical presentation.
 Case Report: We present a 33-year-old male patient who presented with chronic swelling, warm sensation, and limited range of motion (ROM) in the knee. He had no history of trauma and infectious disease had been ruled out. After several nonspecific orthopedic procedures and inadequate treatment of signs and symptoms, he was finally diagnosed with local TGCT.
 Conclusion: To make the correct diagnosis, the unusual and somehow deceptive clinical presentation of TGCT must be considered.

Toronto extremity salvage score-patient reported outcome measures in upper extremity bone tumors treated with limb salvage surgery

Bone and soft tissue tumors of upper extremity are relatively uncommon than those of lower limb. Treating these patients while retaining a functional limb is quite a challenge. Along with musculoskeletal tumor society score, Toronto extremity salvage score (TESS) is most widely used patient-reported outcome measure for sarcomas of upper extremity. Retrospective analysis of patients with upper extremity bone tumors (24) treated with limb salvage surgery (20) from 2014 to 2022 was undertaken. Mean follow-up period was 26 months and mean age was 30.2 years. Out of 20, 11 humerus cases were of tumors arising from humerus, 5 in radius and 3 in ulna. 9 patients were treated with custom mega prosthesis reconstruction, 6 with fibular free flap, 6 radius underwent simple resection and 1 curettage. Majority of the cases were giant cell tumors (8) followed by osteosarcoma (3), fibromatosis (3), aneurysmal bone cyst (2), simple bone cyst (2), 1 Ewing sarcoma and 1 metastatic bone disease. The mean TESS score of the sample population was 69.7 Most of the patients (11) rated their disability to be of moderate degree and considered themselves to be moderately disabled. The mean TESS score for CMP group was 71.1, while that of autograft reconstruction was 68.3. Despite only half the population having received CMP as a reconstructive option, nearly 40% patients with disease of forearm where the results are not so great, our study population reported a reasonably good patient reported outcome score. A dedicated physiotherapy team with tailor made exercise protocol for each patient depending on their needs can help in improving the quality of life.

Hand and finger, ultrasound-guided, percutaneous core needle biopsies: A safe procedure with high diagnostic accuracy.

To determine the diagnostic accuracy and complication rates of ultrasound-guided, percutaneous core needle biopsies of soft tissue masses in the hand and fingers. Reports from all ultrasound-guided procedures between 21 May 2014 and 17 March 2022 were queried for keywords including "hand", OR "finger", AND "biopsy". Patient demographics, lesion size and location, biopsy needle gauge and the number of cores obtained were recorded. The final pathology of the mass excision was then compared with the core needle biopsy (CNB) for each patient. Sixty-six records were reviewed, and 37 patients met inclusion criteria. Maximum lesion diameter averaged 1.45 cm with a range between 0.4 and 4.3 cm. The frequency of needle gauges used was 14G (14%), 16G (24%), 18G (38%), 20G (11%) and 'not reported' (14%). The mean number of tissue cores obtained was 2.9 (SD 1.2; range 1 to 6), excluding nine cases that reported 'multiple'. The frequency of CNB diagnoses included tenosynovial giant cell tumour (TGCT) at 30%, ganglion cyst at 11% and epidermal inclusion cyst at 5%. CNB was 100% sensitive in detecting the three (8%) malignancies. Of the 37 tumours biopsied, 16 were surgically excised. One angiomyoma was originally diagnosed as a haemangioma on CNB, but all other histologic results were concordant for a diagnostic accuracy of 97%. Small soft tissue masses in the hands and fingers, even those less than 1 cm, are often amenable to ultrasound-guided CNB. Performance under image guidance facilitates retrieval of core specimens adquate for histologic diagnosis with relatively few passes using higher gauge needles. Overall, ultrasound-guided CNB of the hand and fingers is safe and highly accurate in diagnosing soft tissue tumours. The accuracy is unrelated to the needle's gauge, the number of passes and the size of the lesions.

Real-World Patient Experience of Pexidartinib for Tenosynovial Giant-Cell Tumor.

Pexidartinib (Turalio) is the only systemic therapy approved by the FDA for the treatment of adult patients with symptomatic tenosynovial giant-cell tumor (TGCT) associated with severe morbidity or functional limitations, and not amenable to improvement with surgery. This study assessed patient-reported treatment experiences and symptom improvement among patients receiving pexidartinib. A cross-sectional, web-based survey collected data on demographics, disease history, pexidartinib dosing, and symptoms before and after pexidartinib use. Of 288 patients enrolled in the Turalio REMS program in May 2021, 83 completed the survey: mean age was 44.2 years, 62.7% were female, and most common tumor sites were in knee (61%) and ankle (12%). Mean initial dose was 622 mg/day: 29 patients reported reduction from initial dose and 8 had dose reduction after titrating up to a higher dose. At the time of survey completion, median time on pexidartinib was 6.0 months; 22 (26.5%) patients discontinued pexidartinib due to physician suggestion, abnormal laboratory results, side effect, or symptom improvement. Compared with before pexidartinib initiation, most patients reported improvement in overall TGCT symptom (78.3%) and physical function (77.2%) during pexidartinib treatment. Significant improvement was reported during pexidartinib treatment in worst stiffness numeric rating scale (NRS) (3.0 vs. 6.2, P < .05) and worst pain NRS (2.7 vs. 5.7, P < .05). Findings from this cross-sectional survey confirmed the benefit of pexidartinib in improving symptoms and functional outcomes among patients with symptomatic TGCTs from the patients' perspective. Future research is warranted to examine the long-term benefit and risk of pexidartinib.

The Use of Free Fibula Flap in Different Extremities and Our Clinical Results.

Background and objectives Plastic, orthopedic, otolaryngology, and oromaxillofacial surgery specialists rely on fibula grafts to solve reconstructive problems. The aim of this study is to discuss the use and results of vascular fibula flaps in the treatment of bone and soft tissue defects in various regions with different etiologies. Materials and methods In our clinic, we treated 32 patients with osteocutaneous fibular flaps due to bone and soft tissue defects of different etiologies and varying anatomical regions. In our study, age, gender, side, cause of injury, surgical technique, treatment results, and complications were evaluated for each patient. Results Of the 32 patients, 25 were male, and 7 were female. The average age is 37.2 (27-56). The mean bone defect size was 10.45 cm. Bone defect occurred in eight patients due to osteomyelitis, eleven patients due to gunshot wounds, nine patients due to pseudoarthrosis, and four patients due to a giant cell tumor. We applied osteocutaneous fibula flap in 27 patients and vascularized fibular flap in five patients. Bone union could not be achieved in four patients, and bone grafting was performed as a secondary surgery. Local infection occurred in five patients, and their treatment was completed with debridement and antibiotic administration. Wound complications occurred in three patients at the donor site, which were treated with debridement and skin grafting. The mean duration of radiological union was three months, and complete union was achieved in the seventh month. Conclusions We have shown in our case series that free vascularized fibula transfer has gained an important place in the field of skeletal reconstruction and is a reliable method for various bone reconstructions.

Uterine giant cell tumor of soft tissue: A case report.

Giant cell tumor of soft tissue (GCT-ST) is a rare primary soft tissue tumor. GCT-ST mainly occurs in the trunk and extremities. There is no standard treatment for GCT-ST. This paper reports a rare case of primary uterine GCT-ST. A 48-year-old female patient underwent a transabdominal subhysterectomy for uterine leiomyoma. Postoperative pathological examination showed GCT-ST with unclear tissue boundary (10.0 × 6.0 × 5.0 cm). A small amount of GCT-ST tissue could be seen on the local edge of the leiomyoma. Residual tumor tissue was found around the uterine cavity. The patient reported persistent lower abdominal distension pain 3 months after the operation. Pelvic and abdominal imaging showed a huge tumor and multiple pelvic and abdominal organ metastasis. No pulmonary metastasis was found. Exploratory surgery revealed widespread metastases in the abdominal and peritoneal cavities, involving both ovaries, right tubal serous membrane, appendix serous membrane, bladder, pelvic peritoneum, and abdominal wall incision. After surgery, the patient had 6 cycles of docetaxel and carboplatin but stopped treatments due to economic reasons. The patient died 3 months later because of multiple organs failure. GCT-ST is generally benign but has unpredictable behavior. A massive recurrence with wide invasion is possible after subtotal resection.

Clinical Observation of Acute Intestinal Obstruction Caused by Giant Granulosa Cell Tumour of the Ovary

Ovarian granulosa cell tumours (OGCT) are non-epithelial neoplasms of the ovaries and belong to the group of granulosa-stromal tumours. The most likely source of these tumours’ development is granulosis of the primordial follicles of the ovary as a result of hormonal imbalance.&#x0D; The aim of the study is to represent a clinical observation of acute intestinal obstruction caused by a giant ovarian granulosa cell macrofollicular tumour.&#x0D; A woman, aged 52 years, medical history № 2579, was admitted to the surgical department of Communal Non-Profit Enterprise (CNPE) City Clinical Hospital (CCH) № 1 in Ivano-Frankivsk as an urgent patient with complaints of nausea, vomiting, delayed passage of flatus and defecation, general malaise, abdominal distention. During the laboratory and instrumental examination, a giant tumour of the abdominal cavity was revealed; it has led to the compression of internal organs and the development of small- and large-intestinal obstruction. The operation was performed: middle-median laparoscopy, removal of a giant cyst of the right ovary. Complete hysterectomy with appendages, drainage of the abdominal cavity were also performed.&#x0D; During the operation, a giant tumour with dimensions of 65x70x50 cm, of dense but elastic consistency, pale-pink in color, with multiple chambers of different diameters filled with cloudy, yellow liquid was revealed. The removed uterus with appendages and a large omentum were also given for pathological examination. Pathohistological examination results included: 15824-8- granulosa-cell ovarian tumour; 15815-7- uterus - plethora; 15818-20-ovary - white bodies, fallopian tube - chronic salpingitis; 15812-4- omentum - focal hemorrhages. The postoperative period was uneventful, the patient was referred to a gynecologist-oncologist for consultation and treatment.

Progress of research on the diagnosis and treatment of bone cystic echinococcosis.

Bone cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most complex and dangerous of all echinococcoses. The lack of typical imaging features and clinical manifestations makes diagnosis and treatment of this disease difficult. X-ray and computed tomography (CT) images of bone CE are similar to those of bone cysts, giant-cell bone tumors, and bone metastases, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows good diagnostic value due to excellent soft-tissue imaging features. Serological tests cannot be used as a definitive diagnostic method for bone CE due to cross-reactivity, which can lead to false-positive or false-negative results. The development of novel antigens can open new frontiers in the diagnosis of the disease. Currently, views conflict on how to diagnose and treat bone CE. Both surgical and pharmacological treatments can be used, but determining which is appropriate is difficult due to the different sites and clinical manifestations of bone CE. Radical resection is not indicated for large-bone injuries, and Pharmacotherapy becomes important. This article reviews the progress of research into the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of, and diagnostic strategies and treatment options for, bone CE. We aimed to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and -treatment options.