GHz Wireless Applications Research Articles

A review on microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication systems at 3.5 GHz

This article presents a review of several microstrip patch antennas for 3.5 GHz wireless applications. Different substrate materials, FR-4 (loss), FR-4 Epoxy, Rogers RT/droid 5880, TLC-30, and Rogers RT/droid 5880 LZ, are used. In recent years, wireless antenna applications have increased, including biomedical appliances, internet of things (IoT) terminals, edge devices, radars, mobile phones, and many more. In this work, several articles were reviewed and investigated, and several microstrip patch antennas with a resonance frequency of 3.5 GHz were designed using different substrate materials and shapes. This article also discussed the geometric shapes of antennas, antenna properties, sizes of substrate materials, loss tangent, thickness, return loss, bandwidth, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, efficiency, and directivity. Several software is used for design and simulation, including computer simulation technology (CST), high-frequency simulation frequency (HFSS), and advanced design system (ADS), FEKO, and MATLAB. The main goal of this paper is to talk about different wireless application papers that work in the S-band at a frequency of 3.5 GHz and have been published in various international journals and conferences.

Compact metamaterial-based single/double-negative/near-zero index resonator for 5G sub-6 GHz wireless applications

The concept, performance, and analyses of distinctive, miniaturized metamaterial (MTM) unit cell addressing the forthcoming Sub 6 GHz 5G applications are presented in this paper. Two circular split-ring resonators (CSRR) with two parallel rectangular copper elements in front of the design and a slotted square element in the background make up the suggested metamaterial. It has a line segment with tunable features that is positioned in the center of the little ring copper structure. The suggested design offers a significant operating frequency band of 220 MHz together with a resonance of transmission coefficient S21 at 3.5 GHz. Furthermore, in two (z & x) principal axes of wave propagation, wide-range achievement, single/double-negative (S/DNG) refractive index, negative permittivity, and near-zero permeability properties were demonstrated. Through varying central slotted-strip line length, resonance frequencies can be selectively altered. Moreover, the metamaterial has overall dimensions of 9 × 9 mm2 and is composed on a Rogers 5880 RT substrate. In order to create the suggested MTM's equivalent circuit, which shows similar coefficient of transmission (S21), a proposed design’s numerical simulation is carried out in the CST micro-wave studio. This simulation is after that put to comparison with manufacturing of the design.

Direct Digital RF Transceiver Technology for Millimeter‐Wave DBF Systems

AbstractDigital RF technology has been developed and has been applied to below 6 GHz wireless applications. By replacing the IC die consumptive RF/analog circuit blocks by digital signal processor and circuit, digital rich/small transceivers can be realized. Since the foundation of this technology is based on the Nyquist theory, the operational frequency of the circuit has been limited by the Nyquist frequency (=1/2 of sampling clock frequency). As a result, the maximum operational RF frequency of existing digital RF technology was below 6 GHz. In this paper, a new direct digital RF technology that utilizes the higher‐order Nyquist zones is introduced. This technology enables handling RF signal in beyond Nyquist frequency range which means over 6 GHz range. The results of fabricated 26/28 GHz‐band transmitter/receiver are reviewed. Since the transceiver architecture with the proposed technologies does not require an RF local oscillator and up/down converters, it is suitable for microwave/millimeter‐wave multi‐antenna systems such as next generation satellite on‐board digital beam forming and Beyond 5G fully digital Massive multiple‐input multiple‐output systems.

Shorting pins-based triple band circularly polarized modified monopole compact dual-port MIMO antenna for sub-6 GHz wireless applications

A shorting pin-based, compact two-port MIMO, modified monopole antenna with high isolation, circular polarization (CP) and pattern diversity is presented for 5G wireless applications. The antenna shows −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 550 MHz (0.95 GHz–1.50 GHz), 320 MHz (3.35 GHz–3.67 GHz), and 410 MHz (5.01 GHz–5.42 GHz) with excellent isolation of over −20 dB within all three operating bands. The antenna is circularly polarized and provides an axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 100 MHz, 300 MHz, and 150 MHz centered at 1.2 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.2 GHz, respectively. To maintain the compact size at L-Band (along with two other bands) and high isolation, three modified monopoles are extended on the bottom layer of the antenna through shorting pins. An in-built isolator is integrated on its ground plane to suppress the mutual coupling between both ports of the proposed MIMO antenna. The antenna is fabricated on Rogers RO4350B substrate of an overall dimension of 34 × 38 × 1.52 mm3 (0.20λ0 × 0.22λ0 × 0.009λ0). The proposed antenna exhibits pattern diversity. The antenna's performance is also evaluated for MIMO system criteria by analyzing various diversity parameters. The proposed antenna is easy to fabricate and can be integrated with other MMIC components.

Design and implementation of hybrid fed array antennae for Sub-6 GHz and 5G mm-wave communication and wireless applications

Abstract This paper proposes fractal-inspired array antennae for wideband applications. The proposed antennae have a resonance frequency range of 20–40 GHz. The modified fractal antennae are fabricated with a height of 1.6 mm, substrate width, and length of 100, 50, 25, and 18.75 mm2, and a simulated result shows that the gain is increased to 11.04, 11.9, 8.4, and 6 dBi, and the designed antennae radiate power with directivity of 11.3, 13.4, 9.29, and 7.17 dBi concerning proposed designs A, B, C, and D, respectively. The proposed antennae with 5G New Radio (NR) bands have more radiation concerning resonate frequencies in the 20–40 GHz range with Φ = 0°, Φ = 90°, and θ = 90°. Moreover, the bandwidths for applications covered in the 5G NR and sub-6G are 1.92, 0.73, 0.7, 2.4, 1.3, 5.3, and 1.26 GHz, and 3.4, 3.7, 2.67, and 4.65 GHz, and 2, 3.5, and 1.57 GHz, and 2.5, 1.5, and 1.0 GHz with the maximum return loss of 37 dB, 32.8 dB, 31.2 dB, and 23 dB with corresponding resonate frequencies as 21.5, 27.6, 33, and 27.6 GHz concerning designs A, B, C, and D, respectively. The proposed antennae have been implemented and validated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST), Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), spectrum analyzer, and power sensor.

GaN HEMT power amplifier design for 2.45 GHz wireless applications

GaN HEMT power amplifier design for 2.45 GHz wireless applications

A broadband metamaterial superstrate based MIMO antenna array for sub-6 GHz wireless applications

A circularly polarised Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) array antenna integrated with the metamaterial superstrate is proposed and developed. The proposed antenna configuration includes a substrate and superstrate, featuring a 2x2 array MIMO setup on the substrate, and a metamaterial layer configuration setup on the superstrate. Although use of metamaterial superstrate enhances the antenna performance, an air gap between the substrate and superstrate is introduced to further enhance the performance. This proposed antenna configuration significantly broadened the impedance bandwidth to 24.3 % (2.9–3.7 GHz), a substantial improvement compared to the MIMO antenna alone, which achieved only 2.85 % (3.46–3.56 GHz). Furthermore, it substantially increased the axial ratio bandwidth to 17.7 % compared to only 0.86 % of MIMO itself. Additionally, the peak realized gain increased from 2.5 dBic to 11.5 dBic. Operating effectively within the 2.9–3.7 GHz frequency range, the proposed antenna achieves port isolation < -30 dB between its ports making it suitable for MIMO applications. The proposed antenna occupies a volume of 1.4 λ x 2.8 λ x 0.09 λ excluding the connectors.

A Metamaterial Inspired Multiband Conformal Bandpass Filter with Improved Quality Factor for Sub-6 GHz Wireless Communication Applications

This paper deals with the design, simulation, and practical modeling of metamaterial-based multiband conformal bandpass filter (BPF) for various wireless communication applications with improved quality factors. The novel metamaterial in the form of a split ring resonator is loaded on the ground plane face of the proposed BPF. The overall dimension of the designed BPF is only [Formula: see text]. The proposed BPF is tuned initially for quality factor enhancement based on the thickness of the substrate, physical parameters of the f transmission line, ground plane, externally loaded elements, and the gap in the metamaterial loading. The suggested filter operates at triple band covering the frequency bands from 1.4 to 2.2, 3.6 to 3.9, and 4.8 to 5.9[Formula: see text]GHz, which are suitable for sub-6[Formula: see text]GHz 5G and other wireless applications. The insertion loss is observed as 1[Formula: see text]dB, which is suitable for the proposed BPF. The conformal behavior of the filter is judged through bending deformation analysis at various bending positions like (15[Formula: see text], 30[Formula: see text], 45[Formula: see text], 60[Formula: see text], and 90[Formula: see text]). The proposed BPF retains triple pass band characteristics at various bending deformations, which makes it suitable to be used in curved structures or flexible circuitry. The theory of equivalent circuits and quality factor [Formula: see text] of the designed BPF is discussed in this paper. The results are analyzed experimentally through ANRITSU-MS2037C combinational analyzer. The proposed BPF is suitable for sub-6 GHz 5G, WLAN, and Wi-Max applications.

Ultralow-Loss Substrate-Integrated Waveguides in Alumina Ribbon Ceramic Substrates for 75–170 GHz Wireless Applications

Ultralow-Loss Substrate-Integrated Waveguides in Alumina Ribbon Ceramic Substrates for 75–170 GHz Wireless Applications

Circularly polarized printed dual port MIMO antenna with polarization diversity optimized by machine learning approach for 5G NR n77/n78 frequency band applications

In this communication, a planar dual port multiple input multiple output antenna of size 1.2λ0 × 0.6λ0 × 0.008λ0 with LHCP/RHCP features is reported for the fifth-generation new radio n77/n78 sub-6 GHz wireless applications band. The single unit of the proposed design consists of a modified L-shape rectangular radiator with Z-shape slot loaded DGS. The defected ground structure is optimized through machine learning algorithms to achieve the maximum ARBW (output) by Right Shifting (RS) and left shifting (LS) the DGS and obtaining input features. The performance metric for ANN with ADAM optimizer was found to be optimal with MSE and R2 of 0.99 and 0.82, respectively. ANNs can leverage gradient information to guide the optimization process. This enables faster convergence towards optimal solutions compared to popular GAs and PSO, which are often gradient-free optimization methods. The MIMO configuration is achieved by creating a mirror image of the single unit about the x-axis. The salient features of the proposed design are (a) Impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 3.0–4.2 GHz covering the n77/n78 band, (b) 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of the 2.6–3.9 GHz (c) Port-1 is generating RHCP while Port-2 is generating LHCP, results in polarization diversity. Different diversity performance parameters (ECC < 0.005, DG ~ 9.99 dB, and MEG < 3 dB) are in the optimum range confirming the proposed configuration as a suitable design for a MIMO radiator.

A planar four-element modified L-shaped monopolar multiport antenna for sub-6 GHz applications

This paper presents and implements a four-element modified L-shaped multiport antenna for sub-6 GHz applications. The isolation between the antenna elements is improved by careful engineering in the ground plane. The proposed four-element modified L-shaped MIMO antenna has a footprint of 0.21897 λ02, where, λ0 is the wavelength of the lowest operating frequency. The fractional bandwidth of this antenna is 55.15% while operating between 3.9–6.87 GHz. The inter-element isolation is always above 16 dB in simulation and above 18 dB in measurements, with the simulated peak gain of 2.53 dBi over its operating frequency band. The measured Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) is below 0.008 which makes it a potential candidate for IEEE 802.11a and sub-6 GHz wireless applications requiring compact and low-profile antennas with high inter-element isolation.

A miniaturized CPW-fed CSRR-loaded quad-port MIMO antenna for 5.5/6.5 GHz wireless applications

Abstract For forthcoming wireless applications, a small and highly decoupled complementary split ring resonators (CSRR)–loaded co-planar waveguide (CPW)–fed antenna for dual-band applications is investigated. The low-profile antenna consists of a CSRR-loaded rectangular radiating element with a truncated bottom, giving a wideband performance over the frequency ranges of 5.28–5.52 GHz and 6–7.2 GHz. The antenna has been printed on a widely used FR4 substrate measuring 7.5 × 10.5 × 1.6 mm3 in volume. This research’s suggested antenna is turned into a 4 × 4 multi input multi output (MIMO) construction using a 25 × 25 mm2 printed circuit board. Individual antennas were isolated by nearly 20 dB without using a decoupling device. The antenna has been built, and the measured and simulated results correspond well. Computing envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), channel capacity (CC), and channel capacity loss (CCL) further validates the antenna’s performance (−). The antenna has an overall gain of around 2.54 dBi and a radiation efficiency of approximately 89% throughout the relevant spectral range, which is much better for wireless applications. The suggested antenna’s omnidirectional emission pattern makes it a potential contender for future wireless and cellular applications.

A new hybrid method for mutual coupling minimization of an antenna array

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;In this paper, a simultaneous application of geometric modification on patch elements and electromagnetic band gap (EBG) electromagnetic bandgap structures (hybrid method) has been suggested for 3.5 GHz wireless communication applications, to minimize the mutual coupling between radiating elements of microstrip array antennas. The suggested EBG slotted structure is composed of a one square ring and three squares placed on Rogers RO3010 having 10.2 and h=1.27 mm which presents respectively its dielectric constant and thickness. In this approach, the patch elements are geometrically modified, while also employing EBG structures, formed by four EBG cells, placed between the array elements at a near distance. The modification of the geometry of the antenna and the introduction of EBG reduces the mutual coupling of an array antenna with approximately 33 dB on the one hand and improves the antenna gain by approximately 0.43 dB on the other hand. Initially, slots are introduced in the patch geometry and then four EBG unit cells are inserted between two patches, operating at 3.5 GHz. The antenna array design parameters were optimized.&lt;/span&gt;

High isolation 4‐port MIMO sloted antenna for Sub‐6 GHz wireless applications

AbstractAiming at the application of Sub‐6 GHz band, this paper presents a high isolation four‐port MIMO slot antenna with CPW feeding mode. About this antenna, two parallel binary antennas are oppositely arranged with connected ground, and isolation branches are adopted to improve isolation. Each element antenna is realized through elliptical shape patch and trident structure feed line. The measured results show that its working frequency band is 1.82–6.5 GHz band, with ports isolation less than −20 dB. In addition, its other performance parameters are good, such as gain of 7.03 dB and ECC parameter below 0.004, and CCL is less than 0.3 bps/Hz. The antenna has high isolation and it can not only work in the mobile communication frequency bands such as n41, n77, n78, and n79, but also work in the frequency band of the IoT, such as WiFi5, V2X, and DSRC.

Design of Rectangular Patch Antenna on the Hilbert Fractal-shaped High Impedance Surface

The high Impedance Technique has emerged as a modern approach for high-gain microstrip antennas. A high impedance surface minimizes surface waves and provides increased gain. Instead of, a typical mushroom to design High Impedance Surface (HIS), fractal geometry can be used. Hilbert curve-based Fractal geometry minimizes physical length and keeps electrical length the same. In this work, three iterations of Hilbert curve-shaped HIS geometry are studied with emphasis on HIS application. Fractal facilitates multi-frequency operation from GSM 1800 MHz to 6 GHz Wireless applications. The antennas have a peak gain of 5.3 dbi. The simulation is conducted in HFSS, and the analysis is performed using reports like reflection coefficients, radiation patterns, and gain plots

Analysis of a low-profile, dual band patch antenna for wireless applications

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;A dual-band google lens logo-based patch antenna with defected ground structure was designed at 5.3 GHz for wireless applications and 7.4 GHz for wi-fi application. The designed antenna consists of a rounded rectangular patch antenna with a partial ground structure fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line. A google lens shaped logo is subtracted from the rounded rectangular patch and some regular polygon shaped slots are subtracted from the ground plane to obtain good dual-band characteristics and better results in terms of gain, VSWR, and return loss. The proposed antenna has a measurement of 20 × 20 × 1.6 mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; and provides wide impedance bandwidths of 0.23 GHz (5.17‒5.40 GHz) and 0.16 GHz (7.33–7.49 GHz) at center frequencies of 5.3 GHz and 7.4 GHz, respectively. The antenna was designed and simulated using an ANSYS Electronics Desktop. Fabrication of the antenna was obtained using chemical etching and the results were measured by using an MS2037C Anritsu combinational analyzer. The return loss characteristics for dual bands are -20.56 dB at 5.3 GHz and -19.17 dB at 7.4 GHz, respectively, with a VSWR &amp;lt; 2 at both the frequencies and a 4 dB gain is obtained.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Cactus-Shaped Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Sub 10 GHz Wireless Applications

This paper presents, a novel cactus shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna for sub 10 GHz wireless applications. PIN diode is utilized as an electrical switch to achieve reconfigurability, enabling operation in four different frequency ranges. In the switch ON state mode, the antenna supports 2177–3431 and 6301–8467 MHz ranges. Alternatively, the antenna resonates within 2329–3431 and 4951–6718 MHz while in the OFF state mode. Radiation efficiency values, ranging from 68% to 84%, and gain values, ranging from 1.6 to 4 dB, in the operating frequency bands. the proposed antenna satisfy the practical requirements and expectations. The overall planner dimensions of the proposed antenna model is 40 × 21 mm2. Moreover, the measurement results from the prototype support the simulation results. Based on the frequency ranges supported by the antenna, it can be used for multiple wireless standards and services, including Worldwide interoperability and Microwave Access (WiMAX), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Bluetooth, Long Term Evolution (LTE) and satellite communications. This increases its applicability for use in mobile terminals.

Design and Minimization of Mutual Coupling Steered Array Lens Antenna for 5G Communication

Examining and evaluating the improved microstrip patch antenna to enhance the performance by the initial objectives are the main contribution of this paper. To achieve multiband operation, the patch's shape is first adjusted later microstrip patch with the slot presented. With the help of the Ansoft HFSS antenna simulator, functional analysis has been shown to examine the impact on antenna resonant frequency. A probe-driven microstrip patch antenna imprinted on FR4 epoxy substrate with 1.6mm thickness and a dielectric constant of 4.4 is developed in this work via the HFSS tool for wireless applications operating between 2 to 5GHz. To achieve multiband operation, the structure of the patch is varied. The impacts on antenna resonant frequency are examined through numerical simulations. The length, as well as the width of a traditional patch antenna, is initially computed, and further, an appropriate patch dimension of 28.3mm x 36.9mm has been determined. For multiband operation over the frequency ranging between 2 and 5GHz wireless applications, a probe-driven microstrip patch antenna imprinted on FR4 epoxy substrate with 1.6mm thickness and a dielectric constant of 4.4 is built via the HFSS tool. The proposed architecture of a traditional microstrip patch antenna is imprinted on an FR4 epoxy substrate with a 1.6mm thickness and a 4.4 dielectric constant. The proposed antenna design is illustrated for the 3D structure of the Mutual Coupling Steered Array-Lens Antenna System (MPA) with an improved patch. To achieve multiband operation, two slots are inserted on the edges of the patch, and both the slots are 2mm wide, as well as the depth of the slots is modified to see how it corresponds to the resonant frequency. This work is mainly concentrated on (i) Examining as well as evaluating the improved microstrip patch antenna to enhance its performance, (ii) Examining, evaluating, as well as assessing the performance of an improved split ring resonator metamaterial, and (iii) Exploring, analyzing, as well as evaluating the performance of dielectric lens base patch array antennas and (iv) Developing as well as analyzing the transmission line phase shifter. The groundwork for developing this work is being carried out, and a comparative study is made on (i) techniques for improving the antenna's performance through the application of a modified patch antenna, a Modified split ring resonator, a Dielectric lens structure, and Transmission line phase shifter.

Metamaterial Based Circularly Polarized Parasitic Element Driven DRA for Sub 6 GHz Wireless and 5G Communication Applications

Billions of wireless devices are directly communicating with each other and exchanging data worldwide. The 5G communication provides broad scope to this data exchange with low latency, high data rate, and efficient utilization of the EM spectrum. This paper articulates designing and developing a multiband Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) with circular polarization for sub-6 GHz applications. The designed DRA of alumina occupies the dimension of radius ten and height of twenty mm on the FR4 substrate. The proposed DRA resonates at the quad-band with good impedance bandwidth covering the 5G band under the sub 6 GHz range. The designed antenna provides moderate gain and radiation efficiency of more than ninety-six percent. The prototype measured results show excellent matching with the simulation results of HFSS.

A Highly Pattern-Reconfigurable Planar Antenna With 360° Single- and Multi-Beam Steering

A novel single-fed horizontally polarized pattern-reconfigurable antenna is proposed with the key feature that is highly pattern-reconfigurable. The antenna is able to generate a large variety of radiation patterns, including omnidirectional, single-directive, and multi-beam patterns without using phase shifters. The antenna is based on a planar geometry, which consists of an Alford loop and four compact parasitic pixel rings with 60 integrated controlling units utilizing p-i-n diodes. Experimental and simulation results are provided for the proposed antenna design operating at 5 GHz. The results show that the single-beam steering with 7.3 dBi gain through 360° in the azimuth plane is achieved. Moreover, flexible dual-beam steering with one beam fixed and the other beam scanning independently among 360° in the azimuth plane is also demonstrated where each beam has 5 dBi gain. Other radiation modes, such as the omnidirectional mode, the tri-beam-steering mode, and the elevation plane steering mode, are also verified. The features of high pattern reconfigurability, 360° single-beam- and multi-beam-steering ability, full 3-D space scanning, planar geometry, and compatibility with a digital controller make it useful in various sub-6 GHz wireless applications, such as wireless power transfer, RF sensing, and analog precoding.