Germany's Supply Research Articles

INTELLIGENT CONTROL SOLUTIONS FOR STEAM POWER PLANTS TO BALANCE THE FLUCTUATION OF WIND ENERGY

A stable and quality-oriented energy supply in Germany is a pre-requisite for a sustainable national economy. Therefore, also for political reasons, the wind energy as a renewable energy source in onshore and off-shore wind power plants plays a more and more important role in this context. But this increase in wind power productions generates new and up to now unknown problems in the German energy system concerning energy transportation, the reduced availability of this energy for meteorological reasons and the thereby caused need for so called “Hour Reserve from conventional power plants”. Also the fluctuation in wind power production in addition to the fluctuations of the consumer power demand and the not measured production from decentralized sources are resulting in substantially high positive and negative reserve power in the conventional power plants which are up to now not well designed for these new requirements. The analysis of these new burdens for the power plants, the development of new energy services and new strategies of control and the design of new conventional power plants in respect with an optimal operation regime are the main goals of this investigation on behalf of VGB PowerTech.

Determinants of residential space heating expenditures in Germany

We first examine the determinants of household expenditures on space heating and hot water supply in Germany. A number of socio-economic characteristics of households are included along with building characteristics. Our analysis covers information on more than 12,000 households in Germany for the years 1998 and 2003. The analysis continues by investigating whether different kinds of households are affected differently by increases in energy prices. Households in owner-occupied properties are less affected compared to those in rented accommodation, this could be because owners are more likely to have installed energy-efficient heating and hot water supply systems and landlords have less of an incentive to improve the conditions of their rented accommodations. An energy policy targeting especially the latter group might benefit not only households in rented accommodation, but might also increase energy-efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well.

PsyDok: Electronic full-text archive for psychological documents

The Saarland University and State Library (Saarlaendische Universitaets- und Landesbibliothek SULB) runs the Special Subject Collection Psychology which is part of an information system for the supra-regional literature supply in Germany. With the increasing opportunities for electronic information the following question emerged for the Special Subject Collection: how can a contribution to the availability and preservation of electronic documents particularly with regards to grey literature be made? Giving an answer SULB established the repository PsyDok in autumn 2002. PsyDok is one of the few subject-specific digital repositories in Germany. It is a registered data provider of the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) and certified by the German Initiative for Networkinformation (DINI), which developed a variety of standards digital repositories have to comply with to achieve this mark of quality. PsyDok offers many interfaces to disciplinary and multidisciplinary retrieval and information systems. The allocation of Uniform Resource Names (URN) guarantees persistent availability and citeability of the documents. Several services and mechanisms guarantee not only a maximum of visibility and a rapid and global scientific exchange and flow of information stored on PsyDok but also its long term availability and its scientific utilization. PsyDok fits the principles of "Open Access": Many different document types may be published, but PsyDok focuses particularly on diploma theses, dissertations, professorial dissertations and grey literature. Regarding aspects of visibility, information exchange and scientific utilization producers of scientific literature benefit from PsyDok.

INFLUENCE OF WIND ENERGY ON THE POWER STATION PARK AND THE GRID

The energy supply in Germany was steered by the current demand of the consumers till now. It will change in an adjustment process to an energy supply led by stochastically arising energy offer by wind power stations. The development of the wind energy is pushed at suitable onshore and offshore sites. Up to the year 2030 onshore wind parks are expected with an installed power of approx. 22 GW and offshore wind parks with 26 GW installed power. The planned offshore wind parks with partly more Giga watts of power must be connected to the existing high-voltage transmission system. Another problem is that the wind energy is mostly produced in northern Germany, but is mainly needed in the middle and Southern part of Germany such as the Rhine-Main and Ruhr district. In order to compensate for the fluctuating feeding from the wind power stations backup power plants are needed. They must be able to provide reserve power. A simplified model of the German energy generation and transmission system was used for this investigation. Based on this model a conceivable scenario of the energy supply in Germany in the year 2030 will be discussed in this paper.

Pilot Study: Tendency of Increasing Iodine Content in Human Milk and Cow's Milk

The iodine supply in Germany has improved throughout the last decade, albeit with enormous differences between individuals and regions. In the Thuringian city of Jena, analyses of the iodine content of human milk have been undertaken regularly since 1982. Significantly increasing iodine concentrations in human and cow's milk have been found. Therefore, the current situation and the effectiveness of measures to prevent iodine deficiency demands re-evaluation. The iodine content of human milk from 32 lactating mothers was analysed on the 5th day (mean) postpartum and mothers' dietary iodine intake during the last two months of pregnancy was assessed by means of a food frequency questionnaire. To corroborate the assumption that the increasing iodine levels of cow's milk are one of the main reasons for the improved iodine supply, the iodine concentration of 34 cow's milk bulk-samples was also determined. Both human and cow's milk samples were analysed by the ICP-MS method. Twenty women took iodine supplements (mean daily intake = 175 microg). The average daily iodine intake of the 20 supplemented and 12 non-supplemented women was 258 microg and 116 microg, respectively. Daily iodine intake from food and beverages was significantly lower in supplemented women (83 microg/day). The average iodine content of human milk was 169 +/- 88 microg/l with a range of 33 - 348 microg/l. This content is two times higher than levels from 1994 in the same area. There was no difference in the human milk iodine content between mothers taking supplements and those who did not. Cow's milk samples showed a mean iodine concentration of 178 +/- 131 microg/l (range 48 - 661 microg/l).

05/00196 Co-combustion of olive cake with lignite coal in a circulating fluidized bed: Atimtay, A. T. et al. Fuel, 2004, 83, (7–8), 859–867

A stable and quality-oriented energy supply in Germany is a pre-requisite for a sustainable national economy. Therefore, also for political reasons, the wind energy as a renewable energy source in onshore and off-shore wind power plants plays a more and more important role in this context. But this increase in wind power productions generates new and up to now unknown problems in the German energy system concerning energy transportation, the reduced availability of this energy for meteorological reasons and the thereby caused need for so called “Hour Reserve from conventional power plants”. Also the fluctuation in wind power production in addition to the fluctuations of the consumer power demand and the not measured production from decentralized sources are resulting in substantially high positive and negative reserve power in the conventional power plants which are up to now not well designed for these new requirements. The analysis of these new burdens for the power plants, the development of new energy services and new strategies of control and the design of new conventional power plants in respect with an optimal operation regime are the main goals of this investigation on behalf of VGB PowerTech.

Identification of the culturable and nonculturable bacterial population in ground water of a municipal water supply in Germany.

The identification of the culturable and nonculturable bacterial population in ground water of a municipal water supply in Mainz (Germany) during the year 2002. Total counts varied between 3.5 x 103 and 2.2 x 104 cells ml-1, viable counts were approximately between 8.1 x 102 and 3.3 x 103 cells ml-1. After cultivation on different nutrient media (R2A, DEV, PCA, Endo, Standard) <1% appeared to be culturable on the media used. After denaturating gradient gel electrophoreses, up to 24 different bacterial species were detected in the ground water. With the aid of 16S rDNA isolation, amplification and sequencing, the isolated organisms and clones could be identified. The isolated and cultured organisms mainly belonged to the Proteobacteria (alpha, beta and gamma), Flavobacteria or Actinobacteria. However, most of the noncultured micro-organisms were beta-Proteobacteria. This is the first study in which the identification of all culturable and nonculturable bacteria in a ground water has been attempted.

Perspectives of Paid Whole Blood and Plasma Donation

Background: Although payment of blood donors is rejected by the WHO, FDA, EU and Red Cross, in Germany monetary compensation of expenses is permitted not only for plasmapheresis but also for whole blood donation. Material and Methods: The structure and organization of the institutions ensuring the blood supply in Germany and the pertaining aspects of blood safety will be discussed. Results: Data reported to the health authorities show that the frequency of transfusion-transmitted infection markers in the German donor population is low and that only very few infections have been transmitted through blood. This is underlined by a detailed analysis of the paid donor population of a small university blood service (UBS). The analysis documents a very stable and reliable cohort of predominantly repeat donors. Unpaid RC donors of blood units transfused to patients at the university hospital of Marburg showed a 16 times higher seroconversion rate than those of the UBS (p < 0.0001). However, in a survey 77% of the paid donors denied continuation of blood donation in case payment would be stopped. Therefore, non-remuneration would result in acute blood supply shortages. Conclusion: Since increased blood shortages are to be expected anyway in the near future, all measures improving the supply with safe blood, including monetary compensation, should be objectively discussed without prejudice.

The potential for electricity generation from on-shore wind energy under the constraints of nature conservation: a case study for two regions in Germany

In spite of the well-acknowledged environmental benefits of electricity generation from wind energy, there is increasing concern about impacts from wind turbines on local ecosystems and on the natural scenery. A GIS-based approach is developed to analyse the effect of different nature conservation criteria on the wind energy potential in quantitative terms. Results for two case study regions in Germany, representing a coastal area with quite good wind conditions and an inland region with limited wind resources, illustrate to which extent the ban of wind turbines in, for example, landscape conservation areas, special bird protection areas, or areas with high visual sensitivity reduces the potential for electricity generation from wind energy. We conclude that even under strict nature conservation constraints there is still a large potential for on-shore wind energy use that can be used to establish a sustainable electricity supply in Germany.

Application of out—in MF/UF-systems for drinking water treatment with air supported backwash — three case studies

Membrane filtration is increasingly accepted as a treatment process for drinking water supply in Germany as it guarantees an effective particle removal. However, there is still research and development required for the regular backwash and cleaning of the membrane systems. In this paper three case studies will be shown where MF/UF-systems with minimized chemical demand were operated. These systems use air-water-mixtures on the feed side of the membrane during regular backwash of the membranes with filtrate and thereby causing a mechanical cleaning of the membrane surfaces. The investigations showed that regular backwash with filtrate supported by air flush on the feed side is a very effective method to keep TMP low and minimize its increase. The use of air supported backwash helps minimizing the demand for wastewater. As for the regular backwash with filtrate no chemicals are required, the backwash waters may be discharged to the recipient or the sewer without any restrictions. The investigations showed also, that there still is the need for chemical cleaning, because some irreversible fouling always remains. The frequency of chemical cleaning however is very much dependent on the raw water quality. A specific throughput has been calculated which should help to compare different systems with each other.

Research on highly reliable solid-state lithium batteries in NIRIM

A stable and quality-oriented energy supply in Germany is a pre-requisite for a sustainable national economy. Therefore, also for political reasons, the wind energy as a renewable energy source in onshore and off-shore wind power plants plays a more and more important role in this context. But this increase in wind power productions generates new and up to now unknown problems in the German energy system concerning energy transportation, the reduced availability of this energy for meteorological reasons and the thereby caused need for so called “Hour Reserve from conventional power plants”. Also the fluctuation in wind power production in addition to the fluctuations of the consumer power demand and the not measured production from decentralized sources are resulting in substantially high positive and negative reserve power in the conventional power plants which are up to now not well designed for these new requirements. The analysis of these new burdens for the power plants, the development of new energy services and new strategies of control and the design of new conventional power plants in respect with an optimal operation regime are the main goals of this investigation on behalf of VGB PowerTech.

Bioavailability of iodine from normal diets rich in dairy products--results of balance studies in women.

During the last decade the iodine supply in Germany has increased significantly, but there is still a high frequency of goitre. Therefore the question of iodine bioavailability has arisen. In a two-period study 12 women were given a mixed diet of ordinary foods with milk and milk products of different batches. None of the volunteers suffered from an iodine deficiency according to WHO-criteria. Each period ended with a 9-day balance-study protocol in which all foods were provided. Food and fluid intake were registered, and urine and faeces were quantitatively collected. The iodine content was determined by ICP-MS. The mean intake in the form of solid food amounted to 175 +/- 10 micrograms I/d and to 27 +/- 15 micrograms I/d in fluid form. Milk and dairy products represented the main source of iodine (37%). Iodine was predominantly excreted in the urine (89%, 171 +/- 45 micrograms I/d) and the faeces 11% (20 +/- 11 micrograms I/d). The resulting iodine balance was approximately . In one case an iodine-rich erythrosine preparation with a low iodine bioavailability was used. Between the two periods of consuming different batches of milk and milk products no differences were observed concerning the high bioavailability of iodine.

Effects of health political measures on health and well-being of women postpartum and their newborns

For decades politicians have tried to reduce or stabilize the costs of health supply in Germany. The shortening of the average lengths of stay in hospitals seems to be one of the most popular measures. This development can be seen above all in the field of obstetric care. In the last 15 years the average stay of women after birth in hospitals decreased from 5.6 days to 3.8 days in parts of northern Germany. Based on the criticism that through the implemenetation of new health policies the formulation of qualitative and patient- and population-oriented aims is disregarded this article deals with the question of the effects of the shortening of hospital stay on health and well-being of women postpartum and their newborns. It is mainly based on a critical analysis of international studies.

Konzepte von Elektrizitätsversorgung und Elektrizitätswirtschaft: Die Entstehung eines neuen Fachgebietes der Technikwissenschaften zwischen 1880 und 1945 by Norbert Gilson

technology and culture Book Reviews 779 merits, Herrigel also uses interviews with some 166 individuals, but these are hidden in his endnotes. For whatever contingent historical reason, Herrigel knowingly chose his narrative strategy. For a sense of change depending not on the unfolding of different regional logics but rather on contingent choices resulting from conflict, one need only turn to his essay on machine-tool firms in two different industrial orders, in PeterJ. Katzenstein ’s edited volume, Industry and Politics in West Germany: Toward the Third Republic (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989). Nev­ ertheless, his monograph demonstrates that Germany is best under­ stood in terms of two different kinds of industrial orders that devel­ oped in different regions. As a result, it provides a solid basis for understanding the history of technology and industrial policy in Ger­ many. It also suggests the need to conceive of the strength of the German state in terms of its decentralized structure, which provided a good deal of flexibility. Edmund N. Todd Dr. Todd teaches German history and the history of science and technology at the University of New Haven. Konzepte von Elektrizitatsversorgung und Elektrizitatswirtschaft: Die Entstehung eines neuen Fachgebietes der Technikwissenschaften zwischen 1880 und 1945. By Norbert Gilson. Stuttgart: Verlag fur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik, 1994. Pp. 475; maps, figures, tables, appendixes, notes, bibliography, index. DM120.00 (cloth). In this published dissertation, Norbert Gilson deals with the devel­ opment of concepts for the economic analysis of electricity supply in Germany. His exploration is situated in the context of the devel­ opment of specific structures of public electricity supply. The determination ofa utility’s operating cost ofelectrity is rather complicated. This cost varied, depending on the rate of capacity uti­ lization of the power station and of the network. Cost analysis be­ came even more complicated when different types of power stations (hydroelectric power, coal) were interconnected (Verbundbetrieb) in the 1920s and when the economic efficiency of the high-voltage transmission lines also had to be taken into consideration for large networks. Norbert Gilson describes in detail how business and eco­ nomic analyses were anchored in the instruction of electrical engi­ neers. At first, this was done within the framework of the subject ElektrischeAnlagen (Electrical Equipment). From 1925, the Elektrizitatswirtschaftslehre (course of study dealing with the business economics of electricity-producing plants) was established as an autonomous field at some technical universities. At the technical university in 780 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Darmstadt, the most outstanding representative, Ruppert Schnei­ der, set up a research program to find an exact method to determine the prime cost. According to him, a well-grounded system of rates would be possible only on this basis (p. 183). Gilson points out that the Elektrizitatswirtschaftslehrethat had developed since the 1920s was not able to evaluate those electricity supply systems that were practi­ cable from a technical point of view but which were not put into practice. The normative basis was made up of the centralized supply via superpower stations (Grofikraftversogung) and interconnected op­ eration (Verbundwirtschaft) (p. 242). Although Schneider criticized various aspects of this conception (p. 207), the ElektrizitatswirtschaftslekrecRA finally serve as scientific legitimation for the decisions made by the electricity-generating enterprises. The considerations of Georg Klingenberg, director of AEG, in­ spired several concepts in the years 1913 and 1916 for the organiza­ tion of electricity supply in Germany. According to him, generation of electricity should be concentrated in a few interconnected super­ power stations (Verbund). The argument in favor of centralized and large-scale solutions was the lower cost as, e.g., the construction of superpower stations was comparatively cheap and their rates of ca­ pacity utilization were more favorable because of the large supply districts. Gilson traces back with meticulous care how and on the basis of which arguments these concepts were realized. According to him, a powerful pressure group made up ofpolitical institutions, the large-scale electro-industry, and financial capital had advocated centralized supply via superpower stations (Grofihraftversorgung ) (p. 105). Opposition came mainly from the municipal authorities who, apart from preserving their influence on local en­ ergy politics, also wanted to secure their income from the municipal electric-power stations...

The Search for the Ultimate Sink: Urban Pollution in Historical Perspective by Joel A. Tarr

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 781 on a larger scale. From the end of the 1920s, for example, efforts were intensified to recruit new customers and to propagate new forms of electricity use (electric heat)—to increase the rate of utili­ zation of the output capacities (p. 235). In this respect, the results of Gilson’s study represent a critical argument against Thomas P. Hughes’s opinion in Networks of Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983) that by centralized supply via superpower sta­ tions (Grofikraftversorgung) electric energy can be provided in any case more economically because of the better load factor and energy mix. Gilson’s study is a convincing demonstration of the significance of economic interests and political power in the formation of huge technical systems. For everybody who is interested in the beginning of the still-existing structure of electricity supply in Germany, this book is a must. Siegfried Buchhaupt Dr. Buchhaupt is research assistant in the Department of History, Technical Uni­ versity Darmstadt. The Searchfor the Ultimate Sink: Urban Pollution in HistoricalPerspective. ByJoel A. Tarr. Akron, Ohio: University ofAkron Press, 1996. Pp. xlvii+419; illustrations, figures, tables, notes, index. $44.95 (cloth); $24.95 (paper). In 1971, Joel Tarr published a pioneering article on the horse as a polluter in American cities. Environmental history was not yet a recognized field, and scholars had paid little attention to the history ofpollution, yet Tarr saw rich possibilities in the subject. In the years since, he has published dozens of original and influential works on the history ofsmoke pollution, industrial wastes, water-quality policy, and sewage recycling, to name just four examples. Now his most important works are available in one volume, and the collection should bring Tarr new readers in a number of academic and techni­ cal fields. The Searchfor the Ultimate Sink holds special interest for people in­ terested in the past and future use of technology to solve environ­ mental problems. Throughout his career, Tarr has focused on his­ toric moments of technological choice. Why did city officials decide to build combined storm and sanitary sewer systems in the late 19th century? Why did railroads take decades to adopt the cleaner and more efficient electric-diesel engine? For Tarr, the answer to such questions never is narrowly academic. As a professor with a joint appointment in history and public policy at Carnegie-Mellon Univer­ sity, he has worked with colleagues in the engineering disciplines on a number of large projects intended to provide policy makers with historical perspective. He also has published his work in a re­ 782 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE markable variety of venues—from Technology and Culture to Waste Management and Research, from American Heritage to the AmericanJour­ nal of Public Health—and the variety testifies to his ability to speak to a range of audiences. The range of Tarr’s research also is impressive. Tarr has found new ways to look at familiar sources: The Search for the Ultimate Sink includes a fascinating reading of the Pittsburgh Survey—a classic study of the city by early-20th-century reformers—as a kind of envi­ ronmental impact statement. Yet Tarr often has made use of innova­ tive sources and methodologies. With the help of a colleague, for example, Tarr reconstructed the major sources of pollution in the Hudson-Raritan region since 1700. Though he has explored a considerable terrain, this collection makes clear that Tarr has pursued one great issue from the first. The 1971 piece on horses is a vivid case study of the American pen­ chant for overlooking or downplaying the potential costs of techno­ logical solutions to environmental problems. In the early 1900s, a host of commentators extolled the internal combustion engine as a way to avoid the environmental hazards of horse transport—the flyinfested piles of manure, the dead carcasses, the unsanitary manure dust, the nerve-shattering noise of horseshoes on cobblestone—yet cars and trucks soon created a new set of environmental problems. Tarr has found similar patterns again and again. The title piece of The Search for the Ultimate Sink—probably the most often cited essay in the historical literature on pollution—of­ fers a particularly...

The Deutsche Reichsbahn and Germany's Supply of Coal, 1939–45

The Deutsche Reichsbahn and Germany's Supply of Coal, 1939–45

Government Debt and Inflationary Expectations as Determinants of the Money Supply in Germany 1919-23

1 HE GROWTH OF THE MONEY SUPPLY HAS FIGURED PrOm1nently in every account of Germany's inflation. In the 1920s the very word inftation referred more to money growth than to the rise of prices. In their models of inflation, especially hyperinflation, recent economists treat the growth of money as an immediate and often as an exogenous cause of inflation of prices. Inflationary expectations play an important intermediary role, and what expectations process was rational depends chiefly on what process determined the money supply (Sargent and Wallace 1973; Webb 1983, pp. 443-46). Unfortunately economists have rarely looked beyond the numbers-at what the Reichsbank did and what it left undone. To investigate the money supply this paper begins with a model that reflects the central bank's own understanding of its monetary policy. During the inflation period the Reichsbank followed a passive policy that let the size of the money stock be determined by the government and corporate demand for credit and by the private sector's choice of the mix of debt and money in its portfolios. We must see how well such a model explains money growth and whether its coefficients changed signifi-

Die Bestandsaufnahme des Phosphorsäuregehaltes deutscher Gesteine als Maßnahme zur Sicherung der Phosphorsäure-Versorgung Deutschlands

Die Bestandsaufnahme des Phosphorsäuregehaltes deutscher Gesteine als Maßnahme zur Sicherung der Phosphorsäure-Versorgung Deutschlands

Typhoid Fever Epidemics from Water Supply in Germany

Journal AWWAVolume 25, Issue 1 p. 1-17 Article Typhoid Fever Epidemics from Water Supply in Germany† Hayo Bruns, Hayo Bruns Institute for Hygiene and Bacteriology, Gelsenkirchen, GermanySearch for more papers by this author Hayo Bruns, Hayo Bruns Institute for Hygiene and Bacteriology, Gelsenkirchen, GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1933 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1933.tb18210.x †Translated by E. M. H. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume25, Issue1January 1933Pages 1-17 RelatedInformation

THE LONG-DISTANCE GAS SUPPLY IN GERMANY.

Annals of Public and Cooperative EconomicsVolume 5, Issue 2 p. 166-191 THE LONG-DISTANCE GAS SUPPLY IN GERMANY. Dr. Marcus GITERMANN, Dr. Marcus GITERMANN Zurich.Search for more papers by this author Dr. Marcus GITERMANN, Dr. Marcus GITERMANN Zurich.Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1929 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.1929.tb01261.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume5, Issue2May 1929Pages 166-191 RelatedInformation