German Writings Research Articles

Geography vs. Geopolitics

THE current discussion of German writings involves the names, outlook, and reputation of certain American geographers, my own included. What was their position respecting geopolitics before general condemnation of Hitler and the Nazi program began? Did they foresee the evil consequences of German perversion of truth in the alleged new science of geopolitics which made use of the overlapping data of history, political science, and geography? It has recently been declared that American geopolitics was developed before it was taken up in Germany. The bad effect of this assertion touches more than personal or professional repute. It has given the question a national context. Geopolitics presents a distorted view of the historical, political, and geographical relations of the world and its parts. It identifies no universal force or process like gravity. It is relative to the state to which it is applied. At least so say its advocates. Its arguments as developed in Germany are only made up to suit the case for German aggression. It contains, therefore, a poisonous self-destroying principle: when international interests conflict or overlap might alone shall decide the issue. Against geopolitical needs democracy opposes moral rights. Let us look first at the way in which this opposition arises.

Traumatic peptic ulcer

T HE factor of trauma in the genesis of acute and chronic peptic ulcer has been of interest for many years. In spite of extensive German and French writings, which embody numerous reports of cases, contributions to the subject in EngIish are strikingly few. However, some of the ear-her Continenta reports were written before roentgenoscopy came into use, and before duodena1 uIcer was a frequentIy observed entity, and many times the diagnosis of uIcer was based on symptoms alone, without confirmation by operation or necropsy. But contemporary authors of texts on diseases of the stomach writing in EngIish, such as Crohn, Hurst and Stewart, Rehfuss and others, have given consideration to the cIinica1 significance of traumatic peptic uIcer. A compIete review and appraisa1 of a11 materia1 printed up to five or six years ago has been made by von Redwitz and Fuss. The 1930 edition of Stern’s textbook aIso contains a comprehensive review of the German Iiterature. Von Redwitz and Fuss concIuded that undoubtedIy in rare instances, trauma may Iead to the origin and deveIopment of a chronic ulcer of the upper part of the digestive tract. By virtue of the exceIIent tendency to hea demonstrated after a freshIy sustained injury to the gastric mucosa, onIy under circumstances entireIy favorabIe to formation of uIcer can acute trauma resuIt in a chronic ulcer. Therefore, it must be assumed that other uIcer-forming factors are present; acute trauma reaIIy is probabIy more a precipitating than an unaided causative factor. It would be diffrcuIt to determine whether death of a circumscribed area of mucous membrane had resuIted from direct injury to the mucous membrane itself, or whether the necrosis had been caused indirectIy, by injury to bIood vesseIs and nerves. It appears more probabIe that chronic trauma has a definite inffuence on the chronicity of an uIcer, but it does not aIways suffice of itseIf to produce the picture of chronic peptic uIcer. From a cIinica1 standpoint it is obvious that trauma is not a factor in the origin of the majority of acute and chronic gastric and duodena1 uIcers, unIess the incidence and significance of miId degrees of trauma to patients predisposed to uIcer has been disregarded. Because there is no indubitabIe proof that an uIcer forms as the direct result of trauma, there are physicians who, without due deIiberation of a11 the ascertainabIe facts, deny the existence of a traumatic uIcer under any circumstance. Trauma, when it is said to be causative of uIcer, usuaIIy impIies externa1 bIunt force directed to the epigastrium, without direct penetration of the abdomina1 or viscera1 parietes, resuIting in variabIe degrees of injury to the gastric waI1. It is chiefIy in this sense that the subject wiI1 be considered; a case aIso wiI1 be reported. However, mechanical trauma to the stomach and duodenum may occur not onIy from without, in an acute or chronic fashion, but aIso from within in the same way. Aside from uIcers resuIting from external trauma, the other types of traumatic ulcer chiefly observed cIinicaIIy are those secondary to foreign bodies, and diaphragmatic hernia.

Comments on the A. A. T. G. Minimum Word List

in this ideal time, for the student will not be able to progress in his subject-matter field without reading the older German literature and without following modern German writings. Whether this view is Utopian or not is for the future to prove. Until such a plan is put into practice, the language examiners should endeavor to make the German examinations more than hurdles which can be jumped or circumvented, as the student wishes. In an effort to make the examinations at the University of Chicago reliable and valid measuring devices, the tests here described and illustrated have been developed. Possibly German examiners and instructors, who face a similar problem, will find them suggestive.

The Infusion of Socio-Political Ideas Into the Literature of German Economics

Next article FreeThe Infusion of Socio-Political Ideas Into the Literature of German EconomicsEugen Von PhilippovichEugen Von Philippovich Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 18, Number 2Sep., 1912 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/212071 Views: 88Total views on this site Citations: 5Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Michael Sonenscher Krausism and its legacy, Global Intellectual History 5, no.11 (Mar 2019): 20–40.https://doi.org/10.1080/23801883.2019.1586787Esteban López-Escobar, Ruth Breeze Schäffle and Cooley on Public Opinion, (Mar 2015): 215–226.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04704-7_14Daniele Corado, Stefano Solari Natural law as inspiration to Adolph Wagner's theory of public intervention, The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 17, no.44 (Oct 2010): 865–879.https://doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2010.511871Peter R. Senn Why had Roscher so much influence in the USA compared with the UK, Journal of Economic Studies 22, no.3/4/53/4/5 (Jun 1995): 53–105.https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000003975Peter R. Senn The Influence of Schumpeter’s German Writings on the Mainstream Economic Literature in English, (): 141–162.https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48082-4_5