German Origins Research Articles

O Ormianach w Jerozolimie (C. Mutafian, Jérusalem et les Arméniens: jusqu’à la conquête ottomane (1516), Les Belles Lettres, Paris 2022)

ON ARMENIANS IN JERUSALEM (CLAUDE MUTAFIAN, JÉRUSALEM ET LES ARMÉNIENS: JUSQU’À LA CONQUÊTE OTTOMANE (1516), LES BELLES LETTRES, PARIS 2022)
 The review concerns an album publication by Claude Mutafian, a French-Armenian historian, about the Armenian past of Jerusalem until the beginning of the 16th century. The reviewer highly values the author’s research competence and the aesthetic and editorial aspects of the work. He also notes a few Polish accents, including a critique of the claim about German origins of the author of Descriptio Terrae Sanctae (1422), Johannes Poloner.

Genetic identification of members of the prominent Báthory aristocratic family

The Báthory family was one of the most powerful noble families in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom. Their influence peaked during the Ottoman occupation of Hungary, when the only partially autonomous region of the country was Transylvania, under Turkish protectorate. Several members of the family became Princes of Transylvania, and one of them, István Báthory, was also the elected King of Poland. We hereby present the first genetic data about this extinct family. Archaeological excavations in Pericei, a settlement now part of Romania, revealed the former family chapel of the Báthory family. Through this work, two Báthory family members were successfully identified among the 13 skeletons found at the site. The presence of Y chromosome haplogroup R-S498 fits the historical account describing the family's German (Swabian) origins. Their genomic composition also indicates a family of Germanic origin that intermixed with medieval Hungarians.

Rhyme in dróttkvætt, from Old Germanic Inheritance to Contemporary Poetic Ecology I: Overview and Argument

This paper is the first in a three-part series or tryptic that argues for the Old Germanic origins of rhyme in the Old Norse dróttkvætt meter. This meter requires rhymes on the stressed syllables of two words within a six-position line, irrespective of the syllables that follow. This first instalment introduces both the Old Germanic poetic form and the dróttkvætt meter. It outlines the background of the discussion and presents the basic argument. The second instalment presents a portrait of rhyme in Old Germanic meters outside of Old Norse, providing foundations for viewing rhyme as an inherited part of the Old Germanic poetic system. That portrait highlights the use of rhymes including the stressed vowel within a short line and the tendency to use such rhymes in the b-line, corresponding to the rhymes in even lines of dróttkvætt. The third instalment turns to dróttkvætt within its poetic ecology, beginning with a portrayal of rhyme in Old Norse eddic poetries, followed by dróttkvætt in relation to its contemporary poetic ecology and unravelling its impacts on that ecology, gradually working backward to a perspective on the ecology in which it emerged.

Prima fabrică de mobilă din Bucovina - Thöner

A true emblem of craftsmanship regarding woodworking in Bucovina, “The Ist Thöner Furniture Factory of Bukovina”, as it appears written in the registration documents of the company from the year 1919, was the creation of a professional individual of German origins, Herman Thöner (13.01.1870 – 13.02.1929). After finalizing his studies in Rădăuți, he headed towards the Empire’s capital where he studied decorative painting for three years at the “Hofmuseum” (named “Kunsthistorisches Museum” in 1918), specializing in decorated furniture. He spent approximately 17 years in Vienna, having had the chance to work with the renowned furniture manufacturer Sándor Járay and holding a series of leadership positions at the “Raumkunstgesellschaft”. After finalizing his theoretical studies and having accumulated a vast practical experience, he returned to Rădăuți to establish a furniture factory in 1907. The factory was equipped with the most modern woodworking machines of the time, and the workers were recruited at the highest national and international standard of qualification. The turmoil of the First World War did not spare the city of Rădăuți, the factory being set on fire. On the 18th of March 1919, a new factory was established. The factory was named “I. Bukowinaer Möbelfabrik Thöner”, a joint stock company with an initial production capacity of 100–120 sets of furniture. The company grew exponentially, showrooms being opened in Chernivtsi and Bucharest. The quality of the furniture produced in Rădăuți spoke for itself; therefore, it was promoted by prestigious Romanian and foreign institutions, and last but not least by important political figures and magnates of the time. When Hermann Thöner passed away in the year of 1929, he left behind a blossoming business, as well as six sons who took over. Among the German Bukovinians who chose to leave the country in the autumn of 1940, in accordance to the Romanian-German deal regarding repatriation, were also the Thöner family members. The factory machines were removed and transported to Germany, which meant that in January of 1941 the Romanian authorities declared the permanent cease of furniture production. What was left of the factory was the building, which later turned into the Industrial Highschool of Rădăuți.

How Icelandic Is French Law? A Few Remarks about the Discovery and Usage of Icelandic Antiquities in French Legal Historiography during the Nineteenth Century

How Icelandic Is French Law? A Few Remarks about the Discovery and Usage of Icelandic Antiquities in French Legal Historiography during the Nineteenth Century

Russian Civil Law in the Light of Transatlantic Differences in Legal Thought

The paper states that recently changes have been made to the procedural codes, which actually led to the legislative recognition of judicial practice as a source of substantive law (including civil law). Judicial practice, at least since the mid-90s of the last century, has not stopped trying to master the law-making function, the intensity of which has significantly decreased after the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation ceased its operation. The science of civil law, represented by a large group of scholars, has also taken the path of justifying the search for law beyond the law. The paper substantiates the idea that this «ultra-American» trend does not correspond to the social conditions of Russia. Russian civil law should return to its German origins, which implies the search for law exclusively within the framework of the law. At the same time, the concept of legal interpretation and law enforcement borrowed in Germany should be supplemented with a rationalistic doctrine of legal interpretation. This approach will replace intuitive jurisprudence, covered by references to the «meaning» of legislative and other regulations.

The Career Benefit of Masculine and Feminine Names with English, French, Germanic, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, or Welsh Origins

The Career Benefit of Masculine and Feminine Names with English, French, Germanic, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, or Welsh Origins

Obraz Niemca w oczach Polaka, obraz Polaka w oczach Niemca. Studium nad staropolskimi traktatami kosmologicznymi przełomu XV i XVI wieku

In this article the author discusses scientific and cultural Polish-German relations at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries. These considerations are based on the old Polish cosmographers: Wojciech of Brudzew, Jan of Głogów, Wawrzyniec Korwin and Jan of Stobnica. These works show that German scholars were regarded as scientific authorities and were an inspiration and source of knowledge for Polish scholars. However, the cosmological treatise by Jan of Głogów shows that Poles associated Germans with vice and crime, as evidenced by the example of Pontius Pilate, the governor of Judea, who was attributed German origins. The picture of Germans and their lands painted by Old-Polish cosmographers is apparently based on ancient and later authors, especially Solinus, Strabon and Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini. Significant excerpts from these works were also made available to Polish readers to show them a multifaceted panorama of the Germanic lands. Wawrzyniec Korwin’s treatise also contains the opinions of Germans about Poland and Poles. The western neighbors of Poland–Lithuania were particularly keen on Cracow and its famous university and academic staff. The two nations were undeniably fascinated by each other’s science.

Review: Richard Krautheimer in Deutschland: Aus den Anfängen einer wissenschaftlichen Karriere 1925–1933

Review: <i>Richard Krautheimer in Deutschland: Aus den Anfängen einer wissenschaftlichen Karriere 1925–1933</i>

The large part German medicine has played in the development of experimental pharmacology in Japan.

The history of hitherto existing pharmacology in Japan presented here is authored in commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. After the publication of the new book of anatomy "Anatomische Tabellen" translated into Japanese in 1774, the foundation of understanding the medical science was gradually formed in Japan under seclusion policy, and, since the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the modernization of Japanese medicine was rapidly fostered on the basis of German medicine. Thus, the Japanese government officially adopted German medicine, and the philosophy and practice of German medical schools were incorporated. Most of the medical texts used in Japan were of German origins, often in Dutch translations, and many Japanese physicians and medical researchers studied abroad in Germany. The start of experimental pharmacology in Japan was also made up by Japanese disciples of Oswald Schmiedeberg, who was the one of founders of the Archives in 1873. Additionally, it was customary for professor candidates in charge of pharmacology in medical faculties in Japan to go to Germany and study pharmacology. Through such historical circumstances, the Japanese Pharmacology Society has been established to fulfill the responsibility for contributing internationally to world-class research achievements in the field of medical sciences by supplying numerous talented pharmacologists. During the course of the development of experimental pharmacology in Japan, the Archives has provided an excellent stage for many Japanese pharmacologists to publish their research outcomes to proliferate them internationally. Without German medicine influence, Japanese pharmacology would not have been what it is today.

KAFA’S MONEY-CHANGING HOLE IN THE 13TH — 14TH CENTURIES

This Article addresses Origin of the Money-Changing Hole in Kafa in the 13th — 14th Centuries based on a wide Variety of Sources, public-legal Documents, notarial Deeds, public financial Registers, private financial Records, Trade Books, numismatic and archaeological Collections. In the Article reconstructed Activity of the Greek Trapeza and Trapezites, who specialized in the Exchange of Coins with Greek Writing, of the Levant Sarraf Yanseke and Sarrafs, in Charge of which has been Oriental Money Exchange, of the Italian Campsa and Campsors, who were responsible for Occident Coins. The Money-Changing Hole in Kafa was doing since the End of the 13th Century not only Exchange Money, but also Credit of the commercial Matters, torn into early Banks. One of the first Bankers in Kafa was Manfred, whose Name was not Italian, but German Origins, which meant “Man of World”, which reflected the cosmopolitan Character of the City.

Local institutions, union wage effects and native–foreign wage gaps

ABSTRACT Local institutions in the shape of collective wage bargaining in firms are important for wage differences among labour of various origins. This paper considers local rent-sharing in Danish firms and finds that local wage bargaining reduces wage gaps between cross-border commuters of Danish, Swedish, German and Polish origins. Wage gaps are found to be between 6% and 12%, while individual union membership reduces the wage gap. Local peer effects, on the other hand, may increase wage gaps particularly for cross-border commuters of Polish origin, which can be interpreted as a form of local club behaviour in bargaining at the firm level.

The Conceptual Analysis of the Doctrine of Proportionality and, its Role in Democratic Constitutionalism; A Case Study of UK

For the last few decades, the doctrine of proportionality has demonstrated and corroborated that it is the most effective legal standard used around Europe for the adjudication of constitutional rights. From its German origins, proportionality has migrated across jurisdictions and areas of law and has become one of the most successful legal transplants. However, there is some confusion as to whether there is any justification for the intervention of this in the UK's legal system, as the UK's legal system is based on common law, and did not welcome this doctrine very much. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the basic principles of this doctrine and check its compatibility with the common law system, which is based on democratic norms. To test the similarity, this article would also reflect on the underlying characteristics of the theory of proportionality and equate it with the standards of a democratic society. To begin with, this article first endeavors to analyze the legal sources of the doctrine of proportionality and then examines its affinity with the democratic norms of the common law system to investigate the compatibility level with each other in protecting the constitutional rights of the people.

The basic-structure doctrine and its German and French origins: a tale of migration, integration, invention and forgetting

ABSTRACT One fascinating aspect of the Indian basic-structure doctrine for a German lawyer is that its origin and development were influenced by the German scholar, Dietrich Conrad. This paper therefore focuses on Conrad’s work and his French and German sources for the argument that there are implied limits on the amending power. It describes the journey of this idea to India and specifies which parts of these prior theoretical works were lost in time and space, which survived, and which were developed further.Finally, there is acomparison between the justification for the basic-structure in the Kesavanada judgment and the earlier German and French theoretical works. The main thesis is that the Indian basic-structure doctrine is a powerful example of how to justify implied limits on constitutional amendment based on a rule-of-law approach that is firmly rooted in the idea of a democratic and constitutional state.

Пізньоготичний (Антверпенський) маньєризм: його витоки, характер та зникнення (нарис історіографії)

This essay does not strive to give a comprehensive review of literature on Antwerp Mannerism, but rather to summarize the focal points of discussions and to outline key roadmaps for further studies. The majority of scholars consider Antwerp Mannerism as a late Gothic style influenced by Italian Quattrocento. Its genesis, however, remains a subject of hot debates. If Hoogewerff argued on the German origins, Vandenbroeck attributed it to an inflow of provincial artists. Whatever were the origins, Expressionist shapes were not inherent to the early Netherlandish painting and the attempt to fuse them with ‘realism’ of the Flemish Primitives seemed a revolutionary breakthrough following the pictorial crisis of the 1480s. Despite a rift in chronology, Antwerp Mannerism has irrefutable similarities with the later Italian Mannerism. Thus exploration of the intellectual and religious context of early sixteenth-century Antwerp art similar to Max Dvořák’s approach can be another direction for further research of the Italian and Spanish Mannerism. The subject matter of Antwerp Mannerist art, too, remains largely unexplored. Dan Ewing’s breakthrough essay showed that the changes in iconography (such as reinvention of the well-known subject) could mark shifts in identity. By no means they are merely ‘anecdotic’ as Paul Philippot stated. What subjects were popular beyond the Adoration of the Magi and why? Were there any secular subjects? How did the iconography of Antwerp art reflect the intersection of different Netherlandish schools of art? How did later artists incorporate the pictorial inventions of the Antwerp Mannerists? Finding an answer to these and similar questions can provide a rich context for further studies on this ‘contrived’ but unique style.

Figuraszínház : Formálódó vizuális színházi műfaj a bábszínház, a performansz és a posztdramatikus színház keresztmetszetében

The subject of my paper is figurative theatre, a genre of visual theatre of German origins, that is, as of now, little known in Hungary. My goal is to review the history of the genre, to examine its connections with related genres, such as performance, post-dramatic theatre and puppet theatre, and to analyse it stage techniques and phenomenological attachments.

Against Bidimensional Supremacy in EU Constitutionalism

Scholarly consensus sees EU supremacy as “necessarily bidimensional”: the supranational dimension necessarily stands alongside the national dimension, which rejects the absolute and unconditional supremacy of EU law. I argue that this view of bidimensional supremacy is conceptually flawed and descriptively inaccurate. On the conceptual side, I identify the fallacy of symmetry (the idea that national and supranational perspectives on supremacy are similar in nature and equally reductionist), the fallacy of selection (the view that bidimensionalism alone can overcome what it perceives as an inevitable subjective bias in the choice between national and supranational supremacy claims), and the fallacy of construction (an originally shared popular sovereignty theory, which turns out to be riddled with biases that disrupt the equilibrium within the internally divided sovereign). On the interpretative side, I suggest that the empirical evidence in support of bidimensional supremacy is weaker than it is generally assumed. I then offer an interpretation of the PSPP judgment of the German Federal Constitutional Court, which holds a judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union to be ultra vires, unlawful and thus non-binding. PSPP presents a problem of German origins and cast, rather than one stemming from the inner structure of EU constitutionalism. At most, PSPP represents a contingent, rather than necessary, and thus unexceptional instance of bidimensional supremacy.

Against Bidimensional Supremacy in EU Constitutionalism

AbstractScholarly consensus sees EU supremacy as “necessarily bidimensional”: the supranational dimension necessarily stands alongside the national dimension, which rejects the absolute and unconditional supremacy of EU law. I argue that this view of bidimensional supremacy is conceptually flawed and descriptively inaccurate. On the conceptual side, I identify the fallacy of symmetry (the idea that national and supranational perspectives on supremacy are similar in nature and equally reductionist), the fallacy of selection (the view that bidimensionalism alone can overcome what it perceives as an inevitable subjective bias in the choice between national and supranational supremacy claims), and the fallacy of construction (an originally shared popular sovereignty theory, which turns out to be riddled with biases that disrupt the equilibrium within the internally divided sovereign). On the interpretative side, I suggest that the empirical evidence in support of bidimensional supremacy is weaker than it is generally assumed. I then offer an interpretation of the PSPP judgment of the German Federal Constitutional Court, which holds a judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union to be ultra vires, unlawful and thus non-binding. PSPP presents a problem of German origins and cast, rather than one stemming from the inner structure of EU constitutionalism. At most, PSPP represents a contingent, rather than necessary, and thus unexceptional instance of bidimensional supremacy.

Listing advantages around the world

Using the firm-level data of 33 countries over 10 years (2008–2017), we find that the listed firms have lower returns on assets than the similar unlisted firms, in most countries. The result is associated with a higher capital-labor ratio of listed firms, implying that the listed firms face less financial constraints. Moreover, we investigate the institutional factors that exacerbate or mitigate the listing advantages (i.e., ROA difference) across the countries. Compared to English origin law, countries with German and Scandinavian legal origins strongly narrow the listing advantages but the French legal origin shows mixed results. Overall, the listing advantages seem narrowed with stronger creditor’s rights but show unclear associations with the strength of corporate governance.

El héroe artista en la novela corta de fin de siglo

Este artículo discurre sobre uno de los géneros más representativos del siglo xix, el Künstlerroman (el cual se desarrolla a la par del auge definitivo de la novelística), y las principales formas narrativas, a menudo diferenciadas con base en su mayor o menor extensión. No obstante su origen en la tradición alemana, la también llamada novela de artista se difunde en las literaturas europeas de mayor relieve y arriba del mismo modo al ámbito hispánico, especialmente rico y complejo durante el fin de siglo. Una comparación entre una novela realista de gran extensión (El doctor Centeno de Benito Pérez Galdós), una novelita posromántica (Confesiones de un pianista de Justo Sierra) y un cuento plenamente modernista (“El pájaro azul” de Rubén Darío), propone un resumen del devenir del artista como figura literaria en las diversas tradiciones de habla hispana, en la multiplicidad de sus estrategias retóricas.