Geopolitical Influence Research Articles

Revisiting capital flow drivers: Regional dynamics, constraints, and geopolitical influences

Our study revisits the drivers of capital flow movement by considering push, pull, and contagion factors for two distinct economic areas: BRICS and a group of European countries. This research was prompted by intensified regional integration and geopolitical challenges, which led to a concentration of regional investments. Major geopolitical events, such as Russian sanctions and the US–China conflict, have spurred capital shifts from affected areas. Based on our regional perspective analysis, we introduce capital flow constraints as an additional driver of capital movement. Our panel data analysis reveals two key insights: Firstly, unlike Europe, which mainly generates outflows, BRICS nations primarily attract capital inflows driven by internal and global influences. Secondly, BRICS exhibits higher sensitivity to capital inflow constraints, whereas Europe is more responsive to outflow constraints. Overall, our research highlights the distinct capital flow trends in BRICS and Europe, driven by their unique economic and geopolitical contexts.

Strategy towards sustainable energy transition: The effect of environmental governance, economic complexity and geopolitics

The Paris Agreement and COP27 have been actively working towards a transition to clean energy (SDG-7) and the restoration of the green environment (SDG-13). Therefore, this study was situated within a comprehensive policy framework. This study aims to investigate the effects of environmental governance and economic complexity on energy transition in 20 OECD countries selected for analysis from 1990 to 2021. This study employs the novel MMQR model to account for slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependency. Additionally, an asymmetric analysis was conducted to examine the mediating and moderating roles of geopolitical risk in the relationship between environmental governance, economic complexity, and energy transition. The primary findings of this study indicate that (1) environmental governance and economic complexity have a stimulating effect on energy transition at different levels of quantiles. Strict environmental policies have played a critical role in the transition to clean energy. Furthermore, the interaction between environmental governance and geopolitical factors negatively impacts energy transition at various quantiles; (2) economic complexity demonstrates a positive association with energy transition, as countries with high economic complexity possess the necessary resources, capabilities, and resilience to effectively address the challenges and seize the opportunities associated with transitioning to cleaner and more sustainable energy sources. However, the interaction of economic complexity with geopolitics transforms the positive influence of geopolitics into a negative influence on energy transition. The novel nonparametric panel Granger causality test establishes a significant causal relationship, revealing that environmental governance and economic complexity can support energy transition by creating a favorable environment for clean energy adoption, fostering innovation, facilitating effective planning and implementation, enhancing economic resilience, and promoting international collaboration.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЛИДЕРСТВОМ И СОВРЕМЕННыЙ ПРОФИЛь КЛЮЧЕВых КОМПЕТЕНЦИЙ РУКОВОДИТЕЛЯ

This article examines trends in reorientation in the management system from the position of managing the company’s development strategy to shorter-term, operational management, the characteristic feature of which is survival in the market and stabilization of the company’s existing position. The scale of geopolitical influence and economic changes, the situation with the demographic crisis, social infrastructure, constant technological innovations, and the latest forms of interaction between organizations and employees force a significant change in the composition of the competencies that the top management of organizations and their management teams should have. The profile of modern key competencies of the top management of the organization can be characterized as anti-crisis with the use of tactics in which the dominant position is occupied by orientation to the final result. To form a profile of competencies and find their necessary balance in the future, with a perspective for the coming years, the following clusters are considered: tasks, strategy, personality, leadership. The article describes in detail the constituent characteristics of each cluster.

Information Warfare as an Instrument of Geopolitical Influence on Ukraine: Main Aspects and The State's Response

The purpose of the article is to study information warfare as an instrument of geopolitical influence on Ukraine, the main aspects of this problem and certain elements of the Ukrainian side's response to the Kremlin regime's information attacks. To achieve this goal, the methods of comparison, analysis, synthesis and content analysis were used. The results indicate that the Russian side in the information warfare uses both traditional tools, such as the media, troll factories, bot factories, and fakes, and new technologies, such as deepfake. This arsenal is constantly evolving and adapting to technological advances. The Kremlin's main goal in the information warfare is to "undermine" Ukraine from within, creating the impression of close ties between Ukraine and Russia as a Eurasian state. Russian activities go beyond Ukraine, influencing public opinion in European countries, the United States and beyond. "Influence operations use social media platforms to spread individual narratives and sow hostility. To counter Russian influence, a program is being implemented to increase media literacy among the Ukrainian public. Ukrainian television companies are responding to the invasion by creating joint telethons that expand communication channels and counter disinformation. Individual tools, such as podcasts, are becoming important in countering disinformation. Ukrainian radio plays a key role in providing information in the occupied regions, and media literacy projects help to verify information and increase information literacy. Initiatives to develop media literacy and counter disinformation in Ukraine are widespread and effective. Results show that the level of resistance to propaganda has increased, and more than 70% of the population can recognize manipulative tactics. Government and civil society initiatives are working together to combat disinformation. Institutions such as the Center for Countering Disinformation and the Center for Strategic Communications are making an important contribution to the resilience of Ukrainian society.

A comprehensive review of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) market dynamics: Analyzing the current trends, challenges, and opportunities in the global LNG market

This scholarly paper comprehensively analyses the global Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) market, delving into its multifaceted dynamics and future prospects. The study's background establishes the increasing global importance of LNG, driven by its role in the contemporary energy mix and the evolving landscape of energy production and consumption. The paper aims to dissect current trends, challenges, and opportunities in the LNG market, focusing on its historical evolution, technological advancements, environmental sustainability, economic factors, and geopolitical influences. The paper synthesizes peer-reviewed literature through a meticulous methodology to ensure a broad and in-depth coverage of the subject. The scope encompasses a detailed exploration of the historical milestones of the LNG industry, its role in the energy mix, the impact of technological innovations, and the interplay of environmental, economic, and regulatory factors. The study also scrutinizes the influence of geopolitical dynamics on the global LNG trade. The main findings reveal that technological advancements have significantly reshaped LNG production and distribution, enhancing efficiency and sustainability. Environmental considerations emerge as pivotal in the industry's evolution, with a clear need to balance economic growth with ecological preservation. The economic analysis underscores market volatility influenced by global trade dynamics and geopolitical shifts, highlighting the sector's sensitivity to international events. The paper recommends a strategic focus on innovation, sustainability, and geopolitical engagement to foster the LNG industry's growth. It emphasizes the necessity for adaptive regulatory frameworks and investment in renewable energy infrastructure to support LNG's expanding role in the global energy landscape.

Russian and Turkic Worlds in Eurasia

This article delves into the dynamics of ethno-confessional factors influencing Russian-Turkish relations, exploring the Russian and Turkic worlds as geopolitical constructs within the Eurasian sphere. Employing a synthesis of critical and classical geopolitics methodologies, the study emphasizes the civilizational aspect as a pivotal element in the intricate interplay of competition and cooperation between Russia and Turkey in the Eurasian context. The research methodology integrates a civilizational perspective with critical geopolitics. The authors examine various strategies utilized by Turkey and Russia to implement ethnoconfessional policies in their quest for geopolitical influence. These strategies encompass the creation of narratives around 'fraternal nations', the promotion of shared historical, cultural, religious, linguistic, and heroic narratives; the cultivation of pro-Russian and pro-Turkish national elites; and the exploitation of ethno-national factors during domestic political crises. This analysis traces these phenomena from historical imperial contexts to contemporary interstate relations.Furthermore, the article underscores the significant impact of individual leadership in shaping the concept of the Turkic world, with a particular focus on the current President of the Turkish Republic, R.T. Erdogan. Erdogan is portrayed as a key figure actively advocating for and reinforcing the unity and identity of the Turkic world.

Costly Signaling and China's Strategic Engagement in Arctic Regional Governance

In recent years, China has become an increasingly important actor in Arctic regional governance. While Beijing consistently frames its engagement in the region as a strategy of mutually-beneficial cooperation, some Arctic countries have raised significant concerns about its growing economic presence, warning that China may leverage its geopolitical influence to change the existing norms and rules in the polar region. Facing the mounting “China threat” skepticism, what are Beijing’s coping strategies to belie concerns? Based on a review of the existing research and government documents, particularly Chinese-language scholarly works and official reports, this article specifically identifies two types of costly signaling approaches employed by China to reduce Arctic countries’ distrust. First, China has started to curtail its Arctic investment in oil, gas, and mining while engaging more in sectors that chime well with Western societies’ global environmental values, including clean and renewable energy, ecological research that addresses further climatic change associated with global warming, and other environmentally sustainable industries. Second, Beijing has increasingly involved in regional international organizations, such as the Arctic Council, to signal its willingness to exercise state power under institutional constraints. These approaches aim to send a series of costly signals to conventional Arctic states, reassuring them that China is not a revisionist power that pursues hegemony in the region. Taken together, our findings have both scholarly and policymaking implications to understand China’s participation in Arctic regional governance.

Health equity and gendered border blindness: an exploration of healthcare services at the international border in Rajasthan

ObjectivesCitizens' access to health care and the delivery of the healthcare services is significantly affected by the spatiality of the regions and the connectedness of the elements of the healthcare system. This network of healthcare system, region and delivery of services faces myriad challenges in the borderland geography, which is characterised by accentuated military presence, poor physical infrastructure, disinterest of habitation near the border, lack of adequate, necessary and allied services such as schools and industry, social seclusion, migration etc. All these factors amalgamate to create an effect of gender-blind phenomenon as well as border-blind phenomenon. This is particularly acute for women and children. Study designA phenomenology research design has been used for the study. It encapsulates qualitative aspects of the views of those who experience marginalisation inclusive of gender-blind experiences. Marginalised women and frontline healthcare workers at the borderland were considered for the inquiry in this study. The study is a composite description of the phenomenon. MethodsThe border districts of Rajasthan from the Radcliffe line of Rajasthan have been identified for the purpose of the study. Using narrative ethnography along with interviews, an examination was executed from health professionals and marginalised women to comprehend health care access and equity from the service provider's perspective as well as the beneficiary's perspective. ResultsThe study provides a range of attributions based on which it could be established that health inequities exist in bordering rural areas. ConclusionsThe study realises the geopolitical influence of the Radcliffe line, where borderlands are commonly vital to the continuum struggle between the centre and state. Yet, there remains a gap towards implementing various schemes and services due to varied reasons for access from main to far-off border areas, making the situation vulnerable from a resource deficiency point of view. The Health Equity Framework cannot meet Social Determinants of Health in borderland areas of Rajasthan.

Media Framing on the Hamas-Israel Conflict: An Analysis of Kompas.com and CNBC Indonesia News in October 2023

International conflict is a social phenomenon in international law, involving subjects that seek to harm other states. Causes are varied, including disputes over material factors such as territorial sea conflicts and economic competition. Conflicts often stem from differences in ethnic interests, such as those between Palestine and Israel. The media plays a role in shaping public opinion, news coverage of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict can be influenced by partisanship, news framing, and geopolitical influences. The mass media, such as kompas.com and CNBC Indonesia, portray the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through news framing that influences readers' perceptions. Kompas.com tends to emphasize Israel's declaration of war on Hamas and the casualties of the attacks, giving emphasis to Israel's actions in response to the attacks and creating sympathy for Israel. They also highlighted Hamas' exploitation of the geopolitical gap in the Middle East. On the other hand, CNBC Indonesia was more neutral in reporting on the conflict, not emphasizing one side over the other. They include Russia's view of the conflict, providing additional viewpoints and showing that there are other countries influencing or providing perspectives on the conflict. With qualitative research methods and framing analysis William A. Gamson and Andre Modigliani, this research revealed that kompas.com highlighted PM Netanyahu's statement that Isr.

Context matters in history textbook studies: A call to address the socio-political landscape of textbook production

History textbooks are a tool of nation-building and often the only account of particular events, people and issues to which students will be exposed. This is one reason why it is important to examine, not only their content, but the context of their production. Research attention needs to be directed not only at disentangling the logics of textbook content, a purpose that dominates the field, but also at the social and political contexts of their development, including their production (publishing and authorship) and the processes by which they receive official approval. This work analyzed 100 history textbook studies in order to identify current trends in textbook research. This article focuses on one of the four major findings of the study: textbook studies often focus on the content of the textbook in isolation from the socio-political landscape of textbook production. The socio-political landscape refers, but is not limited to, the influence of local and geopolitics; the influence of the state, evident primarily in the official approval processes employed by governments; the economic dimension and publication parameters; and authorship factors. Among the relatively few studies that address the socio-political landscape, the authors often employ a historiographical or comparative perspective. The historiographical perspective, which is dominant, offers an analysis of textbooks over time in order to reveal both continuities and changes in the historical narratives produced by their authors. One example is a study by Yeow Tong Chia (2013), who examines conceptions of ‘Chineseness’ and China in Ontario high school history curricula and textbooks in the post Second World War to the 1980s period. More broadly, the paper locates the Ontario textbooks in the international context of the western-centric perspectives that were prevalent following the Second World War. The comparative perspective analyzes textbooks across regions in one historical moment. For example, Jason Nicholls (2006) addresses the role of national contexts in determining how the Second World War is portrayed in textbooks found in the United States, Italy, Sweden, Japan, and England.

ГЛОБАЛЬНИЙ РИНОК НАФТОПРОДУКТІВ: ВИКЛИКИ ТА МОЖЛИВОСТІ

This article delves into a comprehensive analysis of the prevailing trends within the intricate landscape of the global petroleum market. By meticulously examining these trends, the study aims to uncover the multifaceted implications they hold for the oil refining industry. With a keen focus on both challenges and opportunities, the research endeavors to provide a nuanced understanding of the dynamic forces shaping this critical sector. Through a rigorous evaluation process, the study seeks to elucidate how these trends reverberate across the oil refining landscape, shedding light on potential pathways for adaptation and growth. The methodology adopted for this study encompasses a comprehensive approach, incorporating the analysis of diverse datasets, literature reviews, and expert insights. By synthesizing statistical data, scrutinizing scholarly sources, and leveraging expert opinions, the research aims to meticulously delineate prevailing trends and anticipate future trajectories within the global petroleum market. Through this rigorous analytical framework, the study unveils substantial shifts occurring within the industry, driven by an interplay of factors including economic dynamics, technological advancements, and geopolitical influences. These findings provide invaluable insights into the evolving landscape of the petroleum market, offering critical perspectives for stakeholders navigating through an increasingly complex and dynamic environment. The practical significance of this study extends far beyond academic inquiry, as it offers invaluable insights into the operational intricacies of the global petroleum market. By unraveling the underlying mechanisms driving market dynamics, the research equips industry stakeholders with a profound understanding of key variables influencing market behavior. This knowledge serves as a foundational framework for formulating robust management strategies and informed decision-making processes within the oil refining sector. Armed with these insights, industry players are better poised to navigate the complexities of the market, anticipate emerging trends, and capitalize on strategic opportunities, ultimately enhancing operational efficiency and competitiveness in a rapidly evolving landscape.

Economic and Geopolitical influence of India through BRICS summit: A brief analysis

Economic and Geopolitical influence of India through BRICS summit: A brief analysis

Comparative analysis of the maritime ISR capabilities of India and China in the IOR

Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance systems (ISR) have been playing a significant role in providing robust situational awareness of the maritime domain. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the ISR systems of India and China in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), a region of immense geopolitical significance and a theatre of power projection for both the countries. After tracing the evolution of ISR from ancient time to modern era, the study underscores the critical role of ISR in maritime security and strategic advantage, particularly in the IOR. The paper finds that, in accordance with its Two Ocean strategy, China has been expanding its ISR infrastructure in the IOR. Chinese naval activities, including submarine deployment, research vessels suspected of conducting covert surveillance in the eastern Indian Ocean, classified use of its satellite systems, use of air based ISR systems as force multipliers, and acquisition of bases in the IOR has potential to alter power dynamics in the IOR. These developments allow China to exert geopolitical influence and potentially challenge India’s traditionally dominant position in the IOR. The paper further delves into examining factors influencing the ISR force structure of India and China, including defence expenditure, military modernisation drive, development in Defence Industrial Base (DIB), and the role of commandand-control structure. Finally, this research tries to provide recommendations for India to enhance its ISR infrastructure, emphasizing the need to invest in HUMINT and TECHINT capabilities and enhanced inter-agency coordination. Overall, the paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the ISR landscape in the IOR.

Growth and poverty reduction in Vietnam: A strategic policy modelling study

<p>A major objective of economic development or growth is poverty reduction, and it is especially a high priority in developing, low-income economies such as Vietnam. Vietnam is an important transition open high-growth economy since Doi Moi in 1987 and with increasing global geopolitical influence in South East Asia but with concerning high poverty incidence. While poverty is recognised internationally as a multidimensional incidence with interdependent relationships among the country's many activities in the sense of Marshall or Haavelmo, rigorous studies with focus on these multidirectional causality issues for Vietnam are currently very limited. The paper addresses these issues by introducing an endogeneity or simultaneous multi-equation modelling approach with World Bank and other international data and system estimation to studying the growth-poverty relationship with Vietnam as a case study. The objective is to explore empirical evidence for this causal relationship with an economy-wide transmission mechanism and with common causality postulates for the improvement of sustainable growth and poverty reduction strategic policy analysis. The main findings show growth-poverty circular causality and the strong impact of growth on poverty reduction and of trade openness on growth. The approach advances the literature, and the findings are also a useful guide for aid consultants, economic researchers, policy makers, nongovernment organizations (NGOs), and official development assistance (ODA) donors in Vietnam in particular and in developing countries in general.</p>

Performance of M&A Deals in The Russian Market: Evidence from Oil & Gas and Power Industries

The paper provides a comprehensive investigation of M&A deals on the Russian market, particularly in the Oil and Gas and Power sectors. This research fills the gap in literature by scrutinizing key M&A trends, reviewing M&A activities, and evaluating M&A performance through a combined application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and case studyanalysis. A critical part of this study involves exploring the influence of geopolitical factors on these transactions. The article presents a novel academic contribution by offering focused insights on M&A activities in two under-researched yet critical sectors of the Russian economy. Furthermore, the innovative use of DEA and case study analysis enhances ourunderstanding of industry trends over a span of 22 years, including the M&A transactions of 2022. Our sample includes 23 deals made by 17 Russian companies in the Energy and Power industries. We selected deals as a result of which the acquirer companies obtained more than 50% of the target company, so the acquirer company gained control over the operationsand performance of the acquired company. The study traces the effects of geopolitical influences on M&A outcomes, a critical consideration given Russia’s unique geopolitical context. This research is of practical significance for domestic and international businesses contemplating M&A decisions within Russia’s Oil & Gas and Power industries, offering valuableinsights to guide future strategies. While this study uncovers promising positive trends, further exploration and long-term data are necessary for a complete assessment of the impact of these M&A activities on company performance.

HOW THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR CHANGED THE MODERN WORLD

The author analyzes the geopolitical, economic, energy, military, historical, informational, and other important factors, which played a role in the Russian military aggression against Ukraine.
 Particularly, the author presents a comprehensive overview of the reasons behind the implementation of the intervention in Ukraine and the violation of the main principles of morality and international law by Russia. Furthermore, the author shows how Russia is losing geopolitical influence in the world and particularly in the post-soviet space, which the Kremlin considers as a zone of geopolitical and geostrategic interests of Russia after the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
 The author also examines the economic consequences of the war, including how the military operation has damaged the Russian economy, and how this has negatively affected the Russian government’s budget. One of the results of it is the decreasing volume of Russian oil and gas exports, especially in the European market. In this context, some aspects of how the war affects the global economy are also discussed and analyzed.
 Regarding military aspects, the statistical data related to Russian losses in the war, including military personnel and military techniques also are considered in the framework of the research.
 In the research, attention is paid to the importance of analyzing some historic factors, related to the imperialistic policy of the Russian empire, the Soviet Union, and the Russian Federation accordingly from the 19th century till now. Particularly, the focus is on kinds of violations that have been implemented by their rulers against different states and nations, including mass deportations and genocides of the civilian population.
 In conclusion, the author presents possible scenarios for developments related to the Russia-Ukraine war.

Аdvertisement of European multiculturalism and its impact on interfaith relations in Ukraine

The article proposes a study of state-church and inter-religious relations in Ukraine during the period of independence in the context of political processes in modern Europe. The modern vectors of state policy in the sphere of religion and freedom of conscience are revealed. The insult in interfaith relations is largely caused by the ill-conceived and inconsistent policy of the government in this area. It has been established that the current political situation in Ukraine indicates a deep crisis in relations in many spheres of social life. Russia's open aggression caused a new wave of aggravation of national self-identification and the church vector in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to highlight the problem of the political and spiritual influence of Europe on modern Orthodoxy in Ukraine, which is in a state of division into different jurisdictions. It has been proven that the unification of the divided branches of Ukrainian Orthodoxy will contribute to the consolidation of Ukrainian society, especially in conditions of open war. The formation of the United Church should take place on the basis of a constructive dialogue between the authorities, denominations and society.
 The research shows that the branches of the divided Ukrainian Orthodoxy are under the active political influence of the geopolitical confrontation of the European scale. Advertising and promotion of multiculturalism and polytheism, which are characteristic of the countries of Western Europe, require corresponding freedom of religion and the presence of a multi-religious component in Ukraine, which openly demonstrates the chosen vector of European integration.
 On the other hand, it was established that the status of the United Independent Church affects issues of national security, international recognition, geopolitical influence, consolidation of Ukrainian society, unification of self-identification of Ukrainian citizens and is an important conflict-causing factor. Therefore, the issue of establishing the United Independent Ukrainian Church remains topical today.

Effects of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on the Economies of China and Pakistan

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which is an infrastructure and economic development project initiated by China in Pakistan in 2013. The project aims to connect China's western province of Xinjiang to the Pakistani port of Gwadar through a network of roads, railways, pipelines, and power plants. The CPEC is expected to bring several benefits to both China and Pakistan, including expanding China's economic and geopolitical influence in the region and addressing Pakistan's chronic infrastructure deficits, creating new jobs, and attracting foreign investment. The CPEC can also help to alleviate China's domestic overcapacity issues and reduce its dependence on the South China Sea for its energy imports. Moreover, it can improve Pakistan's regional and global connectivity and enhance its geopolitical importance as a gateway to South Asia and the Middle East. However, the success of the CPEC will depend on various factors, including political stability, security, and effective implementation of the project. Overall, the CPEC represents a win-win scenario for China and Pakistan, as it can provide economic benefits to both countries while promoting regional connectivity and integration.

Manufacturing consensus: China’s strategic narratives and geoeconomic competition in Asia

China’s attempt to build geopolitical influence through economic instruments has become a critical facet of US-China competition. How can rising powers convince follower states to join alternative (geoeconomic) initiatives created and/or led by the rising powers, in the shadow of potential rebuke from the hegemon? This article theorizes how rising powers can use strategic narratives to ameliorate the follower states’ concerns of antagonizing the hegemon for aligning with alternative initiatives. We argue that rising powers can control the narrative through “two-front narration”: simultaneously telling the hegemon that they seek limited changes, while telling follower states that they do not have to worry about crossfire because the rising powers-hegemon relations are non-zero-sum. By sending the right messages to different audiences to induce motivated reasoning, rising powers can manufacture the appearance of consensus among multiple audiences to help follower states hedge, while blunting the formation of containment coalitions. We adopt a mixed-methods approach to substantiate our theory: (1) text analysis of China’s messaging about the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) from 2008 to 2016; (2) case study of the rhetorical action-reactions between China, the United States, and the follower states on the relationship between the TPP and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership; and (3) parallel case study of the rhetorical action-reactions between China, the United States, and the follower states on the relationship between the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and multilateral development banks such as the World Bank. Our analysis has implications for theories of strategic narratives in international politics and debates about geoeconomic competition/hedging in Asia.

How China Perceives European Strategic Autonomy: Asymmetric Expectations and Pragmatic Engagement

Abstract Intensified strategic competition between China and the US and the outbreak of the Russia–Ukraine conflict have polarised international attention on the promotion and prospects for European strategic autonomy (ESA). This change in the international and regional environment raises an important question: How does ESA affect China–EU relations? Answering it requires clarification of the main impacts of ESA promotion on China–EU relations. These include: the EU’s reduced dependence on key materials and technologies from certain countries, and the formulation and expression, in line with core EU interests, of an independent stance and policies on China; China’s adjustment of its European Strategy; and persistent external pressure from the United States. Starting from its particular interests, the EU has, to some extent, independently assessed and accordingly refined its relations with China, having pursued cooperation in global public welfare governance and other areas of similarly low ideological significance, and pragmatically explored ways of moderating competition and enhancing cooperation with China. Fields highly sensitive to geopolitical influence, or which involve key technologies and globally important supply chains, are those wherein China is treated as a competitor. Upon analysis, it can be concluded that the EU’s most consistent approach to its goals of strategic autonomy is that of maintaining an alliance with the United States while avoiding full dependence on it, and competing with China in key areas that allow leeway for practical cooperation.