Geological Systems Research Articles

Early warning and detection of geological disasters based on intelligent genetic algorithm

Abstract In recent years, the frequent occurrence of earthquakes, landslides, debris flow and other geological disasters worldwide is endangering people's production and life, which not only causes serious damage to infrastructure, but also creates a certain degree of fear for people. Geological disaster is an open nonlinear complex system, which has extraordinary complex geological process, formation conditions, and causes. Therefore, it makes difficulty in capturing the dynamic information and searching for the global optimal solution. Meanwhile, traditional geological disaster warning system has the deficiencies of single disaster warning and low accuracy. In order to improve the level of early warning and detection of geological disasters, this paper combined the genetic algorithm with superior performance and Support Vector Regression (SVR) algorithm to establish a feasible and credible early warning and monitoring model for geological disasters. The experimental results show that the early warning and monitoring model proposed in this paper can greatly improve the ability of geological disaster prevention and early warning, and greatly improve the level of disaster prevention and early warning, with good engineering application value.

A novel in-situ Raman spectroscopic cell for aqueous geochemistry at the solid-liquid interface.

In-situ Raman spectroscopy has the potential to be a powerful technique for monitoring geochemical reactions at a solid-liquid interface in real time. In this article, we present the development and testing of an in-situ Raman spectroscopic cell, which can be used for reaction systems at moderate temperatures and pressure [<1000 psi (6.89 MPa), <100 °C, relevant to subsurface geologic systems] and can hold samples large enough for chemical mapping of heterogeneous rock surfaces. The system is validated by measuring the temperature-dependent conversion of gypsum to calcite over time. Near total conversion of gypsum to calcite on the mineral surface took 29hours at room temperature and 150minutesat 100 °C, corresponding to an 11.6-fold increase in the conversion rate. We anticipate that this cell can be an important tool in quantifying the rates of carbon mineralization relevant to geologic carbon sequestration, particularly for the elevated rates recently observed in mafic/ultramafic rocks.

IntelliSense Bio-Ionotronics Battery for Early Warning of Geological Seepage.

Water seepage-induced geological hazards (SIGHs), including landslides, collapse, debris flow, and ground fissures, often cause substantial human mortality, economic losses, and environmental damage. However, an early warning of geological water seepage remains a significant challenge. A self-powered, cost-effective, reliable, and susceptible SIGH early warning system (SIGH-EWS) is reported herein. This system designed the all-solid, sustainable, fire retardant, and safe-to-use bio-ionotronic batteries to provide a stable power supply for Internet of Things chipsets. Furthermore, the batteries' outstanding humidity and water sensitivity allow sensing of the water seepage emergence. Integrating energy management and wireless communication systems, the SIGH-EWS realizes timely alerts for early water seepage in different water and soil environments with a time resolution in seconds. Based on these merits, the SIGH-EWS demonstrates promising application prospects for early warning of geological disasters and corresponding design strategies that can potentially guide the designs of next-generation geological hazard alarm systems.

Calcium Carbonate Prenucleation Cluster Pathway Observed via In Situ Small-Angle X-ray Scattering.

For more than 150 years, our understanding of solid-phase mineral formation from dissolved constituent ions in aqueous environments has been dominated by classical nucleation theory (CNT). However, an alternative paradigm known as non-classical nucleation theory (NCNT), characterized by the existence of thermodynamically stable and highly hydrated ionic "prenucleation clusters" (PNCs), is increasingly invoked to explain mineral nucleation, including the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals in aqueous conditions, which is important in a wide range of geological and biological systems. While the existence and role of PNCs in aqueous nucleation processes remain hotly debated, we show, using in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), that nanometer-sized clusters are present in aqueous CaCO3 solutions ranging from thermodynamically under- to supersaturated conditions regarding all known mineral phases, thus demonstrating that CaCO3 mineral formation cannot be explained solely by CNT under the conditions examined.

Geothermal Exploration Using Remote Sensing, Surface Temperature, and Geophysical Data in Lunayyir Volcanic Field, Saudi Arabia

Energy consumption worldwide has undergone a recent shift, with hydrocarbons, coal, and new energy sources taking center stage. However, fossil fuels face criticism due to their negative impacts on the environment through air pollution. Geothermal energy is a clean, renewable, and eco-friendly alternative that can be harnessed for power generation. The Lunayyir volcanic field is located in the western part of Saudi Arabia and has been identified as a potential geothermal resource. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the gravity, magnetic, and land surface temperature data collected over the study area is conducted to investigate the geothermal potential. The gravity data are processed using standard techniques to correct for instrument drift, diurnal variations, and topographic effects and to filter out high-frequency noise. The magnetic data are processed using standard procedures. Analysis of the gravity data shows that the Lunayyir volcanic field is characterized by a series of gravity anomalies, which can be interpreted as indicative of the presence of subsurface geologic structures that are similar in geothermal areas, such as faults, fractures, and intrusions. The magnetic data, on the other hand, show that the volcanic field has a relatively low magnetic susceptibility, which is consistent with the presence of volcanic rocks implying shallow heat sources. Landsat satellite data are utilized to calculate the land surface temperature through the use of GIS software. Additionally, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is calculated using the near-infrared and red bands of the Landsat satellite. The land surface temperature of the year 2007 shows the relatively high temperature at the surface as compared to 2000 and 2021, which is an indication of volcanic activities in the subsurface. It is suggested that these structures may provide conduits for hot fluids, which could potentially be exploited for geothermal energy production. The obtained results emphasize the importance of combining different geophysical datasets to obtain a better understanding of underground geology and geothermal systems. In general, this study improves the assessment of the Lunayyir volcanic field in the western part of Saudi Arabia for geothermal energy.

Predicting new mineral occurrences and planetary analog environments via mineral association analysis.

The locations of minerals and mineral-forming environments, despite being of great scientific importance and economic interest, are often difficult to predict due to the complex nature of natural systems. In this work, we embrace the complexity and inherent "messiness" of our planet's intertwined geological, chemical, and biological systems by employing machine learning to characterize patterns embedded in the multidimensionality of mineral occurrence and associations. These patterns are a product of, and therefore offer insight into, the Earth's dynamic evolutionary history. Mineral association analysis quantifies high-dimensional multicorrelations in mineral localities across the globe, enabling the identification of previously unknown mineral occurrences, as well as mineral assemblages and their associated paragenetic modes. In this study, we have predicted (i) the previously unknown mineral inventory of the Mars analogue site, Tecopa Basin, (ii) new locations of uranium minerals, particularly those important to understanding the oxidation-hydration history of uraninite, (iii) new deposits of critical minerals, specifically rare earth element (REE)- and Li-bearing phases, and (iv) changes in mineralization and mineral associations through deep time, including a discussion of possible biases in mineralogical data and sampling; furthermore, we have (v) tested and confirmed several of these mineral occurrence predictions in nature, thereby providing ground truth of the predictive method. Mineral association analysis is a predictive method that will enhance our understanding of mineralization and mineralizing environments on Earth, across our solar system, and through deep time.

The Fires: A Novel by Sigríður Hagalín Björnsdóttir

Reviewed by: The Fires: A Novel by Sigríður Hagalín Björnsdóttir Lucie Nolden SIGRÍÐUR HAGALÍN BJÖRNSDÓTTIR The Fires: A Novel Trans. Larissa Kyzer. Seattle. Amazon Crossing. 2023. 332 pages. THE FIRES IS TWO THINGS: it is a premonitory tale of what can happen when the forces residing within the earth and the human heart go unheeded, and it is a marketing ploy to broaden the genres offered translated into English to sell books to a wider audience. In the former role, it does relatively well, though it sometimes strays toward the clichéd. Anna Arnardóttir, our strong female protagonist, is a happily married volcanologist, guided by the memory of her beloved scientist father and her faith in logic and reason. But the beating magmic heart of Iceland cannot always be predicted by computer models, and neither can her desire for the motorcycle-riding photographer that steals her heart. Reckoning with the power of geologic forces, against which we are no more than insects, so readily crushed by the sweep of a magmic hand or devoured into the darkness of a sinkhole, Bjornsdóttir braids the unrelenting forces of volcanic destruction with an equally destructive love. On one hand, it is exactly what one might expect from a geological romance story set in Iceland, and it is exactly what Amazon Crossing's executives probably anticipate women will want to read. It's not particularly new, however, and it's not particularly outstanding. Frequent epigraphs and asides interject somewhat irrelevant information about Iceland's geological systems that upset the flow of the story, and although Bjornsdóttir has a knack for evoking Anna's powerful emotions, the interplay of romance and science is awkwardly done. On the other hand, as romance novels go, it delivers a surprisingly powerful message alongside its predicted one: try to control love, and you will cause misery. And the corollary: attempt to profit from forces you don't quite understand, and you can expect nothing but extraordinary death and destruction. The words of the prophet are not written on the subway walls, apparently, but in an Icelandic romance novel. Proponents of more translated fiction argue that our culture needs an influx of ideas and art from around the world to stay fresh and relevant, and The Fires is the unlikely messenger of the words Americans need to hear most right now, delivered straight from the land of fire and ice. Just like Anna, it is more imperative than ever that we listen to our intuition and heed the warnings of a warming planet. Otherwise, we risk everything. Lucie Nolden Orono, Maine Copyright © 2023 World Literature Today and the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma

Optimizing the contours of open pit mining with the use of mining and geological information systems and technologies

This article studies optimization of open pit mining using mining and geological information systems and technologies. The aim of the study is to develop an algorithm of optimizing the contour of an open pit using a mining and geological information system. The Lerch-Grossman algorithm has been applied using the Whittle program. Justification for changing the contour of an open pit based on the opening scheme, geometric characteristics and special technical and economic parameters of the blocks has been proposed. This proposal provides increasing the production efficiency and reducing capital and operating costs during the development of the deposit. The authors have come to the conclusion that the functionality of updated mining and geological information systems helps to take into account market conditions when designing the main parameters of an open pit and to make the right decision at the stage of preparing a deposit for development and while optimizing the existing open pit contour.

Structural and Redox Interconversions of Sulfur Ligands of Transition Metal Complexes

ABSTRACT The interactions between transition metals and sulfur have long been studied for potential applications in catalysis and energy storage and due to the relevance of these motifs in biological and geological systems. Complexes with sulfur-containing ligands can undergo redox transformations centered on sulfur as well as at the metal. Sulfur also readily catenates with other sulfur centers to form polysulfur motifs. Here, the synthesis and structures of notable examples of metal complexes with sulfur-containing ligands (sulfido, polysulfido, and polysulfanido) are described. Aspects of sulfur-centered redox, including spectroscopic and structural considerations, and future research opportunities are highlighted.

Vibration and Displacement Monitoring of Surface and Rock Strata in Geological Hazards Based on Mixed Technologies

With the rapid development through the advancement of technology, China geological hazard monitoring system has made great progress in engineering application. Advanced geological technology on hazardous geological monitoring is emerging, Internet of Things (IOTs), Geographic Information System (GIS), and Remote Sensing (RS), for example. However, there are still many problems existing subjected to monitoring system, such as sensor power storage, stability, compatibility, and weak analysis ability, which hinders the further development and popularization of the automatic monitoring system on geological hazards. In this paper, a new buried rock sensor and a fixed inclinometer are adopted, combined with the IOTs and the Beidou navigation system, to build an automatic monitoring system for geological disasters; it not only improves the accuracy and timeliness of monitoring data of surface and rock strata vibration and displacement of geological disasters but also provides guidance for future system design and development, especially in remote areas with steep terrain.

Hydrogeochemical processes and groundwater evolution in complex volcanic highlands and alluvio-lacustrine deposits (Upper Blue Nile), Ethiopia.

Lake Tana basin encompasses a wide regional volcanic aquifer system, in the northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. It has significant water resource potential for water supply and irrigation purposes. The objective of this study was to assess the physiochemical characteristics of the surface water-groundwater and investigate the processes controlling groundwater chemistry. A total of 273 water samples were collected from different water points for major ions and stable isotope analysis, representing different physiographic and hydrogeologic regions. Multivariate statistical, graphical methods, saturation and speciation modelling were used jointly to characterize water chemistry and to define hydrogeochemical processes. The Piper plots in combination with cluster analysis and isotope hydrological data indicate that, generally, the groundwater chemistry of the basin can be classified into (1) low TDS Ca-HCO3, Ca-Mg-HCO3, and Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3 type water which is relatively enriched in δ18O-δ2H and depleted in δ13C. These are recharge waters, which are characterized by low rock-water interaction; (2) brackish Mg-Na-Ca-HCO3 type water which is relatively depleted in δ18O-δ2H and enriched in δ13C; and (3) low TDS Na-(Ca)-HCO3 and Na-HCO3 type water which varies from less to more depleted in δ18O-δ2H and is characterized by relatively enriched δ13C. The cross-plots of the major cations vs. HCO3- and stability diagrams show that the primary processes controlling the groundwater evolution in the Lake Tana basin are alumino-silicate weathering and dissolution. Studying the hydrogeochemical characteristics of a complex geologic system with integrated approach helps to understand the complex groundwater flow system and flow dynamics, which in turn helps for proper groundwater utilization and future management.

Development and Application of a Simulator for Simulating the Behaviors of a Geological System When Replacing CH4 from Hydrate-Bearing Reservoirs by CO2

Conventional techniques for hydrate production may cause the deconstruction of hydrate, changing the geomechanical stresses of the reservoir, which could trigger the subsidence of the seafloor. A new method for replacing CH4 from the hydrate lattice by CO2, without damaging the mechanical structure of sediment, has been proposed. This approach can achieve both the objectives of long-term CO2 sequestration and the safe production of CH4 from hydrates. By coupling the Chen-Guo model into Tough+Hydrate V1.5, an updated simulator CO2-EGHRSim V.10 (CO2 Enhanced Gas Hydrate Recovery simulator) was developed in this work to describe the replacing processes of CH4 from the hydrate lattice by CO2 and to evaluate the storage potential of CO2 and the recovery efficiency of CH4 from the hydrate-bearing reservoirs. The developed simulator was verified using measured data obtained from laboratory experiments. The verification suggested that CO2-EGHRSim performed well in predicting the replacing processes of CH4 with CO2. The simulator was applied to calculate the CO2 storage potential combined with the CH4 recovery from hydrates at the site of Iġnik Sikumi on the North Slope of Alaska. The simulated results indicated that the CO2–CH4 exchange mostly occurred inside the gas plume, and the CO2 hydrate was only present around the production well. The simulated CO2 storage ratio was 0.58, and the CH4 recovery efficiency was 25.95%.

Predicting methane emissions and developing reduction strategies for a Central Appalachian Basin, USA, longwall mine through analysis and modeling of geology and degasification system performance

Coal mine methane is a safety concern in active mines due to explosion risk and an environmental concern due to the greenhouse gas (GHG) properties of methane emissions to the atmosphere. Depending on the mine design and operation, structural and stratigraphic characteristics of the geology, and the properties of coal beds affected by mining, a significant amount of methane can be released during coal extraction. These emissions may be low and uniform, but they also can be high and abrupt, if not captured by using pre- and post-mining methods of degasification or not controlled by ventilation during mining. Therefore, emissions should be monitored and predicted accurately for underground safety and GHG reduction. Ventilation and degasification systems should be designed accordingly by taking into account the mine geological properties and the degasification system's performance.This paper presents a comprehensive study to predict emissions and proposes alternatives to reduce emissions in a longwall mine extracting metallurgical coal from the Pocahontas No. 3 coal bed in Virginia (Central Appalachian Basin), USA. The work focused on mining activity in four adjacent panels through analysis and modeling of geology and evaluation of the performance of the methane control system. Results showed that the mine geology contained a significant amount of gas within and around the panel areas, which was controlled by utilizing different degasification methods besides ventilation during mining. The study showed that after pre-mining degasification using fractured vertical wells and in-seam horizontal wells, each panel potentially contained ∼19 MMscf and ∼ 2 MMscf of gas remaining to be handled by the gob gas ventholes (GGVs) and the ventilation, respectively, per acre of mining. It was shown that extending the pre-mining degasification duration of vertical wells by as much as 4 years or drilling more horizontal wells with closer spacing could significantly reduce ventilation and gob emissions during the mining of coal.

Comparison of Numerical Analysis Methods of APro for the Total System Performance Assessment of a Geological Disposal System

Comparison of Numerical Analysis Methods of APro for the Total System Performance Assessment of a Geological Disposal System

Experimental Study of the Shear Characteristics of Fault Filled with Different Types of Gouge in Underground Gas Storage

In the current international situation, energy storage is an important means for countries to stabilize their energy supply, of which underground storage of natural gas is an important part. Depleted gas reservoir type underground gas storage (UGS) has become the key type of gas storage to be built by virtue of safety and environmental protection and low cost. The multi-cycle high injection and production rate of natural gas in the depleted gas reservoir type UGS will cause the in-situ stress disturbance. The slip risk of fault in the geological system increases greatly compared with that before the construction of the storage engineering, which becomes a great threat to the sealing of the gas storage. Reasonable injection and production strategy depend on the reliable assessment of the shear behavior of the fault belt, which can guarantee the sealing characteristics of the UGS geological system and the efficient operation of the UGS. Therefore, the shear behavior of the fault is studied by carrying out experiments, which can provide important parameters for the evaluation of fault stability. However, there is a large gap between the rock samples used in the previous experimental study and the natural faults, and it is difficult to reflect the shear failure characteristics of natural faults. In this paper, similar fault models based on high-precision three-dimensional scanners and engraving machines, filled with three types of fault gouge, are prepared for a batch of representative direct shear tests. The results show that the peak shear strength of the fault rocks with a shear surface is higher than that of the fault rocks with a tensile surface. Compared with the clay mineral content, the roughness of the fault surface is much more significant for the shear strength of the fault rock. For the fault rocks with similar fault surface morphology, the higher the clay content in the fault gouge, the greater the shear strength of the fault rocks. For the fault rocks with different fault surface morphology and the same fault gouge, the cohesion and internal friction angle of the tensile type is generally smaller than that of the shear type.

An Automated Mapping Method of 3D Geological Cross-Sections Using 2D Geological Cross-Sections and a DEM

With the three-dimensional (3D) geological information system development, 3D geological cross-sections (GCs) have become the primary data for geological work and scientific research. Throughout past geological surveys or research works, a lot of two-dimensional (2D) geological cross-section maps have been accumulated, which struggle to meet the scientific research and application needs of 3D visual expression, 3D geological analysis, and many other aspects. Therefore, this paper proposes an automatic generation method for 3D GCs by increasing the dimensions based on a digital elevation model (DEM) and 2D geological cross-section maps. By matching corresponding nodes, generating topographic feature lines, constructing an affine transformation matrix, and inferring the elevation value of each geometric node on the GC, the 3D transformation of the 2D GCs is realized. In this study, fourteen 2D GCs within Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, are transformed into 3D GCs using the proposed method. The transformed results and quantitative error show that: (1) the proposed method applies to both straight and bent GCs; (2) each transformed GC can fit seamlessly with the ground and maintain minimal geometric deformation, and the geometric shape is consistent with the original GC in non-mountains area. This paper corroborated the proposed method’s effectiveness by comparing it with the other two 3D transformation strategies. In addition, the transformed GCs can be subjected to 3D geological modeling and digital Earth presentation, achieving positive effects in both 3D application and representation.

Methane release effects on foraminiferal tests in northern South China Sea

Upward diffusing methane in gas hydrate geological systems is consumed in the sediment and water column by a series of biogeochemical reactions, which not only affect living foraminifera but also lead to early diagenetic alteration of buried foraminiferal tests. Previous studies of the impact of methane release events on fossil foraminifera focused mainly on carbon and oxygen isotopes, with little attention given to other geochemical proxies to date. Here, we examine the test wall microstructure and analyze the elemental and stable carbon-oxygen isotopic compositions of buried foraminifera from gas hydrate-bearing sediments at Site GMGS2-16 in the northern South China Sea. Our results show that diagenetic alteration of foraminiferal tests at Site GMGS2-16 is mainly linked to high-Mg calcite overgrowths. Test δ13C covaries negatively with the degree of diagenetic alteration (based on petrographic characteristics) but positively with Mg/Ca ratios. With increasing diagenetic alteration, Ba/Ca, Mn/Ca, Fe/Ca, Mo/Ca, U/Ca, V/Ca, Ni/Ca and Co/Ca also generally increase, but Sr/Ca and Cu/Ca exhibit variable changes. We infer that foraminiferal tests are highly susceptible to alteration by methane-bearing fluids, and that the elemental ratios of diagenetically altered tests are potentially reliable proxies for paleo-methane release events. At Site GMGS2-16, the overall pattern of diagenetic alteration of foraminiferal tests records frequent vertical fluctuations of the sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) caused by variable fluid flux and methane release rates, with two discrete large-scale methane release events having maximum ages of ~0.47 ka and ~170 ka.

Geologic controls on the genesis of the Arctic permafrost and sub-permafrost methane hydrate-bearing system in the Beaufort–Mackenzie Delta

The Canadian Mackenzie Delta exhibits a high volume of proven sub-permafrost gas hydrates that naturally trap a significant amount of deep-sourced thermogenic methane (CH4) at the Mallik site. The present study aims to validate the proposed Arctic sub-permafrost gas hydrate formation mechanism, implying that CH4-rich fluids were vertically transported from deep overpressurized zones via geologic fault systems and formed the present-day observed GH deposit since the Late Pleistocene. Given this hypothesis, the coastal permafrost began to form since the early Pleistocene sea-level retreat, steadily increasing in thickness until 1 Million years (Ma) ago. Data from well logs and 2D seismic profiles were digitized to establish the first field-scale static geologic 3D model of the Mallik site, and to comprehensively study the genesis of the permafrost and its associated GH system. The implemented 3D model considers the spatially heterogeneously distributed hydraulic properties of the individual lithologies at the Mallik site. Simulations using a proven thermo-hydro-chemical numerical framework were employed to gain insights into the hydrogeologic role of the regional fault systems in view of the CH4-rich fluid migration and the geologic controls on the spatial extent of the sub-permafrost GH accumulations during the past 1 Ma. For &gt;87% of the Mallik well sections, the predicted permafrost thickness deviates from the observations by less than 0.8%, which validates the general model implementation. The simulated ice-bearing permafrost and GH interval thicknesses as well as sub-permafrost temperature profiles are consistent with the respective field observations, confirming our introduced hypothesis. The spatial distribution of GHs is a result of the comprehensive interaction between various processes, including the source-gas generation rate, subsurface temperature, and the hydraulic properties of the structural geologic features. Overall, the good agreement between simulations and observations demonstrates that the present study provides a valid representation of the geologic controls driving the complex permafrost-GH system. The model’s applicability for the prediction of GH deposits in permafrost settings in terms of their thicknesses and saturations can provide relevant contributions to future GH exploration and exploitation.

Large-Deformation Failure Mechanism and Stability Control of a Swelling Soft Rock Roadway in a Sea Area: A Case Study in Eastern China

Coal mining in sea areas has higher requirements for geological support systems, technical equipment levels, and safety production capacities because of the complex engineering geological conditions of underwater coal mines. In this paper, the deformation failure mechanism and stability control of a typical swelling soft rock roadway in the Beizao coal mine in a sea area are studied. A series of mechanical experiments and theoretical analyses were conducted to research the mechanical properties and reasons for the deformation failure of the swelling soft rock roadway. The type of the large-deformation failure mechanism of the soft rock roadway was identified as type IIIABC, which could be converted to a simple one, such as type IIB. The proposed stability control measure, containing constant-resistance large-deformation bolts, steel mesh, floor hollow grouting cables, and steel fiber concrete, was applied to the site. A good supporting effect was achieved, which could provide a beneficial reference for swelling soft rock roadways in sea areas.

Numerical study of hydraulic fracturing treatments and geothermal energy extraction from a naturally fractured granitic formation

Enhanced geothermal system (EGS) development is an extremely complex process involving reservoir creation and heat extraction. At present, hydraulic fracturing is still the most widely used method to create geothermal reservoirs. We utilize field-measured data from the Gonghe Basin (Northwest China) geothermal field, including drilling data, temperature logging data, and data from lab tests, to perform sensitivity analysis using the 3D fracturing simulator MShale and evaluate different fracturing treatments of a 3.7 km deep granitic formation. The simulation results show that the created reservoir geometry highly depends on the mechanical rock properties, in-situ stress states, and natural fracture systems. The optimum reservoir performances are achieved by analyzing the geological system and performing adequate planning, including a sensitivity analysis of the reservoir rock parameters, natural fracture development status, and in-situ stress states. Wherein the natural fracture development level determines the hydraulic stimulation technique. For the granitic formation in the Gonghe Basin, we found that water fracturing provides the best performance for the formation with highly developed natural fractures, whereas gel-proppant fracturing is more suitable for tight and intact formations. The fracturing treatment affects the production performance of EGSs. The power generation capacity of the formation with highly developed natural fractures treated with water fracturing is 1.61–3.94 MW, whereas that of the formation with few or without natural fractures treated with gel-proppant fracturing is 0.84–2.71 MW.