Geographical Research Articles

Geopolitical Challenges in Public Governance

Geopolitics is the study of how Earth's geography both physical and human, affects politics and international relations. The Ancient Greek terms γῆ (gê), which means "earth, land," and πoλιτική (politikḗ), which means "politics," are the source of the term "geopolitics.". It is an academic discipline that studies how a nation's size, location, climate, terrain, population, and natural resources affect its politics, particularly its foreign policy. Geopolitics has a significant bearing on public governance. A framework for comprehending the power relationships that shape our world is provided by geopolitics. It aids in the analysis of how geopolitical forces affect human rights, cultural heritage, and the development of public opinion around the world. Insights into societal divides, migration trends, and the emergence of nationalism are also provided by it. Other than that, geopolitical factors can impact governance strategies in the context of governance. For instance, decision-making procedures within public governance, strategic planning, and policy-making may be impacted by the geopolitical backdrop of a given area. It may also have an impact on how various countries relate to one another, which could have an impact on international accords and policies. Additionally, geopolitics can be understood as a process that makes it easy to comprehend conflicts and tensions at several levels, including local, regional, national, and worldwide. It can also disclose power struggles between actors. This knowledge can help public governance manage these tensions and conflicts in an efficient manner. In essence, geopolitics is a major factor in determining the tactics and laws used in public government. It offers a prism through which we can view the intricate relationships that are necessary for efficient public governance, including those involving geography, power, politics, and international relations. Thus, a better understanding of geopolitics can support more intelligent, astute, and successful public governance.

Mapping paleoelevations along active continental margins with igneous geochemistry: A case study from South America

Mountains and mountain ranges, often situated at convergent plate margins, play a pivotal role in many fields of the Earth, climate, and biological sciences. Reconstructing past episodes of mountain building from the geological rock record is one of the main challenges for unravelling the ancient physical geography of Earth’s surface. Established methods for quantifying past elevations traditionally relied on sedimentary rocks, but in recent years, alternative approaches have emerged on the basis that geochemical signatures of magmatic rocks formed in convergent settings correlate with crustal thickness or elevation. Consequently, methods based on igneous samples have the potential to allow quantitative mapping of past topographic change for large spans of space and time where existing maps are largely based on a qualitative approach. Here, we investigate the application of paleoelevation estimates derived from geochemistry using the western margin of South America as a case study. We investigate their consistency with independent indicators of past elevations such as stratigraphy, stable isotopes, fossils etc. for Cenozoic samples along the Andean margin. For older times, we compare the estimated paleoelevations with more general aspects of the geological record, as well as paleoelevations from global paleogeography models widely used in climate modelling studies, to evaluate the extent to which these models are consistent with the igneous geochemical proxies. We find that estimates based on multiple geochemical proxies, and which account for variations in elevation as a function of MgO, are preferable to those based on individual proxies. The multi-mohometer estimates yield estimates of elevation that better match both present-day topography and Cenozoic paleoelevations, and retain more samples during the data filtering stage. In deeper time, we show that igneous geochemistry quantifies changes in elevation related to documented phases of crustal thickening and thinning, and is thus likely to allow improvements to existing maps of paleotopography.

The geography of breakthrough invention in the United States over the 20th century

The geography of breakthrough invention in the U.S. – defined as the spatial distribution of the production of patents that are both novel and impactful – underwent three broad changes during the 20th century. At the start of the century, breakthrough invention was concentrated in populous metropolitan areas with high levels of local knowledge variety. By the 1930s, breakthroughs were created less frequently across the entire country and so their invention had a less distinct geography. The substantial creation of breakthroughs resumed in the 1960s, and while their invention was once again concentrated in major metropolitan areas with high knowledge variety, they frequently involved long-distance collaboration. In this article, I document these changes and propose a theory to interpret why they occurred. The theory emphasizes how changes in inventors' institutional and communication technology environments influence the geographical locations that are advantageous for breakthrough invention. In support of the model, I find that the disruptiveness of the regime of technological change, the knowledge intensity of breakthroughs, the distance-based frictions incurred by collaboration technologies, and the distance-based frictions incurred by knowledge-sourcing technologies help to predict the spatial distribution of breakthrough invention. To conclude the article, I discuss lessons that the 20th century's geography of breakthrough innovation provide for anticipating the geography of innovation in the 21st century, including in the years beyond COVID-19.

PELATIHAN PENENTUAN ARAH KIBLAT BAGI SANTRI PONDOK PESANTREN HIDAYATUL QUR’AN (PPHQ)

Astronomy in Indonesia originates and develops from Islamic boarding schools. Currently, this science is not massively studied in Islamic boarding schools, because it is considered difficult to do something related to calculations. Whereas in the aspect of study in Fiqh, students are taught and given an in-depth explanation. The Hidayatul Quran Islamic Boarding School (PPHQ) in Batanghari, East Lampung, is no exception, which has two flagship programs, namely Diniyah Takmiliyah and Tahfidhul Qur'an. In the Diniyah Takmiliyah Program, where alfiyah class students have studied fiqh studies quite in depth, the study of istiqbalul qiblah fiqh is not overlooked. This service tries to complete the fiqh understanding of the Qibla that has been owned by the santri with a scientific understanding of the Qibla, both in terms of calculation and measurement. The method used is PAR (participatory action research) with the aim of seeing, hearing, as well as understanding social phenomena that occur. Through this method, the target community or group is used as a subject, not an object of activity. The results obtained were that the alfiyah class students had basic knowledge both in the field of fiqh and about the geography of the earth. So that this training can complement and add insight, knowledge, new understanding and new skills in determining the Qibla direction.

Design of Water Pumping Mechanism using Wind Energy (Analysis Study)

In the past, the main sources of energy were coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear energy and wood. All of these sources are limited in quantities and depleted. Moreover, they are considered the main cause of environmental pollution. Due to their limitations and their negative effects on health and environment, attention was turned to alternative energy sources and their uses in various applications. One of those sources is wind energy which is clean and available throughout Earth's geography and today. Wind energy is used in many applications where it can be converted into electrical energy, stored and transmitted, and it can also be converted into a mechanical form that is used directly in machines like water pumps. The main objective of this study is to design a wind-powered water pumping turbine. One of the most important results of the study is the design of a pump to raise water from a well using wind energy to irrigate farms with an area of ​​(2.5) hectares. A two-piston pump was designed, the first to withdraw water from the well and the second to Push the water into the reserve tank. (Irrigation occurs during periods of unavailability of rain water). Use Programmes in study is matlab for analysis and solidworks for 3d pump.place of work is Iraq, Almousel.

Geospatial analysis of patients' social determinants of health for health systems science and disparity research.

Geospatial analysis of patients' social determinants of health for health systems science and disparity research.

“Bodyheartminding” (xin 心): Reconceiving the Inner Self and the Outer World in the Language of Holographic Focus and Field

“Bodyheartminding” (<i>xin</i> 心): Reconceiving the Inner Self and the Outer World in the Language of Holographic Focus and Field

Geografías para un buen nacer: una aproximación geo(corpo)gráfica del parto en domicilio en Chile

Home birth has added a layer of complexity to the epistemology of birth, raising questions about its institutional aspects. From this standpoint, this article stems from an interest in the narratives that Chilean women ascribe to the scenario of home birth. Thirty women were interviewed between October 2018 and January 2019 using elements of body mapping. A central category emerged in thematic analysis: geo(corpo)graphies of home birth, which involves the deployment of the material/symbolic body in a manner that allows birth to occur. Three subcategories also emerged: creating the ideal setting for childbirth, which has to do with imagining and defining the ideal space for childbirth; the best place to give birth letting instincts flow, which is constructed by feeling and listening to the body; and resignifying the ideal scenario, which implies attributing a new meaning to the home in order to give birth. These geo(corpo)graphic narratives of home birth recognize corporality and its disposition in space, allowing birth to be collectively socialized, blurring the boundaries between the public and the private.

Deep and surface driving forces that shape the Earth: Insights from the evolution of the northern South China sea margin

The sediments and their temporal and spatial distribution on Earth are the archives of interaction between deep and surface processes. Numerous simulations have attempted to decipher the evolution of landscape and sedimentary basins. However, it remains a challenge to couple paleogeographic evolution with deep geodynamics, especially at the continental margins such as the Northern South China Sea Margin (NSCSM). Here we employ a numerical simulating tool (Badlands) for the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the NSCSM to test and compare our restored interpolated paleo-bathymetries with previously published paleogeography. Based on the subsequent reconstruction of cumulative sediment thicknesses at the distal boundary of the continental margin, we found that the erodibility and elastic thickness of the lithosphere are the best-fitted and the most promising parameters to isostatically deal with deep dynamics in controlling regional topography. According to our findings, the Early Oligocene and Early Miocene are two stages of high erodibility and fast uplifting in the source provenances or weathering regions as well as lithospheric strengthening. In contrast, the lower values of elastic thickness indicate the Eocene rifting and Late Miocene reactivation of extension due to its lithospheric weakening, relative to the post-rift thickening.Plain language summary: Transient deep and surface processes actively participated in the geography of Earth’s landscape and sediment distribution. It takes millions of years for these processes and remains challenging to investigate the past landscape evolution. However, in the era of numerical modelling and more advanced research, it is now possible to solve many scientific questions. This study also attempted to find paleogeographic core findings based on the combined effect of deep and surface processes using a numerical simulation tool, Badland. Finally, we establish an erosion as a surface leading factor and an elastic thickness of lithosphere and mantle convection as the deep dynamic factors, to effect the Earth’s surface landscape and link with the accumulation of sediments.

Rise and decay of cane production in the Caribbean. The gaze of National Geographic

El trabajo analiza el discurso visual promovido por la revista National Geographic a lo largo de varias décadas del siglo XX durante las cuales se desarrolló la industrialización azucarera bajo la égida del capital estadounidense. Las fotografías publicadas, utilizadas aquí como documentos históricos, son viñetas que dan cuenta de un proceso que inicia con la promoción del espacio para el cultivo, muestra las condiciones propicias para desarrollarlo, el crecimiento de la producción, sus elevados niveles de exportación y la decadencia de la actividad.

A “Reorder of Things” in Black Studies: Sacred Praxis, Phono(geo)graphy, and the Counter-Archive of Diaspora

ABSTRACT This article examines Erna Brodber's 1994 novel, Louisiana, as a methodological invitation to the field of Black Studies to query how we do the work of black study. A Jamaican social scientist turned novelist, Brodber finds the tools of social science and notions of Western rationality and reason that undergird it insufficient for the unique challenges of recovering a past characterized by violent rupture and irreparable loss. In turn, she takes up fiction to imagine a new method and field of study to fill in the gaps of black diasporic history. Merging anthropology and sociology with literature, she produces a fictionalized ethnography—the novel Louisiana—that undermines the tenets of Western Enlightenment thought, its various offspring (social scientific method, History, Christianity, and technology), and their attendant claims to truth, facticity, and progress. Mobilizing the epistemes embedded within black diasporic cultural and political practices such as spirit possession, music, storytelling, and grassroots labor organizing, Louisiana constructs a counter-archive of diaspora that is at once sacred, feminist, and communal. Ultimately, the novel sketches the contours of a new interdisciplinary method and field of study—perhaps Brodber's own version of Black Studies—that foregrounds 1) “sacred praxis” vis-à-vis spirit possession as a legitimate mode of knowledge acquisition, 2) the “global black south” as a nodal point of diasporic relationality, and 3) a dispossessive logic and an ethic of humility and surrender in the research process that serves as an affront to notions of liberal individual personhood and the hierarchization of peoples and knowledges that produced and sustain the Western “order of things.”

Figures and Mirrors in Demetrios Triklinios's 'Selenography'

This article is about the interplay between diagrammatic representation, the mediation of mirrors, and visual cognition. It centres on Demetrios Triklinios (fl. ca. 1308–25/30) and his treatise on lunar theory. The latter includes, first, a discussion of the lunar phases and of the Moon's position in relation to the Sun, and second, a narrative and a pictorial description of the lunar surface. Demetrios Triklinios's Selenography is little-known (though edited in 1967 by Wasserstein) and not available in translation into a modern scholarly language. Therefore, one of the main goals of the present article is to introduce its context and contents and to lay down the foundations for their detailed study at a later stage. When discussing the Selenography, I refer to a bricolage consisting of the two earliest versions of the work preserved in Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, graecus 482, ff. 92r–95v (third quarter of the fourteenth century) and Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, graecus 2381, ff. 78r–79v (last quarter of the fourteenth century). I survey the available evidence concerning the role of Demetrios Triklinios (the author), John Astrapas (?) (the grapheus or scribe-painter), and Neophytos Prodromenos and Anonymus (the scribes-editors) in the production of the two manuscript copies. Next, I discuss the diagrams included in the Selenography and their functioning in relation to Triklinios's theory concerning the Moon as a mirror reflecting the geography of the Earth, on the one hand, and to the mirror experiment described by Triklinios, on the other. Finally, I demonstrate how, even though the Selenography is a work on lunar astronomy, it can also be read as a discussion focusing on the Mediterranean world and aiming at elevating its centrality and importance on a cosmic scale.

Constant 12 and reflexivity 472319 hahslm on the geography of the earth in the economic era of covid

The purpose of this research is to analyze the geographical shape of the earth’s face with the 472319 Hahslm patterns in geomorphology. Earth undergoes the process of forming water and soil so that it becomes a continent and an archipelago. The composition of the sea and land is 7:3. The object of this study is the shape of the sea and land on earth and the Quran 13.31. This research was conducted by studying literature from books, journals, electronic media, and earth globes, and world atlases. The methodology used is descriptive-analytical. The method used is reflexivity, similarity, and dynivity with the formula 472319 Hahslm. The result obtained is the process of changing the shape of the earth’s surface towards a pattern of worship by the meaning of the holy book in the form of cutting the earth according to the meaning of the Quran. The Quran formula 13.31 forms an arrangement of 444 in the form of letter number 13, namely 1+3=4, and from 31, namely 3+1=4. The third pattern 4 is obtained from the number of letters hijaiyaj in the word for cutting the earth as many as 13 letters meaning 1 + 3 = 4. The geomorphological reflectivity of the earth resembles the pattern of 444. With the composition of the oceans and lands of 7:3 which has a difference of four from 7-3=4. In the formula, 472319 Hahslm derived from the Quran 15.87 means the Quran in the form of 6438 verses. The second meaning of 4 is obtained from the multiplication of 7 and 2, namely 7x2=14 by taking the first four words of the fourteenth phrase. And the third meaning of 4 from addition is 3+1+9=13 where the root of digit 13 is 1+3=4. The second geography of the earth is at number 4 from the geomorphology of the continents of Asia, Africa, Europe, and Australia which forms a hand pattern of 319. With the tips of small fingers located in parts of countries that have islands located in the eastern to southeastern Asian continents such as parts of Russia, Japan, Korea, China, and the Philippines. Meanwhile, the Southeast Asian region forms the index finger or pattern 1 which has a similarity to the shape of the Indonesian archipelago with the tip being large in Australia and New Zealand. Big finger thumb or pattern 9 has similarities with mainland India, Pakistan, Bangladesh in South Asia. While the Americas have similarities with pattern 7 or V for South America and pattern 2 for North America. Waters and islands are needed in a pandemic that has an economic effect. The conclusion is that the geography of the earth forms 472319 show the earth is worshiping even during the Covid economic era.

Analysis Of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma (PTCL) Subtype By Race and Geography Using The Comprehensive Oncology Measures For Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Treatment (COMPLETE) Dataset

Background COMPLETE is a national registry of PTCL patients designed to describe patient characteristics, treatments and outcomes in a ‘real world’ setting. Previous work has suggested that there may be geographic and/or racial differences in the incidence of PTCL subtypes. Using the COMPLETE dataset, we explored the influence of race and geography in the United States on the incidence of PTCL subtypes and examined for interactions between these two variables. Methods We identified patients with locked baseline records and performed univariate analyses comparing disease subtype, stratified by race and geography. A multivariable, multinomial response regression model was used to predict the classification of PTCL subtype based upon race and geographic region. An interaction term for race and region was assessed via a likelihood ratio test and found to be not significant (p = 0.43), thus was removed from the model. Results A total of 247 patients had locked baseline records. Given the small numbers of Asian (7 patients, 3%) and other/race unknown patients (6, 3%), only Black (43, 17%) and White (191, 77%) patients were included in the analyses. Results of the univariate analyses can be found in [Table 1][1]. PTCL-not otherwise specified (NOS) accounted for the largest histologic subtype (35% of patients), consistent with SEER (31%) and other data sources. A trend was noted in distribution of subtype by race and significant differences were seen in histologic distribution by region, with a higher proportion of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) patients diagnosed in the West and a smaller proportion in the South. A higher proportion of patients diagnosed with PTCL-NOS were in the South compared to other regions while a higher proportion of patients in the Northeast were diagnosed with other histologic subtypes. The multinomial regression model suggests there was a relatively high likelihood of being diagnosed with PTCL-NOS for both races in the Midwest, South and West and a relatively high likelihood of being diagnosed with other subtypes of PTCL for patients in the Northeast. White patients in the West have the highest likelihood of being diagnosed with AITL. View this table: Table 1 Results of Univariate Analyses of PTCL Subtype by Race and Region Conclusions These results suggest there is a modest, independent influence of both race and region in the United States on histologic subtype of PTCL. Whether geographic differences are due to patient selection bias or potentially due to environmental factors cannot be determined in this study. As the sample size grows, further analyses are warranted to examine if the effect of race and region is enhanced or diminished while controlling for factors not measured in the current model. Disclosures: Carson: Allos: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Foss: merck: Research Funding; spectrum: Research Funding; eisai: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; millenium: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; seattle genetics: Research Funding. Pinter-Brown: Allos: Consultancy, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees. Horwitz: Spectrum (Allos): Consultancy, Research Funding. Rosen: Allos: Consultancy, Honoraria. Gisselbrecht: Allos: Consultancy, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees. Hsi: Allos: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Speakers Bureau; Eli Lilly: Research Funding; Abbott: Research Funding; Cellerant Therapeutics: Research Funding; BD Biosciences: Research Funding; Millennium: Research Funding. [1]: #T1

Hyperbolic Medicine: General and Local Hyperbolic Curves on Earth, Influencing Human Physiology

The objective of this work is to study the hyperbolic space-time curves that we perceive in our daily lives through images obtained in different geographical locations on Earth. A bibliographic review of scientific works has been made on hyperbolic curves in medicine, electromagnetic fields, circadian rhythms, and space-time perpendicular to the movement of an organ. On the internet, images in conical perspective have been selected, of cities located at different longitudes and latitudes within the geography of the Earth. They have tried to identify hyperbolic space-time curves. They have then been compared with the hyperbolic curves of the Earth’s magnetic field. Finally, we determine its relationship with the hyperbolic curves of human physiology. We have as conclusions: 1. Human vision is hyperbolic because the space in which we live is deformed by “general hyperbolic curves” that exist at any longitude and latitude of the earth’s geography. 2. The lines of force of the Earth’s magnetic field are hyperbolas that follow “local hyperbolic curves” since they can vary in intensity and even reverse their polarity over time. 3. In the physiology of the human body there are hyperbolic curves that are similar to the lines of force of a magnet and the magnetic field of the Earth. Human physiology can be conditioned by general hyperbolic curves and by local hyperbolic curves. There is an adaptation to that hyperbolic deformation of the space in which we live.

Osmanlı Döneminde (1915-1918) Bandırma-İstanbul Deniz Ulaşımı ve Vapur Yolcu Listeleri

Bandirma, cografi konumu ve denizyoluyla Istanbul’a yakinligi nedeniyle ozellikle Osmanli Devleti’nin son doneminde buyuk onem kazanmistir. Bandirma-Istanbul denizyolu daha once de kullanilmakla birlikte modern donemde bu kullanim gittikce yogunlasan bir seyir izlemis ve bu durum Bandirma kenti ve limaninin daha islevsel hale gelmesini saglamistir. Basta gida maddeleri olmak uzere Istanbul’un cesitli ihtiyaclarinin karsilanmasi hususunda Bandirma’dan saglanan mallardaki artisa paralel olarak Bandirma-Istanbul arasi vapur seferlerinin yani sira yolcu sayisinda da artis kaydedilmistir. 19. yuzyilin sonlarina dogru Bandirma limaninin verilen hizmetler acisindan yetersiz kalmasi nedeniyle; iskelenin buyutulmesi, limandaki hizmet alanlarinin genisletilmesi ve gece seferlerindeki riski ortadan kaldirmak amaciyla belirli yerlere deniz fenerleri insa edilmesi gibi bazi insa ve imar faaliyetleri yapilmistir. Bu calisma, Bandirma-Istanbul denizyolunun Osmanli donemindeki onemine dikkat cekmeyi ve 1915-1918 yillari arasinda Bandirma’dan Istanbul’a sefer yapan vapurlara ait yolcu listelerini analiz etmeyi hedeflemektedir. Listelerin yer aldigi belgeler sayica az olmasina ve bir seri teskil etmemesine ragmen yolcularin kimlikleri, meslekleri, nereden geldikleri ve Istanbul’da nerede konaklayacaklari gibi bilgileri icermesi acisindan onem arz etmektedir. Makalede soz konusu bilgiler tasnif edilmis, mumkun oldugu olcude sayisal verilere donusturulmus ve 1915-1918 yillari arasinda Bandirma-Istanbul denizyolu guzergâhini kullanan yolcularla ilgili iktisadi ve sosyolojik bazi degerlendirmeler yapilmaya calisilmistir.

A atualidade da teoria dos circuitos na compreensão das práticas econômicas populares: o caso da Economia Criativa em Araraquara/SP

As práticas econômicas alternativas estão em evidência no contexto brasileiro do século XXI. Constatamos, nesse sentido, a existência de feiras econômicas em Araraquara que reforçam a temática da economia urbana. Dessa maneira, sob o apoio de um governo municipal eleito em 2016 com o slogan “Cidade Solidária e Participativa”, é necessário que se construam iniciativas de compreensão do fenômeno da Economia Solidária e Criativa no município de Araraquara. Para tanto, recorremos à Geografia para fornecer arcabouço teórico-metodológico de referência ao entendimento da problemática. Em específico, foi utilizada a teoria dos circuitos econômicos de Milton Santos (2018), que constata, nos países subdesenvolvidos, a fragmentação da economia urbana em dois circuitos. A proposta, então, qualificou essas práticas econômicas como representativas do circuito inferior da economia urbana, que almeja fornecer ocupação nos circuitos gerais da produção de valores. A partir disso, com a realização de uma pesquisa empírica nas edições da “Rolêfeira”, aplicação de entrevistas e questionários com os sujeitos sociais de interesse, a finalidade do trabalho foi observar a importância desses empreendimentos enquanto estratégias que buscam superar o desemprego e promover o desenvolvimento econômico e social em Araraquara, bem como compreender a própria interface de comunicação estabelecida entre a sociedade civil e o governo municipal.

Quantificação da geodiversidade e suas implicações para a geoconservação da Estrada Real – porção centro-norte do Caminho dos Diamantes

O Caminho dos Diamantes está localizado no Estado de Minas Gerais e pertence à Estrada Real, importante rota turística do país. Especificamente a porção centro-norte do Caminho dos Diamantes, com área de 20.977,23 km2, possui relevantes valores culturais e naturais com grande potencial para uso turístico. Neste trabalho apresenta-se um mapeamento quantitativo da geodiversidade desta porção da Estrada Real por meio da análise de dados espaciais digitais processados em sistemas de informação geográfica. Para o cálculo do índice de geodiversidade utilizou-se as seguintes variáveis: geologia, relevo, solo, cavidades naturais e hidrografia. O resultado final é um mapa síntese com os índices classificados em cinco categorias: muito baixo (0,8%), baixo (35,8%), médio (31,6%), alto (30,9%) e muito alto (0,9%). Cerca de 1/3 da área de estudo é composta por áreas de alta e muito alta geodiversidade. Apesar das áreas de muito alta geodiversidade se apresentarem com baixo valor relativo, estas estão situadas, sobretudo, no entorno da rota principal da Estrada Real e apenas uma mínima parte desta está amparada e protegida por uma Unidade de Conservação – Área de Proteção Ambiental Morro da Pedreira. Os resultados podem auxiliar o poder público na identificação de áreas (alta e muito alta geodiversidade) que devem ser prioritárias para ações de conservação e aproveitamento turístico.

A Geography of Marine Plastics

Marine plastics have gained infamy as one of the most pressing environmental issues of our time. Their lightweight and durable properties, and low cost of production have made them an attractive material for packaging and shipping. This production-side preference for cheap plastic products and packaging, coupled with consumption preferences for pre-packaged, single-use goods that ultimately overwhelm increasingly costly waste management efforts, has resulted in a persistent, ubiquitous presence of plastic materials globally. Grounded in an extensive review of the literature, this paper reviews the geography of marine plastics research, and the pervasive and persistent effects of plastic on the marine system to aid the discussions of comprehensive mitigation measures. The discussion points raised in this paper highlight the need for a global systems perspective that considers geography, environmental impacts, and sources in order to develop effective mitigation responses to marine litter.

An inventory of buildings in Dublin City for energy management

Globally, about one-third of final energy use and associated carbon dioxide emissions are sourced from buildings, the great majority of which are located in urban areas. Not surprisingly, managing building energy demand is a focus of city-based climate change policies while simultaneously tackling issues of fuel poverty. Assessing the potential for mitigation and evaluating the efficacy of energy policies relies on knowledge of the urban building stock, which varies geographically based on the age of building and retrofits that may have taken place. However, building data at a detailed scale are rarely available for these purposes. In this research, we present a geographic building database for Dublin city centre using a typology approach. The resulting data consists of material and energy attributes of over 25,000 buildings that have been constructed over a 200-year period. These data are used to estimate the energy ratings of households and to evaluate historic and potential retrofitting. In addition to energy studies, they provide a fundamental dataset on buildings that can be used to evaluate official sources and to support a wide range of urban research topics. The methodology used here is sufficiently general in nature that it can be expanded to other cities in Ireland and Europe.