Geographical Path Research Articles

English

Birch allergy (BA) is a common pollinosis caused by the allergens Bet v 1, Bet v 2, and Bet v 4. Oral allergy syndrome (OAS) is frequently associated with BA. A gradient of sensitization to birch allergen across Europe has been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the birch sensitization profile, including OAS, across Italy.We performed a retrospective study of 854 patients (391 males, mean age 35.9 years, range 18-93 years): 196 patients were recruited in Genoa, 188 in northern Italy, 359 in central Italy, and 111 in southern Italy. Serum IgE to Bet v 1, Bet v 2, and Bet v 4 was assessed, and OAS was analyzed.With respect to the geographical path Genoa-North-Center-South, the frequency of sensitization to Bet v 1 decreased significantly (P<.0001) from Genoa (95.41%) to southern Italy (58.56%). The frequency of sensitization to Bet v 2 increased significantly (P<.0001) from Genoa (6.12%) to southern Italy (52.25%). The frequency of Bet v 4 also increased significantly (P=.0002) from Genoa (6.12%) to southern Italy (14.41%). The distribution of patients with OAS differed significantly across the areas (P<.0001), the most marked difference ranging between 33.5% in Genoa and 76.9% in northern Italy. The frequency of birch allergens correlated with OAS in central Italy only.The present study demonstrated a significant difference between sensitization to birch and its clinical expression across Italy.

Multilevel resilience analysis of transportation and communication networks

For many years the research community has attempted to model the Internet in order to better understand its behaviour and improve its performance. Since much of the structural complexity of the Internet is due to its multilevel operation, the Internet's multilevel nature is an important and non-trivial feature that researchers must consider when developing appropriate models. In this paper, we compare the normalised Laplacian spectra of physical- and logical-level topologies of four commercial ISPs and two research networks against the US freeway topology, and show analytically that physical level communication networks are structurally similar to the US freeway topology. We also generate synthetic Gabriel graphs of physical topologies and show that while these synthetic topologies capture the grid-like structure of actual topologies, they are more expensive than the actual physical level topologies based on a network cost model. Moreover, we introduce a distinction between geographic graphs that include degree-2 nodes needed to capture the geographic paths along which physical links follow, and structural graphs that eliminate these degree-2 nodes and capture only the interconnection properties of the physical graph and its multilevel relationship to logical graph overlays. Furthermore, we develop a multilevel graph evaluation framework and analyse the resilience of single and multilevel graphs using the flow robustness metric. We then confirm that dynamic routing performed over the lower levels helps to improve the performance of a higher level service, and that adaptive challenges more severely impact the performance of the higher levels than non-adaptive challenges.

MOKSLEIVIŲ TIRIAMOJI VEIKLA MOKYKLOS APLINKOJE: PAGRINDINIAI TAIKYMO ASPEKTAI

In the process of geography teaching and learning it is very important to reach students’ personal progress. Geography is taught not only in the lesson. Practical tasks, projects and research activity development play major significance in geographical world wideness formation. Basic school common programmes say that students have to do research work in nature, watch their living environment. Performing practical tasks in their environment, students have to know how to use research equipments and geography information resources, formulate aims and hypothesis, give conclusions. Students’ research work in the school’s geographical path plays a great role in environmental acquaintance. Here students get more practical skills, develop their theoretical geography knowledge. Key words: geographical path, research activity, projective activity, geography and common competences, environment acquaintance.

진화전략 기반 경로탐색 알고리즘을 활용한 선박경제운항시스템

° 요 약 ABSTRACT An economic ship routing means to sail a ship with a goal of minimizing the fuel consumption by utilizing weather forecast information, and there have been various systems which have been recently studied. For a successful economic ship routing system, it is needed to properly control an engine power or change a geographical path considering weather forecast. An optimal geographical path is difficult to be determined, though, because it is a minimal dynamic-cost path search problem where the actual fuel consumption is dynamically variable by the weather condition when the ship wil l pass the area. In this paper, we propose an geographical path-search algorithm based on evolutionary strategy to efficiently search a good quality solution out of tremendous candidate solutions. We tested our approach with the shortest path-based sailing method over seven testing routes and observed that the former reduced the estimated fuel consumption than the latter by 1.82% on average and the maximum 2.49% with little difference of estimated time of arrival. In particular, we observed that our method can find a path to avoid bad weather through a case analysis.

Performance analysis of fuzzy logic-based geographical node-disjoint path routing for WSNs

Geographical routing in wireless sensor networks is an effective approach for monitoring of seismically sensitive zones where the probability of earthquake and hazards is very high. In this letter, we are proposing an efficient fuzzy logic-based geographical routing approach for seismically sensitive areas using wireless sensor network (WSN). The proposed system uses the concept of basic geographical node-disjoint path routing (GNPR). The difference between proposed system and its conventional GNPR is that, it uses fuzzy logic to find out the shortest path per iteration and repeatedly apply the fuzzy inference rules in subsequent iteration to find the next on-demand node. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme gives better performance in terms of higher throughput and lower delay as compared to basic GNPR approach.

Congestion-Aware Spatial Routing in Hybrid High-Mobility Wireless Multihop Networks

We develop a spatial framework to provide end-to-end delay estimates and guarantees in mobile multihop networks. The novel aspect of this approach is the attribution of network and MAC layer congestion to space, which enables congestion-aware routing and provides delay guarantees over a much longer duration than that achieved by the routing algorithms based on individual nodes. In a mathematically rigorous setting, first, we prove that over the duration during which the node density and the traffic pattern remain stationary, the expected values of local congestion and end-to-end delay roughly remain invariant. Second, we present an accurate method of delay estimation over geographic paths, namely path integration, and derive an upper bound for its estimation error. Further, we develop a congestion-aware routing protocol that utilizes the spatial maps of network congestion to enable delay-optimized routing of real-time applications. Through extensive QualNet simulations, we perform a detailed evaluation of the presented framework and the routing protocol in a realistic setup. The simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides substantial improvements in the delivery of real-time applications for a wide range of node densities, velocities, and data traffic.

As paisagens literárias na obra de Jorge Amado: navegando com(o) turcos à descoberta da América

A relação entre a Geografia e a Literatura é bilateral: por um lado os escritores tomam o espaço como referência para a concepção e estruturação das suas obras; por outro os geógrafos compreendem dinâmicas territoriais através de pistas literárias. Dessa forma, a escrita ficcional, como instrumento de trabalho, ganha importância no contexto técnico, assim como no plano didáctico. Tendo como base analítica o quadro teórico estruturante dos sistemas migratórios transatlânticos, pretende-se reflectir sobre alguns pontos específicos dos percursos geográficos, sociais e económicos da emigração árabe para o Brasil, no início do século XX, tendo como base "A descoberta da América pelos Turcos" (1994), de Jorge Amado.

최소동적비용 경로탐색 알고리즘 기반 선박경제운항시스템

An economic ship routing means to sail a ship with a goal of minimizing the fuel consumption by utilizing weather forecast information, and various such systems have been recently studied. For a successful economic ship routing system, an efficient algorithm is needed to search an optimal geographical path, and most of the previous systems were approaching to that problem through a minimal static-cost path search algorithm based on the Dijkstra algorithm. To apply that kind of search algorithm, the cost of every edge assigned with the estimated fuel consumption should be constant. However, that assumption is not practical at all considering that the actual fuel consumption is determined by the weather condition when the ship will pass the edge. To overcome such a limitation, we propose a new optimal ship routing system based on a minimal dynamic-cost path search algorithm by properly modifying the Dijkstra algorithm. In addition, we propose a method which efficiently reduces the search space by using the algorithm to decrease the running time. We compared our system with the shortest path-based sailing method over ten testing routes and observed that the former reduced the estimated fuel consumption than the latter by 2.36% on average and the maximum 4.82% with little difference of estimated time of arrival.

Relatedness, Transversality and Public Policy in Innovative Regions

The aims of this paper are to reflect on policy evolution observed in the EURODITE study regions, to identify the most innovative policy trajectories for delivering growth opportunities to regional firms and to explain this in terms of key theoretical findings about the virtuous policy cycles that arise from geographical proximity, co-evolution, path inter-dependence, relatedness and transversality. Accordingly, the paper involves, first, assessing the role of varieties of “proximity” in the formation of spatial distinctiveness. Second it investigates the appropriateness or otherwise of notions of “path dependence” to understanding spatial co-evolution. This leads to insights about “relatedness” in the interaction of path dependences, or more accurately path inter-dependence in evolving spatial processes, notably interactions between regional innovation paradigms and regimes in explaining regional variety. This allows eventual conjecture regarding the evidence for “regional regime variety” based on appropriately selected EURODITE regions (Bavaria, Midi-Pyrénées, Skåne, Styria) both as an advanced “platform” model of regional evolution and as a fundamental process that blocks regional homogenization. This would explain how regional culture influences policy to maintain regional specificities under forces like globalization and “digital culture” that are purported to be erosive of regional distinctiveness. Strong empirical evidence is adduced for co-evolutionary and multi-level spatial distinctiveness in paradigms and regimes that condition contemporary innovation knowledge flows.

Study on a method of design for rural power distribution lines based on 3D GIS technology

The aim of this paper is to study a three-dimensional GIS method of design for power distribution lines in rural areas, by applying SuperMap to the GIS, and to integrate the visual computer programming environment in the secondary development. A three-dimensional model is constructed on the basis of the digital elevation model (DEM) layer. Relational attribute databases store various types of attribute information correlated with the model. The system developed implements the functions of display and browse for the three-dimensional terrain, queries where two dimensions and three dimensions are combined, the analyses of three-dimensional spaces such as submerged simulations and overflying simulations, the production of the section picture through any given geographic path of distribution lines, and the computation of the total length of overhead lines under different climatic conditions.

Spenser’s Neoplatonic Geography of the Passions: Mapping Allegory in the “Legend of Temperance,” Faerie Queene, Book II

PENSER'S USE OF of emblematic architecture to express mental and moral states throughout The Faerie Queene could hardly be more obvious, yet ironically, much recent criticism has obscured, ignored, or simply denied the existence of geographical paths connecting its symbolic houses and castles. Christopher Burlinson sweepingly rejects all semiotic readings of space in the poem, including any that attach moral meaning to physical paths or structures, while Jon A. Quitslund questions whether anything like finished cosmos ... is mapped for us in the poet's articulate design. Quitslund does note of a mannerist design in which spatial parts relate to one another if not to a larger whole, but for Burlinson, all in-between spaces exist in the poem only insofar as they are needed to describe an approach to one of these locations. . . . This being so, any sense that the poem consists of a single, integrated 'landscape' becomes difficult to maintain; Spenser clearly declines to depict a spatial continuum. Thus while he admits that the poem creates a mosaic-like arrangement ... of elements constructed (as in Angus Fletcher's seminal analysis of allegory) by fundamental oppositions such as 'saluage forests' and 'court,' he denies that these dichotomies graph a continuous or coherently imagined spatial world.1 Commenting specifically on Book II, Joanne Woolway Grenfall emphatically agrees: its terrain is uncharted and unchartable in terms of graphs or tables, even though contemporary Protestants increasingly used of the Holy Land as visual aids to guide them through the unfamiliar lands of Old Testament narrative. Grenfall concedes that these maps had a theological as well as a more national/political significance well understood by Spenser, but argues that his choice of a typological rather than a fully allegorical mode prohibits in The Faerie Queene.2 Typology thus has the same nugatory function for Grenfall as mosaic arrangements have for Burlinson: neither somehow permits geographical continuities, even though both types and mosaics possess spatial dimensions. 'These assessments are at least partially true: the of The Faerie Queene includes both types, which link disjunctive temporal events, and mosaics, which juxtapose disjunctive figures. In that respect, it obviously lacks the interlocking grids or routes of modern city maps. Yet even today, the term geography need not refer to point-by-point mapping, which is not what we actually find in Spenser's poem. Webster's Unabridged Encyclopedic Dictionary defines more globally as the systematic differentiation of the earth's surface, as shown in the character, arrangement, and interrelations ... of such as climate, elevation, soil, vegetation, population, land use according to their relative size and position. Spenser's Proem to the final book of The Faerie Queene shows that he understands his poetic topography in a similar sense. Remarking that the variegated waies of his poem have sometimes made for tedious trauell, he still finds them so exceeding spacious and wyde,/And sprinckled with such sweet variety,/Of all that pleasant is to eare or eye, that his dulled spright is moved to begin anew (VI.pr. I).4 Yet as C. S. Lewis, Isabel MacCaffrey, and Wayne Erickson all agree, these waies are more diagrammatic than naturalistic. Synthesizing the approaches of the former two critics, Erickson describes the universe of The Faerie Queene as including botha horizontal dimension of spatial and temporal and a vertical dimension of topographical and cosmological geography. The horizontal-the earthly setting in the fallen world-intersects the vertical-an ontological spectrum extending from heaven to hell-on the plain in Faeryland where much of the action of the poem occurs. In general, vertical shifts in the setting-up a mountain, down into a valley or cave, up or down into a building-reflect changes in the ontological status of the event portrayed. …

Geographical Paths as an Auxiliary Didactic Resource – A Study Proposal

Abstract Didactic paths play a very important part in modern education, on the primary school level as well as at universities. Beside other things, they let students compare book knowledge with the real world. Unfortunately, there are only a few geographical didactic paths, as opposed to those in history or science. The new offer for preparing methodological geographical paths begins with an analysis of documents as a curriculum model or a syllabus with chosen items to be taught which can be discussed during outdoor lessons and finally examines the area which fulfils a large number of requirements. It is possible that in this way of preparing methodological geographical paths the boring, monotonous area will give many possibilities to discuss teaching items.

L'emploi domestique féminin au croisement de l'espace public et privé (São Paulo, Brésil)

Domestic employment of women at the interface between the public and private spheres (São Paulo - Brazil) The aim of this article is to analyse the recent changes in the social and sexual division of labour in a popular urban area in Brazil (São Paulo), approached from the point of view of domestic employment, a sector that reveals new relations and links between public and private spheres. In an ambiguous situation of recent democratic opening and of sustenance, or even reinforcement, of old social and sexual inequalities in the context of globalization, the Author studies the changes in the conditions in which this work is exercised and the meaning of this activity. The starting-points are social, professional and geographical paths of domestic employees and their families.

A self-healing On-demand Geographic Path Routing Protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks

We present a self-healing On-demand Geographic Path Routing Protocol (OGPR) for mobile ad-hoc networks. OGPR is an efficient, stateless, and scalable routing protocol that inherits the best of the three well-known techniques for routing in ad-hoc networks, viz., greedy forwarding, reactive route discovery, and source routing. In OGPR protocol, source nodes utilize the geographic-topology information obtained during the location request phase to establish geographic paths to their respective destinations. Geographic paths decouple node ID’s from the paths and are immune to changes in the network topology. Further, they help nodes avoid dead-ends due to greedy forwarding. To utilize geographic paths even in sparser networks, OGPR uses a path-healing mechanism that helps geographic paths adapt according to the network topology. We present extensions to OGPR protocol to cope with networks containing unidirectional links. Further, we present results from an extensive simulation study using GloMoSim. Simulation results show that OGPR achieves higher percentage packet delivery and lower control overhead, compared to a combination of GPSR+GLS protocols, AODV, and DSR under a wide range of network scenarios.

Consolidation in the Wireless Phone Industry

The initial wireless phone industry in the United States had many competitors, but due to mergers and acquisitions the industry has become highly consolidated. This paper documents the history of the consolidation. More importantly, I use the geographic path of consolidation to distinguish whether consolidation has been motived by retail market power or efficiency explanations. One efficiency explanation is that consumers prefer national coverage areas. I use data on roaming agreements in the early cellular industry to analyze whether contracts can substitute for roaming agreements. Finally, in joint work with Patrick Bajari and Stephen Ryan we estimate the consumer valuation for national coverage areas using plan demand data.

Different Sources, Different Answers: Aspects on Women's Work in Sundsvall, Sweden, 1860–1893

It is often hard to unravel the actual work of women in history. Generally few sources are able to give vital information on their occupational structure. What we know, though, is that a vast majority of women were engaged in domestic work. Servants frequently appear in quantitative data, such as parish registers, poll-taxes, or censuses. Nevertheless, these sources fail to cover what women really were doing in order to pay for their daily bread. But in what ways the occupation reported in the quantitative records disagreed from women's actual work is difficult to judge. Additionally, in many cases these records leave no occupational information on women at all. With the computerized parish registers of the Demographic Data Base at Umea University, Sweden, it is possible to link alternative information on individual women's work to the quantitative data and build on the picture of women's occupations. Consequently, whereas the parish registers enable us to deal with demographic issues concerning the marital, geographical, and social path of women in the past, the alternative sources formed by local newspapers, patient records, and business statistics offer further information on their life and working conditions. This paper reveals that alternative sources are better than the quantitative data at revealing the often multi-occupational and part-time work of urban women. Newspaper advertisements, announcements, and police reports, for instance, reveal the voices of the otherwise silent women workers and tell us about their urban context. The town and time in focus is Sundsvall in 1860–1893, a Swedish sawmill town situated about 400 kilometers north of Stockholm.

Geographic and Molecular Epidemiology of Primate T Lymphotropic Retroviruses: HTLV-I, HTLV-II, STLV-I, STLV-PP, and PTLV-L

This chapter presents the main geographic and molecular epidemiological characteristics of primate T lymphotropic (onco)retroviruses (PTLVs) exhibiting common features, including a characteristic and peculiar micro-epidemiology with a puzzling distribution throughout the world, similar modes of transmission, mainly through breast feeding and sexual contact, and a high genetic stability over time, which can be used as a molecular means to follow migrations of infected populations in the recent or distant past. The high stability of the HTLV-1/11 genomes, their integration, and their lifelong latency make the subtle mutations observed unique molecular markers for tracing the geographic path of evolution of such viruses, paralleling the migration of the carriers. The present world repartition of the HTLV-I/STLV-I genotypes is the result of at least three independent events: interspecies transmission from simian to human, evolution in some remote populations, and migration of infected populations. In regard to HTLV-11, its presence in isolated Amerindian populations disseminated throughout the Americas and its apparent absence elsewhere had led some authors to the speculation that this virus was exclusively a “New World virus” endemic in native Amerindians over centuries or millennia. The virus is supposed to have been introduced to the Americas through the successive waves of migrations that occurred from Siberia through the Bering strait area millennia ago.

Cross Track Error and Proportional Turning Rate Guidance of Marine Vehicles

The problem of turning rate guidance and control of marine vehicles is considered. Feedback with feed forward rudder control is used to deliver a specified turning rate for the vehicle, while a guidance law is employed to create the necessary sequence of turning rate commands which would allow convergence to a desired geographical path. Two different guidance schemes are presented and analyzed, namely, cross track error and proportional turning rate guidance. Stability conditions are computed explicitly, while nonlinear analysis techniques illustrate the significance of design parameters on the final system response that cannot be inferred from linearized stability results.

Highly directional swimming by scalloped hammerhead sharks, Sphyrna lewini, and subsurface irradiance, temperature, bathymetry, and geomagnetic field

The homing behavior of scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) to and fro between Espiritu Santo Seamount and Las Animas Island and the surrounding pelagic environment was studied to reveal their mechanisms of navigation in the oceanic environment. Four sharks were tagged with ultrasonic transmitters and tracked at the former location and one shark at the latter site during July, August, or September between 1981 and 1988. Hammerhead swimming movements were highly oriented: the mean coefficient of concentration (r) for sets of ten consecutive swimming directions recorded during eight homing movements by three hammerhead sharks ranged from 0.885 to 0.996. Drift within a current could not explain this directionality, since highly variable directions were recorded from a transmitter floating at the sea surface after becoming detached from a shark. Forward swimming momentum was an unlikely explanation, since highly directional swimming was maintained for a period of 32 min with only a gradual change in course. To maintain directionality over this period, an environmental property should be necessary for guidance. The hammerheads swam at night, with repeated vertical excursions ranging from 100 to 450 m deep, out of view of either the sea surface or the sea floor. The sharks' vertical diving movements were compared to distributions of spectral irradiance (relative to elasmobranch scotopic and photopic visual sensitivities), temperature, and current-flow directions in the water column. No relationships were evident between these properties and the sharks' oriented swimming movements. Movements of scalloped hammerhead sharks to and from a seamount were compared to topographic features in bathymetry and geomagnetic field leading away from the seamount. Sharks swam repeatedly over fixed geographic paths, and these paths occurred less often along submarine ridges and valleys than maxima and minima in the geomagnetic field. No significant difference existed between the degree of association of points from the sharks' tracks and points from track simulations and ≥20° changes in the slope of the depth record. On the other hand, significantly more points from the sharks' tracks were associated with slope changes in the magnetic intensity record than points from track simulations. A magnetic intensity gradient of 0.037 nanoteslas/m (nT/m) existed at 175 m depth, where a shark swam directionally, and this gradient was three times steeper than that measured at the sea surface and exceeded that recorded at a depth of 200 m. The hammerheads are hypothesized to find the seamount using geomagnetic topotaxis. The shark could be attracted to and move back and forth along ridges and valleys, features in the relief of magnetic field intensities occurring over a geographical area.

The pre-natal roots of geology, a study in the history of ideas

Knowledge of early geological observations comes down to us through imagery found in the surviving humanistic literature. Illustrationswhich predate the Huttonian renaissance of geology by two centuries are taken from the poetry of John Donne and Shakespeare. In the classical period Herodotus was the first great regional geologist. His work was predated by several centuries in the observational imagery of Homer and by at least a century with the regional geological cognition of the arid cycle by Second Isaiah. An adjunct to the study is obtained by relating the arid cycle geology of Second Isaiah and William Morris Davis in terms of the geographic path of Western intellectualism.