Geographic Information System Mapping Research Articles

Short Communication: Use of Geographic Information System for mapping of Aquilaria malaccensis land suitability in North Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Rahmawaty, Frastika S, Marpaung RME, Batubara R, Rauf A. 2019. Short Communication: Use of Geographic Information System for mapping of Aquilaria malaccensis land suitability in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2561-2568. The Geographic Information System (GIS) can be applicated in the field of forestry and agriculture, such as for mapping as part of land evaluation. The land suitability of Aquilaria malaccensis in the agroforestry land of North Sumatra Province is important. Commonly, A. malaccensis were planted by the community in Langkat and Deli Serdang District. This study aimed to map the land suitability for A. malaccensis in Telaga Village, Sei Bingai Sub District, Langkat District, Peria-ria Village and Sari Laba Jahe Village, Biru-biru Sub District, Deli Serdang District. A survey method was used to collect soil samples in the field. Land suitability classification (LSC) for A. malaccensis was evaluated based on the matching method. The results showed that the actual land suitability classes for A. malaccensis in Telaga Village were moderately suitable (S2) and marginally suitable (S3). The actual land suitability classes for A. malaccensis in Peria-ria Village and Sari Laba Jahe Village were moderately suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3) and not suitable (N). There were several limiting factors in land suitability evaluation in the area, namely: nutrient retention (nr), erosion hazard (eh), and root zone medium (rc).

A model for geographic and sociodemographic access to care disparities for adults with congenital heart disease.

Follow-up at a regional adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) center is recommended for all ACHD patients at least once per the 2018 ACC/AHA guidelines. Other specialties have demonstrated poorer follow-up and outcomes correlating with increased distance from health care providers, but driving time to regional ACHD centers has not been examined in the US population. To identify and characterize potential disparities in access to ACHD care in the US based on drive time to ACHD centers and compounding sociodemographic factors. Mid- to high-volume ACHD centers with ≥500 outpatient ACHD visits and ≥20 ACHD surgeries annually were included based on self-reported, public data. Geographic Information System mapping was used to delineate drive times to ACHD centers. Sociodemographic data from the 2012-2016 American Community Survey (US Census) and the Environmental Systems Research Institute were analyzed based on drive time to nearest ACHD center. Previously established CHD prevalence estimates were used to estimate the similarly located US ACHD population. Nearly half of the continental US population (45.1%) lives >1hour drive to an ACHD center. Overall, 39.7% live 1-4hours away, 3.4% live 4-6hours away, and 2.0% live >6hours away. Hispanics were disproportionately likely to live a >6hour drive to a center (p<.001). Compared to people with <1hour drive, those living >6hours away have higher proportions of uninsured adults (29% vs. 18%; p<.001), households below the federal poverty level (19% vs. 13%; p<.001), and adults with less than college education (18% vs. 12%; p<.001). We estimate that ~45% of the continental US population lives >1hour to an ACHD center, with 5.4% living >4hours away. Compounding barriers exist for Hispanic, uninsured, lower socioeconomic status, and less-educated patients. These results may help drive future policy changes to improve access to ACHD care.

Understanding children’s neighbourhood destinations: presenting the Kids-PoND framework

ABSTRACT Children interact with and are greatly affected by their neighbourhoods. This research aims to understand the places children go in their neighbourhood and their perceptions of them. A child-centred approach was used to map destinations and ask open-ended survey questions, using Maptionnaire (a public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) mapping software). Overall, 1102 children aged 7–13 years, from 19 schools in Auckland, New Zealand participated. PPGIS destinations were mapped with parks, unhealthy food outlets and advertising to contextualise children’s neighbourhood destinations. We developed and present here the Kids-PoND (Kids- Perceptions of Neighbourhood Destinations) framework for understanding children’s perceptions and use of neighbourhood destinations. We found parks with a variety of options for active play and socialisation are important to children as are shops where children consumed unhealthy food and drink. Our findings have implications for public health, town planning, children and their parents and schools.

Aplikasi Remote Sensing dan Geographic Information System untuk Pemetaan Komoditas Unggulan di Kabupaten Badung

Applications Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System for Mapping of Superior Commodities in Badung District. Superior commodity is one of the conditions in the development of agricultural areas included in (Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture No. 56 of 2016). As for the development of food crops agriculture is based on land suitability classes found in technical guidelines (Ministry of Agriculture, 2017). The two regulations require that each Province develop a master plan for developing agricultural commodities, which is based on superior commodities and land suitability classes. Quantitative and qualitative methods include: (1) identification and interpretation of land use using satellite imagery, (2) field surveys, (3) re-interpretation of satellite images, (4) Location Quotient (LQ) analysis for competitive superior commodities and Shift Share Analysis (SSA) for comparative advantage, (5) Mapping of superior commodities and land suitability of food crops. The use of paddy fields in Badung Regency is 9069.11 ha, moor (898,797 ha), and mixed gardens (3898,615 ha). Competitive superior commodities (LQ) for: (1) paddy rice, located in Abiansemal, Mengwi, North Kuta and Kuta Districts, (2) corn, peanuts, sweet potatoes and cassava in Petang District, (3) soybeans and green beans in Mengwi District. Comparative superior commodities (SSA) of paddy rice are found in the Districts of Petang and Mengwi. While sweet potatoes in Abiansemal District and cassava in Petang District. Potential agroecosystem suitability classes for food crops and secondary crops in the study area are generally classified as very suitable (S1) except in the Petang District which is quite suitable (S2-t, rc1) with a low temperature limiting factor and a rough texture. Increasing the suitability class of paddy and palawija requires fertilizing and adding organic materials to increase production.

Geographical Change of the Japanese National Land in the 200 Years Using INŌ’s Map with GIS

Abstract. This presentation discusses the regional changes quantitatively in the 200 years through the overlay analysis of the present map and the INŌ’s map made by Tadataka INO in 1821 (Figure 1). INO surveyed the coastline and major roads on foot. He investigated not only survey lines, but also various geographic information such as rivers, lakes, mountains, village names, castles, temples, administrative boundaries, etc. Visualizing all of the 214 sheets of the INŌ’s large-scale map with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), we can analyse the national land condition seamlessly at the end of the Edo era.Methodological point of view, we have serious problems including the scale, projection, identification of geographic features and so on, when we compare the old map with the present. In this connection, digitalizing the INŌ’s map as the GIS data is very useful to examine the spatial transformation scientifically during the 200 years. The digital INŌ’s map was constructed by employing the geo-reference function of GIS with the triangulation method. The survey line was converted into the line feature of vector data, and the place names were converted into the point feature of raster data. The distance of the survey line was measured by GIS-based geometric operation.We obtained the following findings. The distributions of villages, ports, and facilities in western Japan were denser than those in eastern Japan in the 19th century. This was caused not only by the difference in natural environment and landform but also by socioeconomic factors including the locations of the castle towns and industrial activities. The regional structure has been dramatically transformed by the modernization of the political system, transportation system, and industrial development in reclaimed areas (Figure 2). It is concluded that most parts of changes in regional characteristics have been attained by overcoming the natural constraints. However, the difference in the political system has also been influential to the formation of the present regional system.

Developing a Mobile Mapping System for 3D GIS and Smart City Planning

The creation of augmented reality-related geographic information system (GIS) mapping applications has witnessed considerable advances in the technology of urban modeling; however, there are limitations to the technology that is currently used to create similar resources. The cost of the creation of the vehicle is an obstacle, and the rendering of textures of buildings is often lacking because of the distortion caused by the types of lenses that have been used. Generally, mobile mapping systems (MMSs) can extract detailed three-dimensional (3D) data with high quality texture information of the 3D building model. However, mapping urban areas by MMSs is expensive and requires advanced mathematical approaches with complicated steps. In particular, commercial MMS, which generally includes two GPS receivers, is an expensive device, costing ~$1 million. Thus, this research is aimed at developing a new MMS that semi-automatically produces high-quality texture information of 3D building models proposes a 3D urban model by hybrid approaches. Eventually, this study can support urban planners and people to improve their spatial perception and awareness of urban area for Smart City Planning.

Habitations, villages, and gram panchayats: local drinking water planning in rural India with a Pune district case study

Abstract Improving rural drinking water services at the village level is a high priority in India. The National Rural Drinking Water Program (NRDWP) calls for village drinking water plans on an annual basis. However, planning data analysis and mapping are complicated by the different levels of local settlement that are involved. The aims of this paper are: first, to review how the term ‘village’ has come to refer to three different types of settlement for planning purposes in India; second, to show how each settlement type has different water data and Geographic Information System (GIS) map coverage; and third, to identify practical strategies for using these different data and mapping resources to develop rural drinking water plans. We address the first objective through a brief historical review of local government administration and drinking water database development in India. Challenges of data analysis and mapping are demonstrated through a case study of Pune district in Maharashtra. This challenge led to the identification of six practical strategies for coordinating the analysis of drinking water data and GIS mapping for planning purposes.

Computing in Geographic Information Systems [Book Review

Recently, geographic information systems (GISs) have received much attention for applications in smart cities, accomplishing tasks including determining how much solar radiation reaches a given rooftop, asset management for property owners, disaster (rainwater) management, and location services, such as calculating drive/walk times to facilities for citizens. While related books teach how to apply GISs using software, Computing in Geographic Information Systems covers the underlying principles and algorithms used for developing GIS functions.

Road Infrastructure Analysis with Reference to Traffic Stream Characteristics and Accidents: An Application of Benchmarking Based Safety Analysis and Sustainable Decision-Making

Road infrastructure sustainability is directly associated with the safety of human beings. As a transportation engineer and policymaker, it is necessary to optimize the funding mechanism for road safety improvement by identifying problematic road segments. Infrastructure improvement is one of the key targets for efficient road safety management. In this study, data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique has been applied in combination with a geographical information system (GIS) to evaluate the risk level of problematic segments of a 100 km-long motorway (M-2) section. Secondly, the cross efficient method has been used to rank the risky segments for prioritization and distribution of funding to improve the road safety situation. This study will help in efficiently identifying the risky segments for safety improvement and budget allocation prioritization. GIS map will further improve the visualization and visibility of problematic segments to easily locate the riskiest segments of the motorway.

Using spatial analysis and GIS to improve planning and resource allocation in a rural district of Bangladesh

The application of a geographic information system (GIS) in public health is relatively common in Bangladesh. However, the use of GIS for planning, monitoring and decision-making by local-level managers has...

Enhancing Drug Overdose Alerts with Spatial Visualization

ObjectiveThis poster presentation shares Indiana’s approach of alerting local health departments (LHDs) with near real-time drug overdose data and how this process has been enhanced through mapping and analysis with a geographic information system (GIS).IntroductionSince 2008, drug overdose deaths exceeded the number of motor vehicle traffic-related deaths in Indiana, and the gap continues to widen1. While federal funding opportunities are available for states, it often takes years for best practices to be developed, shared, and published. Similarly, local health departments (LHDs) may experience lengthy delays to receive finalized county health statistics.Indiana collects and stores syndromic emergency department data in the Public Health Emergency Surveillance System (PHESS) and uses the Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics version 1.21 (ESSENCE) to monitor public health events and trends. In July 2017, the Indiana Overdose Surveillance Team (IOST) developed a standard process for monitoring and alerting local health partners of increases in drug overdoses captured in ESSENCE at the county level. ISDH is enhancing these alerts by mapping the data in GIS and providing spatiotemporal data to LHDs to inform more targeted intervention and prevention efforts.MethodsThe IOST monitors drug overdoses statewide by analyzing daily queries from ESSENCE and sending email alerts to LHDs that are experiencing a statistically significant increase in suspected overdose activity at a hospital or county level. The IOST then requests that LHDs complete an overdose response feedback survey describing their actions after receiving an overdose alert.The IOST GIS analyst has enhanced overdose alerts by utilizing daily emergency department data queries from the PHESS database based on chief complaint and diagnosis text. Python™ and ArcGIS™ are used to deduplicate and geocode records, calculate the rate of cases within a hexagonal grid, and calculate the kernel density of case counts to show patterns at the neighborhood level. Comparisons to previous time periods are also calculated. Temporal and spatial scales of analysis are flexible, but 7 days and 30 days are used most often. Results are mapped in an HTML file using an open source Python package for dissemination to LHDs.ResultsBetween July 26, 2017, and Sept. 4, 2018, the IOST sent 89 suspected overdose alerts to LHDs. Alerts were sent to 45 different LHDs, of which 22 received multiple alerts (range: 1-9 repeat alerts). LHDs were requested to complete the survey on their initial alert, and a total of 31 jurisdictions completed this survey (31/45 = 69%). The majority of the LHD respondents (27/31 = 87%) wanted to continue receiving overdose alert emails.Our enhanced spatial analysis project has mapped more than 500 cases per week. Geocoding was successful for approximately 87% of the addresses received through PHESS. Neighborhoods in urban areas with higher counts have been identified, though variability from week to week is high. Areas of high overdose rates that cross county boundaries have also been detected, which would not have been possible using ESSENCE alone.ConclusionsNotifying LHDs of near real-time drug overdose trends is a catalyst for drug overdose planning and response efforts in Indiana. GIS mapping of the data provides an easy way for LHDs to view and share spatial trends with their local planning partners and identify community intervention strategies that can reduce drug overdose rates and improve outcomes for overdose survivors.References1 Overdose Prevention [Internet]. Indianapolis: Indiana State Department of Health; 2017. Indiana Special Emphasis Report: Drug Overdose Deaths 1999-2015; August 2017. [cited 2017 Sept 25]. Available from: http://www.in.gov/isdh/files/2017_SER_Drug_Deaths_Indiana.pdf

GIS Mapping of Driving Behavior Based on Naturalistic Driving Data

Naturalistic driving can generate huge datasets with great potential for research. However, to analyze the collected data in naturalistic driving trials is quite complex and difficult, especially if we consider that these studies are commonly conducted by research groups with somewhat limited resources. It is quite common that these studies implement strategies for thinning and/or reducing the data volumes that have been initially collected. Thus, and unfortunately, the great potential of these datasets is significantly constrained to specific situations, events, and contexts. For this, to implement appropriate strategies for the visualization of these data is becoming increasingly necessary, at any scale. Mapping naturalistic driving data with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allows for a deeper understanding of our driving behavior, achieving a smarter and broader perspective of the whole datasets. GIS mapping allows for many of the existing drawbacks of the traditional methodologies for the analysis of naturalistic driving data to be overcome. In this article, we analyze which are the main assets related to GIS mapping of such data. These assets are dominated by the powerful interface graphics and the great operational capacity of GIS software.

Epidemiology, Socioeconomic Analysis, and Specialist Involvement in Dog Bite Wounds in Adults.

Dog bites have been well described and characterized in the pediatric population. Comparatively, dog-bite injuries in adults and the settings in which surgeons become involved are less studied. An electronic hospital database identified all patients 18 years or older who were treated for dog bites from 2010 to 2014. Demographics, injury information, intervention type, and payer source were collected. Socioeconomic analysis was performed using Geographic Information Systems mapping. A total of 189 adults presented to the emergency department with dog-bite-related injuries. The most common injury location was the hand (n = 62, 32.8%), followed by the head and neck (n = 36, 19.1%). Of the 189 patients, 33 adults (17.5%) were forwarded to a surgical subspecialist for repair. A head and neck injury was significantly more likely to be repaired by a surgical specialist (P = 0.011). The most common breed of dog identified was pit bull (n = 29, 47.5%). The majority of pit bull attacks involved the extremities (65.5%) compared to other breeds of dogs. Pit bull victims were noted to have a lower average annual income compared to other breed victims ($64,708 versus $75,004; P = 0.16). Annual income between intervention group and no intervention group was not significantly different (P = 0.26). This study is the 1st to perform a socioeconomic analysis in the adult dog-bite population and encourages the use of a surgical specialist in the setting of a head and neck bite.

Coupling groundwater GIS mapping and geovisualisation techniques in urban hydrogeomorphology: focus on methodology

The role of climate, geology, geomorphology, land use/cover, hydraulics and human activities are vital for the balanced and integrated assessment of water resources in urban areas. This approach addresses the key importance on ground field surveys at several scales, a representative hydrological inventory and an integrated groundwater mapping as useful tools to support urban groundwater systems conceptualisation. Lately, a new emphasis has arisen, addressing issues related to an integrated geovisualisation techniques and Geographical Information System (GIS) mapping studies on urban water supply systems, mainly in historical cities. Some key catchments in Porto urban area (NW Portugal) was selected to demonstrate this approach and to show the importance of groundwater GIS mapping for urban studies. The Porto city bedrock is dominated by an anisotropic and heterogeneous fissured media. An extensive field survey yielded data on hydroclimatology, hydrogeology, hydrogeomorphology, urban hydraulics and potential contamination sources. The Infiltration Potential Index in Urban Areas (IPI-Urban), Urban Recharge and Vulnerability Indexes was determined using GIS mapping techniques and hydrological inventory fieldwork. The integrated approach can be incorporated into an urban hydrological management system to support decision making on sustainable groundwater resources and in urban planning.

Novel approaches to measuring community integration in adults with cerebral palsy

Purpose: Rehabilitation goals often focus on increasing community integration for adults with disabilities and are measured by objective assessments. Research methods have lagged behind in capturing current conceptualizations of community integration as a multidimensional construct that incorporates participation, social supports, and feelings of belonging in the community. This paper addresses this challenge by describing a multi-method approach to assessing community integration for adults with cerebral palsy.Methods: Measures include standardized questionnaires, qualitative methods, measures of function and physical activity, and geospatial measures using Geographic Information System mapping and Global Positioning System tracking. These objective and subjective data are used to determine where adults spend time and are most active, and which activities and social connections are associated with feeling integrated into the community.Results: Two case examples highlight the importance of using a multi-method approach to assess community integration for adults with cerebral palsy. Results of objective clinical measures were comparable among case examples; however, actual experiences of feeling connected to the community were vastly different.Conclusions: Multiple measures are required to capture the complexity of community integration. Relying solely on objective measures may not provide a complete picture of community integration.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONCommunity integration is a complex construct that incorporates participation, socialization, and feelings of belonging in the community.New methods and measures are needed to assess the many aspects of community integration in adults with disabilities.A multi-method approach is recommended to provide a richer characterization of community integration in individuals with disabilities.A combination of quantitative and qualitative measures addressing the physical, social and psychological aspects of community integration should be used.

Detecting Large-Scale Urban Land Cover Changes from Very High Resolution Remote Sensing Images Using CNN-Based Classification

The study investigates land use/cover classification and change detection of urban areas from very high resolution (VHR) remote sensing images using deep learning-based methods. Firstly, we introduce a fully Atrous convolutional neural network (FACNN) to learn the land cover classification. In the FACNN an encoder, consisting of full Atrous convolution layers, is proposed for extracting scale robust features from VHR images. Then, a pixel-based change map is produced based on the classification map of current images and an outdated land cover geographical information system (GIS) map. Both polygon-based and object-based change detection accuracy is investigated, where a polygon is the unit of the GIS map and an object consists of those adjacent changed pixels on the pixel-based change map. The test data covers a rapidly developing city of Wuhan (8000 km2), China, consisting of 0.5 m ground resolution aerial images acquired in 2014, and 1 m ground resolution Beijing-2 satellite images in 2017, and their land cover GIS maps. Testing results showed that our FACNN greatly exceeded several recent convolutional neural networks in land cover classification. Second, the object-based change detection could achieve much better results than a pixel-based method, and provide accurate change maps to facilitate manual urban land cover updating.

Simulating the spreading of brown plant hoppers based on cellular automata

SummaryThe spread of brown plant hoppers (BPHs) can be affected by pesticides, migration/immigration, and natural enemies; in particular, using pesticides is the common method of farmers in fact. The article introduces a new approach to simulate the spread of BPH using cellular automata. The proposed model uses a geographic information system map as a simulation space to make results more visual and realistic. This model can give the accurate predictions about the spread of BPHs, thereby helping farmers make the appropriate decisions to prevent BPHs.

Assessing Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Referral Patterns to a Tertiary Care Center: A Novel Approach Using Geographic Information System Mapping.

Patients and their family members with hereditary colorectal cancer require longitudinal follow-up that is best achieved through a dedicated program with a registry. However, referrals for these conditions remain poor. Geographic information systems technology is a novel method to evaluate geographic variation in multiple realms but is being used more in health care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate referral patterns with geographic information systems technology to better target efforts for improving overall referrals. We hypothesized that marked variation would exist as to the geospatial locations of referrals and that gastroenterologists would be the dominant referral source. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. The study was conducted at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. The hereditary colorectal cancer registry was queried from June 2007 to August 2016 for demographics, distance to center, genetic mutations, and the specialty of the referring providers. Geospatial data on both patient and referring specialist were collected. We analyzed patient and referral data with geographic information systems technology to look for gaps and patterns. A total of 676 patients were entered into the registry during this period. Fifty-six percent were women, and the median age was 50 years (interquartile range, 42-60 y). The median distance from the center was 60 miles (interquartile range, 22-120 miles), and 31% carried an identified germline mutation. Gastroenterology represented the overall largest source of referrals and, when broken down by syndrome, they represented the top referral specialty for familial adenomatous polyposis. Surgeons were the largest referral source for Lynch syndrome. The study was limited by covariates in the database. Our hereditary colorectal cancer registry serves a large geographic area, with the largest group of referrals coming from gastroenterologists. Performing this analysis with geographic information systems technology mapping allowed us to identify clustering of patients and providers throughout the region as well as gaps. This information will help to target outreach and distribution of educational materials for providers and their patients to increase registry enrollment. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A950.

(Mis)Communicating with Geographic Information System Mapping: Part 1—Choosing Unit of Representation

Extension professionals are increasingly using geographic information system (GIS) technology to develop and inform programs and services. In this article, we use a mapping exercise to demonstrate how the unit of data can be applied and inadvertently misrepresented in GIS mapping. We contrast the use of counts, percentages, and location quotients with the same data and the resulting divergence in maps. The discussion addresses ideal circumstances for using each unit of data. Overall, the article illustrates the need for Extension professionals to be cognizant of the benefits and limitations of various units of data to avoid miscommunication when using GIS mapping.

Abstract 141: Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to Analyze Statewide Regional Data - A Feasibility Project from the Kentucky Stroke Encounter Quality Improvement Project (SEQIP)

Background: The Stroke Encounter Quality Improvement Project (SEQIP) is a collaboration between certified stroke centers, the AHA/ASA and the Kentucky Department for Public Health (KDPH) to implement statewide QI initiatives to improve the care of stroke patients. From 2009 to 2018, 23 hospital in Kentucky participating in SEQIP have entered 76,222 stroke patient records into Get With The Guidelines® (GWTG) / Patient Management Tool™ (PMT). Purpose: Geographic information systems (GIS) tools can expand our understanding of care and outcomes based on patient location. The purpose of this project was to demonstrate the methods of linking a disease management registry with GIS mapping and analysis program,) to understand challenges when performing this link, and to derive meaningful insight on stroke care and outcomes by zip code. Methods: Stroke data from GWTG and PMT was compiled and downloaded by KDPH. The information was converted to a database file for use in ArcGIS. After excluding those who had missing or incomplete zip codes, records were Geocoded annually from 2009 to 2018. The data were then matched to one of 945 zip codes in Kentucky. Data were summarized by zip code, calendar year by the number of ischemic strokes; number IV alteplase administration; rate ischemic stroke receiving IV alteplase; number and rate of ischemic stroke patients arriving to hospital by EMS, privately owned vehicle or transfer; and median time from last known well to hospital arrival; and medical history of hypertension. Additional data including hospitals, certified stroke centers, drive time analysis, etc. were added to maps. Results: Mapping GWTG and PMT stroke data is feasible and may allow for additional analysis by location. Conclusion: Using GIS mapping and methodology can assist hospital stroke coordinators and public health officials in developing and implementing interventions to improvement stroke care and outcomes. Further analysis including socioeconomic, demographic and marketing/consumer preference data is planned to better understand variations by zip codes. This feasibility project provides an example of a useful application of GIS analyses applied to data registry including GWTG and PMT.