Abstract
The creation of augmented reality-related geographic information system (GIS) mapping applications has witnessed considerable advances in the technology of urban modeling; however, there are limitations to the technology that is currently used to create similar resources. The cost of the creation of the vehicle is an obstacle, and the rendering of textures of buildings is often lacking because of the distortion caused by the types of lenses that have been used. Generally, mobile mapping systems (MMSs) can extract detailed three-dimensional (3D) data with high quality texture information of the 3D building model. However, mapping urban areas by MMSs is expensive and requires advanced mathematical approaches with complicated steps. In particular, commercial MMS, which generally includes two GPS receivers, is an expensive device, costing ~$1 million. Thus, this research is aimed at developing a new MMS that semi-automatically produces high-quality texture information of 3D building models proposes a 3D urban model by hybrid approaches. Eventually, this study can support urban planners and people to improve their spatial perception and awareness of urban area for Smart City Planning.
Highlights
A three-dimensional (3D) city model allows urban planners and the public to understand areas of interest in the urban design-context in a spatial, timely, and virtual manner [1,2]
Hybrid approaches that use both aerial images and ground-based sensing techniques are becoming increasingly common in urban 3D modeling, creating a 3D urban model remains a complex and difficult task owing to the quality of the texture images, labor-intensive nature of the work, complicated procedures, and high cost [11]
In light of the abovementioned issues, this study investigated the creation of a new mobile mapping system (MMS) that semi-automatically produces high-quality texture information for 3D building models and the production of 3D urban models using hybrid approaches
Summary
A three-dimensional (3D) city model allows urban planners and the public to understand areas of interest in the urban design-context in a spatial, timely, and virtual manner [1,2]. 3D models require photorealistic representation of 3D geometrical objects, which enables urban planners to enhance spatial perceptions of geographic objects and obtain a better understanding of overall city planning [2]. Various approaches for building textures for a 3D model exist, e.g., 3D city modeling can use airborne images, airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR), ground-based or vehicle-borne sensing techniques, and combinations of these [9,10]. Hybrid approaches that use both aerial images and ground-based sensing techniques are becoming increasingly common in urban 3D modeling, creating a 3D urban model remains a complex and difficult task owing to the quality of the texture images, labor-intensive nature of the work, complicated procedures, and high cost [11]
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