Geographical Indicators Research Articles

The impact of topological properties of built environment on children independent mobility: A comparative study between discretionary vs. nondiscretionary trips in Dhaka

Researchers broadly represented the built environment (BE) using geographic and topological indicators. Despite studies have shown that the geographic BE affects children independent mobility (CIM), little is known about the effects of topological BE on CIM. Less so, how the effects vary between discretionary and nondiscretionary CIM trips. The study addresses these gaps using self-reported two-day mobility data of 151 children aged 10–14 years from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Geographic BE data (e.g. land uses, street width, building height) were collected through a virtual BE audit following each route. Topological BE data (e.g. step-depth, integration, choice) were derived in Depthmap X. CIM was measured in a binary scale by checking whether the reported trips were taken independently or not. Three binary logistic regression models (an overall model, a discretionary trip model, and a nondiscretionary trip model) were estimated to determine the effects of geographic and topological BE on CIM, controlling for other confounding effects. The findings demonstrate that both geographic and topological BE affect CIM. However, they affect discretionary and non-discretionary CIM differently – e.g. step-depth, angular connectivity and presence of institutional land use affect only non-discretionary CIM, whereas integration, recreational land use and traffic composition affect only discretionary CIM. The findings highlight that geographical features need to be considered in tandem with topological features of the BE, stratified by destination types, to maximise CIM.

Determining diagnostic indicators for fine-scale short vegetation aboveground biomass inversion using a HVRU-based analysis approach

Abstract Quantification of aboveground biomass (AGB) from local and regional to global scales is significant for sustainable ecosystem management, and object-based analysis technique is attractive in AGB studies. This study extended the AGB inversion researches on short vegetation species at a relatively fine scale using a homogenous vegetation response unit (HVRU)-oriented analysis approach, and explored a convenient scheme to determine diagnostic indicators. In the meantime, spectral, structural and geographic indicators related to AGB were derived from multisource data to generate HVRUs using multiresolution segmentation technology; the utilities of different variable types, regression algorithms and research scales were further evaluated in HVRU-based AGB modeling to determine the diagnostic indicators. Results showed that, inversion accuracies based on mean variables were much higher than those based on texture variables. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector regression (SVR) provided similar accuracies, in general, SVR performed better in digesting texture variables and time consumption, while PLSR was more suitable for mean variables. Compared to spectral indicators alone, the introduction of non-spectral indicators weakened accuracies at the scale of 50; at the scale of 100, 150 and 200, integrating spectral and structural indicators significantly improved accuracies on the whole; additional geographic indicators showed adverse impacts in most cases. The optimal inversion accuracy with R2cv of 0.83, RMSEcv of 0.20, RPD of 2.34 was realized based on the mean variables of spectral and structural indicators at the scale of 150 using PLSR, furthermore, FVC, OSAVI and (1/R742nm)'' contributed much more than other indicators in modeling. Effective indicators excavated in this study could be directly applied for AGB survey in Yancheng National Nature Reserve and similar areas in China’s coastal mudflat. The HVRU-based analysis approach fusing the advantages of multisource data and multiresolution segmentation technology has broad application prospects especially for research objects which are hard to quantify.

A multivariate analysis on spatiotemporal evolution of Covid-19 in Brazil.

This data-driven work aims to analyze and classify the spatiotemporal distribution of all Brazilian states considering data so diverse as the number of Covid-19 cases, deaths, confirmed cases per 100 k inhabitants, mortality per 100 k inhabitants and case fatality rates as health indicators. We also considered population, area and population density as geographic indicators. Finally, GDP and HDI were taken into account as economic and social criteria. For this task data were collected from April 3rd until August 8th, 2020, corresponding to epidemiological weeks 14–32, reaching three million cases and a hundred thousand deaths. With this data it was possible to classify Brazilian states using multivariate methods into possible groups by means of non-hierarchical (k-means) cluster as well as factor analysis. It was possible to group all states plus the Federal District into five clusters, taking into account these 10 variables over the first five months of the epidemic. Group changes between states were observed over time and clusters, and between three and four factors were found. However, even with great difference on health indicators during days, the number of clusters remains fixed. Also, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states were ranked at top list taking into account all epidemiological weeks. Correlations were observed between variables, such as the number of Covid cases and deaths with GDP for most of epidemiological weeks. Some clusters were more critical due to specific variables, including cities that are main hotspots. These multivariate findings would provide a comprehensive description of the ongoing Covid-19 epidemic and may help to guide subsequent studies to understand and control virus transmission.

INTERNATIONAL LAW ON SPACE TOURISM IMPLEMENTATION

As space tourism related technology breakthrough, the outlook of mining activities having in space moves spacious to being a fact but it should develop in consent with international law, because the issue of space is a deal of international pointing, since space pointing as explorer zone by humanity. The significant guiding instruments in international space law in relating to space tourism industry are Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, that entered into force on 10 October 1967; Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, entered into force on 11 July 1984. These international treaties mainly condition to the states the freedom on exploration and using space, but at the same time do not consider national appropriation of it. The work also proposes European legislation that is applicable to space tourism. The main attention is given to the Treaty of Lisbon. But during the studying the author proposed the opinion that it can’t be acceptable to space tourism, since it does not directly or even indirectly indicate it. Although it may be applicable as such, due to the lack of appropriate specific acts in the field of space travel. However, this act is recommended as a fundamental basis for further international development of the law on space tourism, as it directly deals with space activities, so it can serve as a guide. The study also doesn’t lose sight of US law, since space tourism increase by US entities through activities with travel destination for the mass. Research show that US have national law instrument for US enforcement in space sphere, besides grants property rights to companies to conduct actions on own risks in space with traveler issue as well and opening it to the mass. Thus interprets the freedom enshrined in the UN space acts at its own expense. However, Outer Space Treaty is not consistent in light of the freedom issue in exploration and it interprets the liberty broadly, but the interdiction narrowly. Due to that, research reaches that current space related legislation regime would let for space journey to develop but not in the path the text of former domestic laws propose. Attention is also drawn to the social meaning consideration for further law implementation. This research examines the emerging role of social data in the context of highlighting law necessity to provide properly advanced international legal act on flights to the space with tourists on a spacecraft. Since, space tourism may affect international law. The findings indicate that social awareness due to geographical indicator could improve current situation in legal regulation of space tourism at risk of international law gap. What is now needed is a cross – national international law study involving law researchers on space tourism issue. An implication of these findings is that both social position and space flights with traveler purpose should be taken into account when international law – maker communityable to implement legal acts about understanding issues on entitlement and | or restriction of space activity as space journey. The unborn looking enterprises concerned in mining outer space a goods are working on protracted timelines on focus with society’s modern needs. The major point of this article is the explanation of the ban on national allocation, as only being a veto on state appropriation. Under the presumption that exegesis would be a violation of the sense society needs, not states as along. In folding on their own the arrangements to dominate objects beyond the competency of any single state, the US is obtaining a step back out of the international community. This will not be a advantage for the interests of nations though. But nevertheless, the author explains this by the fact that such a national privilege is associated with the direct growth of private activity, which required regulation, because at the international level there is no adoption of any specific acts in this area. In order space tourism open-up affect, for commercial companies necessary the potential to gain reasonable benefits and a stable legal setting [1]. Substitute option to the unilateral implementation of a legal base, and one that would sustain law confidence both domestically and internationally, is the modernization of an international regime for the stewardship of space excavation functioning as transmitted in Article 11 of the Moon Agreement. International law does not aid the unilateral provision of rights to conduct over outer space by states to an individual way, or through private corporation and should be accordingly to interpretations of the UN Space Acts disregard the common heritage of mankind. Such would have the prospect to ensure space tourism doesn’t fair bring individual profits, but betters of humanity.

Analytical aspects of effective stock-raising when applying high-protein fodder

The work provides a comprehensive analysis of efficient organization in the stock-raising industry when fed with high protein fodder. For that end, a dynamic analysis of volume and geographical indicators of soybean production, as well as ways to increase productivity, was initially conducted. The authors believe that biologically active preparations should be used for pre-treatment of seeds and foliar top dressing of plants. This will increase the yield by 2–3 dt/ha and the protein content by 3–4 %. The next step in the analytical procedures was conducting an experiment connected with introduction of soybean meal into the diet of young pigs. This will improve the physiological state of pigs and intensify their live weight gain.

INTERNATIONAL LAW ON SPACE TOURISM IMPLEMENTATION

INTERNATIONAL LAW ON SPACE TOURISM IMPLEMENTATION

THE ROLE OF CUSTOMS IN IPR: CASE OF OCCUPIED\\r\\nTERRITORIES OF UKRAINE\\r\\n

Ponte Academic JournalOct 2020, Volume 76, Issue 10 THE ROLE OF CUSTOMS IN IPR: CASE OF OCCUPIED TERRITORIES OF UKRAINEAuthor(s): Mahmud NuriyevJ. Ponte - Oct 2020 - Volume 76 - Issue 10 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2020.10.12 Abstract:The chosen research project mainly inspects the legal status and enforcement of the Intellectual Property Rights with the emerging role of the customs borders or checkpoints in the occupied territories of Ukraine. In the contemporary world, intellectual property rights are mostly considered being the important rights amongst the nation-states in terms of providing and preserving their rights and affiliation upon different goods, services, and items belonging or produced by them. Over the past 20 years, the phenomenon of intellectual property has been rapidly evolving and acted as the most important factor within the international system. The subject chosen for analysis mainly elaborates on the pivotal processes and tendencies over the legal enforcement of IPR in the example of occupied territories of separate countries aforementioned. The main problem of the research is the analysis of problems in the regulation of intellectual property rights of goods, products, and other entities illegally made in the occupied territories with the involvement of customs of other countries for the confiscation of these goods. The main purpose of the research is to examine the administrative and enforcement measures that can be carried out by the customs in the regulation and maintenance of intellectual property rights on illegal goods in the occupied territories of Ukraine. It is ostensibly that the geographical status or main indicators in terms of the enforcement of IPR play a crucial role in determining the boundaries between countries. Today, according to geographical indicators, intellectual property regulation in the occupied territories has become a major problem revealing itself in the case of Ukraine. The mentioned countries laws and regulations on intellectual property, its main contradictions and emerging problems regarding the enforcement of IPR in the country will deeply be scrutinized. Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password

Lessons from Germany’s hard coal mining phase-out: policies and transition from 1950 to 2018

ABSTRACT German hard coal production ended in 2018, following the termination of subsidies. This paper looks at 60 years of continuous decline of an industry that employed more than 600,000 people, through a case study comparing Germany’s two largest hard coal mining areas (Ruhr area and Saarland). Although predominantly economic drivers underlay the transitions, both provide valuable lessons for upcoming coal phase-outs induced by stricter climate policies, including beyond Germany. The analysis identifies the main qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the two regions. It then discusses policy instruments implemented to guide the transition, including measures for the conservation of coal production, regional economic reorientation, and the easing of the transition’s social impacts. The success of these policies is evaluated using economic, social, and geographical indicators that were developed within three interdisciplinary research projects running from 2016 to 2019. A key lesson from the examined case studies is the importance of combining not only policies addressing unemployment and the attraction of new energy corporations and investments, but also measures improving infrastructure, education, research facilities and soft location factors. Protecting a declining industry for decades caused increased transition costs compared to an earlier phase-out. Economic reorientation and changing regional identities have proven most difficult in the past. However, the German example illustrates that the complexity of the challenges of a transition can be mastered if city, regional, and national governments and institutions cooperate in a polycentric approach. Key policy insights A faster and more pro-active hard coal mining phase-out in Germany would have been much less expensive and paved the way for new industries A just and in-time transition needs to: be jointly managed in a polycentric approach by city, regional, national, and international governments and institutions. combine climate, energy, social, and structural policies, whilst recognizing both local specifics and global connections. consider long-term effects, external independent advice apart from the incumbent regime and beyond-border thinking, while aiming to diversify the economy and enabling broad stakeholder participation. address unemployment, the economy, and the energy system, as well as measures to improve infrastructure, universities, research facilities, and soft location factors.

Spatially Enabling The Master Linkage Map – Getting Straight To The Point

Background with rationaleIn recent years, rapid advancements in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software has provided a range of users with an array of options to visually represent multiple digital data assets and for a range of purposes. The research community is increasingly able to represent complex data assets spatially to identify patterns in the population specific to burden of disease or for other reasons.
 Main AimTo develop a methodology and software solution to effectively attribute spatial coordinates at a unit record level to data held in the Tasmanian Data Linkage Units (TDLU) Master Linkage Map (MLM). A further requirement was to support an integrated process of clerical review to enable incorrect or missing address information to be corrected.
 Methods/Approach The Australian government makes available a geocoded address database for end users including Australian businesses, education and government. Known as the G-NAF (Geocoded National Address File), the database contains in excess of 30 tables for over 13 million principal Australian addresses. The TDLU developed software that extracts data held in its MLM and processes using the G-NAF to derive and store multiple spatial data elements.
 ResultsThe TDLU has achieved in excess of 92% automated geocoding to address level for all records held in its MLM. Extensive metadata is produced, analysed and stored and used for many reasons including quality assurance. The release of spatial information, together with linkage keys, is strictly managed in accordance with Human Research Ethic Committee and custodian approvals.
 ConclusionThe TDLU’s custom designed spatial information system has proven effective in both automatically allocating spatial coordinates for records held in its MLM, and for supporting review of missing or incorrect address information. Generating and storing spatial data at a unit record level enables the effective allocation of a range of geographic elements, population data and indices including measures of socio-economic disadvantage.

A secondary analysis of the role of geography in engagement and outcomes in a clinical trial of an efficacious Internet intervention for insomnia

BackgroundOnline interventions for insomnia can increase access to treatments for those with limited access to services. What remains unknown is whether individuals from more isolated (vs. more densely populated) regions engage with, and benefit as much from, an online intervention. This secondary analysis examined the relationship of geographical indices with engagement and outcomes of an efficacious, fully automated online cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) program (Sleep Healthy Using the Internet-SHUTi). Method303 participants (Mage = 43.3; SD = 11.6) were randomly assigned to SHUTi or an online patient education condition and assessed at baseline and post intervention. Rural code of participants was determined using participant zip codes. Distance to the nearest sleep medicine provider was calculated as the distance between the center of the nearest provider's city (from a publicly available list of CBT-I providers) and the center of the participants' zip code. Adherence outcomes were number of intervention core completions, sleep diaries, and logins. Sleep outcomes were insomnia severity as well as sleep onset latency and wake after sleep onset derived from online sleep diaries. ResultsIndividuals were from a range of geographic locations. Most lived in fairly densely populated areas; however, there was a large variation in distance to the nearest sleep medicine provider. Findings indicate that the efficacy, adherence, and engagement with SHUTi were not impacted by where people lived. Controlling for age and gender did not impact any of the relationships among geography variables (i.e., distance, ruralness) and adherence or sleep related outcomes. ConclusionsInternet interventions must demonstrate that they can overcome obstacles posed by geography. This is the first study to examine the geographic location of participants and its association with engagement with, and outcomes of, online CBT-I.

Geographical indicators of sustainable development and assessment of the impact on the environment

The indicators of sustainable development are the indices used to evaluate and show the levels and trends of national, regional and global development. The analysis of such indicators is used to forecast the peculiarities of political, economic, social and ecological development of the geographical environment. There are many examples of designing and determining the indicators of sustainable development known today, which have been actively considered since the Rio Conference of 1992. For example, under the UNO Development Programme, the social indicator of sustainable development is the human potential development index, which incorporates such indices, as a person’s expected lifetime (by the moment of his birth), level of education of the adult population and size of the gross domestic product per capita. Presently, the geographical (environmental) indicators of sustainable development are considered to be: Level of degradation of land, water, atmospheric air, plants and animals, eco-systems and landscapes; Scales of using the natural resources; Scales of ecological policy and landscape planning and realization; Outcomes of realization of the national environmental legislation and international conventions; Indicators of the science and education involvement in the study of the environmental problems and realization of the study outcomes; Level of the population environmental consciousness and awareness.

Association Between Geographic Measures of Socioeconomic Status and Deprivation and Major Surgical Outcomes.

There is evidence suggesting higher rates of negative surgical outcomes for patients with lower socioeconomic status. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different geographic measures of socioeconomic status and deprivation on surgical outcomes in the United States. We extracted county-level, zip code-level, census block group-level and census tract-level measures of geographic risk. We evaluated associations between geographic area inequity and surgical outcomes using linear, logistic, and Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations to account for clustering by hospital. Hospital discharges (n=1,573,740) after major surgery in Arizona, Florida, Iowa, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, and Vermont as extracted from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) State Inpatient Database between the years 2010-2012. Inpatient mortality, length of stay, hospital costs, discharge status, and 30-day all-cause readmission. After adjusting for patient, hospital, and discharge factors, the odds of inpatient mortality significantly increased as geographic distress increased across all measures of geographic risk. Odds of routine discharge increased and the odds of 30-day all-cause readmission decreased with geographic distress for select measures of geographic inequity. The choice of measure generally did not affect the findings; the results did not conclusively support the use of measures from larger or smaller geographic units. There is a consistent, strong association between geographic indicators for socioeconomic status and distress with important surgical outcomes. Further work is needed to understand the source of these associations and to develop interventions and effective policies to address them.

A Spatial Analysis of Health Disparities Associated with Antibiotic Resistant Infections in Children Living in Atlanta (2002-2010).

Background:Antibiotic resistant bacteria like community-onset methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CO-MRSA) have continued to cause infections in children at alarming rates and are associated with health disparities. Geospatial analyses of individual and area level data can enhance disease surveillance and identify socio-demographic and geographic indicators to explain CO-MRSA disease transmission patterns and risks.Methods:A case control epidemiology approach was undertaken to compare children with CO-MRSA to a noninfectious condition (unintentional traumatic brain injury (uTBI)). In order to better understand the impact of place based risks in developing these types of infections, data from electronic health records (EHR) were obtained from CO-MRSA cases and compared to EHR data from controls (uTBI). US Census data was used to determine area level data. Multi-level statistical models were performed using risk factors determined a priori and geospatial analyses were conducted and mapped.Results:From 2002–2010, 4,613 with CO-MRSA and 34,758 with uTBI were seen from two pediatric hospitals in Atlanta, Georgia. Hispanic children had reduced odds of infection; females and public health insurance were more likely to have CO-MRSA. Spatial analyses indicate significant ‘hot spots’ for CO-MRSA and the overall spatial cluster locations, differed between CO-MRSA cases and uTBI controls.Conclusions:Differences exist in race, age, and type of health insurance between CO-MRSA cases compared to noninfectious control group. Geographic clustering of cases is distinct from controls, suggesting placed based factors impact risk for CO-MRSA infection.

Inequality in geographical distribution of hospitals and hospital beds in densely populated metropolitan cities of Iran

BackgroundThis study aims to assess geographical distribution of hospitals and extent of inequalities in hospital beds against socioeconomic status (SES) of residents of five metropolitan cities in Iran.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis was conducted to measure geographical inequality in hospital and hospital bed distributions of 68 districts in five metropolitan cities during 2016 using geographic information system (GIS), and Gini and Concentration indices. Correlation analysis was performed to show the relationship between the SES and inequality in hospital beds densities.ResultsThe study uncovered marked inequalities in hospitals and hospital beds distributions. The Gini indices for hospital beds were greater than 0.55. The aggregated concentration indices for public and private hospital beds were 0.33 and 0.49, respectively. The GIS revealed that 216 (70.6%) hospitals were located in two highest socioeconomic status classes in the cities. Only 29 (9.5%) hospitals were located in the lowest class. The public, private, and the cumulative hospitals beds distributions in Tehran and Esfahan showed significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation with SES of the residents.ConclusionsThe high inequalities in hospital and hospital beds distributions in our study imply an overlooked but growing concern for geographical access to healthcare in rapidly urbanizing metropolitan cities in Iran. Thus, regardless of ownership, decision-makers should emphasize the disadvantaged areas in metropolitan cities when need arises for the establishment of new healthcare facilities in order to ensure fairness in healthcare. The metropolitan cities and rapid urbanization settings in other countries could learn lessons to reduce or prevent similar issues which might have hampered access to healthcare.

Discrimination of mango orchards in Malihabad, India using textural features

Malihabad in Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh, India is world renowned for its ‘Mango Malihabadi Dusseheri’, a Geographical Indicator (GI) tagged variety of mango. In this study, a strategy has been demonstrated to discriminate the mango orchards using two dates LISS IV data (spatial resolution: 5.8 m; bands: green, red, NIR) in the selected study region of Malihabad and neighbouring areas of mango-growing belt. As mango orchards have unique textural patterns when seen through space, textural features computed using grey tone spatial dependence matrices have been used as an addition to spectral features for better discrimination. Sparsely and densely populated mango orchards have been taken as separate classes. Classification algorithms of Maximum Likelihood Classifier and Support Vector Machine have been compared for their effectiveness as well as majority analysis has been used as a post-classification process to improve classification accuracy. Classification accuracy increased by many folds from 71 to 80% using only spectral bands to 85–89% using both spectral and textural features and majority analysis as additional post-classification process. Final distribution map of sparsely and densely populated mango orchards have been prepared after intersection of respective classes in the classified maps generated using two dates.

Estimation and Multiscale Transformation of Aboveground Biomass: An HGSU-Oriented Approach Based on Multisource Data

Research works on aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation have received attention for a long time. However, most existing research works were based on pixels at respective scale, and relatively few studies focused on estimation and multiscale transformation of AGB. We, therefore, developed an innovative object-oriented approach to estimate and transform AGB under multiple scales. First, AGB-correlated spectral, structural, and geographic indicators were derived from multisource data. Subsequently, multiresolution segmentation technology was performed to produce homogeneous geography and spectrum units (HGSUs) at different scales. Finally, AGB at each scale was retrieved based on HGSUs and Random Forest (RF) algorithm. Besides, the utilities of nonspectral variables in modeling were further evaluated. Results showed that the HGSU-oriented approach was effective and advantageous to achieve the AGB estimation and multiscale transformation based only on the same dataset with few user-defined parameters. Structural and geographic variables, especially soil type, vegetation species, and CHM, played important roles in modeling, while the contribution of spectral variables decreased with the increasing scale in general. The HGSUs combined multiple pieces of information such as spectra, texture, vegetation height, soil type, slope, elevation, and land use, and provided a more detailed segmentation, a faster stability speed with increasing regression trees, and a higher accuracy than those based on common image objects segmented only by spectral indicators. Results also evidenced that the RF regression model had the capability to ingest mixed data. This study supplemented the existing AGB estimation research works especially for shorter vegetation in coastal areas (relative to forests), and the proposed approach was promising in larger regional scales.

Use of geoinformation technologies (GIS) in the system of monitoring and prevention of animal leptospirosis of the Cherkas region

The article deals with the application of geographic information technologies (GIS) as a system of monitoring and prevention of animal leptospirosis in Cherkasy region. The analysis of modern programs, where GIS monitoring in veterinary medicine is used, has been carried out.&#x0D; The structure of the database monitoring of animal leptospirosis in Cherkasy region with GIS being used, should include the regional data on: geographic indicators, wildlife habitats and pastures; farm, wild and domestic animals in number; categories of farms; pedigree value; veterinary and other institutions that provide the accounts with their mandatory inclusion in the automatic digital calculating programs (Excel).&#x0D; In 2012 – 2017 the animals in Cherkasy region numbered in 838212 head of cattle, 75383 head of small cattle,1607283 head of pigs, 15195 head of horses. The density of different categories of farms raising these animal species has even distribution; among them 12 districts have dairy farms, 1 district - meat farms, 6 districts - dairy and meat farms.&#x0D; The number of wild animals in Cherkasy region in 2017 was: elk – 81 head; deer – 331 head; roe deer – 6783 head; wild boars – 2380 head, foxes – 2323 head; they were evenly distributed on 1574.9 thousand hectares,and 30 hunting grounds.&#x0D; During the determination of epizootic situation of animal leptospirosis in Cherkasy region in 2012 – 2017, 95106 animals were tested, among them 5078 animals appeared positive for leptospirosis in microagglutination test (MAT), out of which – 4454 head of cattle and pigs - together 87.71%; other species, including wild animals – 624 head (12.29%). The density of leptospirosis cases in the districts among all animal species ranges from 0 to 20%, the highest density is in Cherkasy region; in three areas there was no reporting on any positive cases.&#x0D; Species composition of animals with leptospirosis in Cherkasy region in 2012–2017 was determined by: cattle – 89.17%, small cattle – 0.20, horses – 2.68, pigs – 7.82%; wild goats – 0.02% and wild boars –0.06%; dogs - 0.02%, cats - 0.04%.&#x0D; The etiological profile of animal leptospirosis in Cherkasy region in 2012–2017 consisted mainly of mixed serogroup types - Pomona, Australis, Canicola, Grippotiphosa, Tarassovi, Icnterohaemorrhagiae –32.79%; in the second place - mixed Hebdomadis and Sejroe –14.09%; in the third – Australis –14.17%; separately - Hebdomadis and Sejroe - 11.01 and 11.81%, respectively, Icnterohaemorrhagiae - 8.08%. All others - Pomona Canicola, Grippotiphosa, Tarassovi - from 3 to 0,5%.&#x0D; Adoption of the effective preventative measures of animal leptospirosis in Cherkasy region has become possible on the basis of the complete informative database, awareness about the animal species and their number - among those being registered and tested for leptospirosis, their etiological structure in the above mentioned region with GIS being used.

Identifikasi Kegiatan Program Kampung Keluarga Berencana di Kabupaten Aceh Tengah

The purpose of this study identified the activities of the Family Planning Village Population, Family Planning and Family Development program in Middle Aceh District. The study location were grouped according to the Geographic Difficulties Index of the Central Bureau of Statistics. Research data collection uses qualitative methods, namely interviews, documentation, and observations with the Village Head / Geuchik (informant 1), extension / coach of the Family Planning Village (informant 2), and management of the Family Planning Village (informant 3). The results of this study indicate that the implementation of family planning village activities in the village is of high difficulty and is not difficult geographically has been relatively active, namely the management and mentor and companion of the family planning village to work well and directed, while the villages with moderate difficulty level geographically less active. Generally, the activities of the Family Planning Village carried out are posyandu, posbindu, elderly gymnastics and other activities. The activities of the Prosperous Family Income Improvement Group are also not yet implemented, where the activity is expected to empower the village community economically. Cross-sectoral activities have also not been implemented and coordinated well, it seems that there is no program that can be felt directly even though the commitment at the beginning of the declaration has been carried out.

Neighborhood Characteristics at Birth and Positive and Negative Psychotic Symptoms in Adolescence: Findings From the ALSPAC Birth Cohort.

BackgroundUrban birth is associated with risk of non-affective psychoses, but the association with subclinical positive and negative symptoms is less clear, despite emerging evidence. Further the extent to which these findings are confounded by polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia is also unknown.MethodsUsing data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, linked to census geographical indicators, we examined whether various indices of urbanicity at birth were associated with negative and positive psychotic symptoms at age 16 and 18 years, respectively. We used logistic regression models, controlling for child’s ethnicity, maternal age, education, marital status, social class, depressive symptoms, other neighborhood exposures, and, in a subsample of children of white ethnicity (N = 10 283), PRS for schizophrenia.ResultsAmongst 11 879 adolescents, those born in the most densely populated tertile had greater odds of reporting positive psychotic experiences, after multivariable adjustment (odds ratio [OR]: 1.57, 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.14–2.17). Adolescents born in the most socially fragmented neighborhoods had greater odds of negative symptoms, after multivariable adjustment (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.06–1.85). Although we found that greater schizophrenia PRS were associated with an increased risk of being born in more deprived and fragmented (bot not more densely populated areas), these associations were not confounded by PRS.InterpretationBirth into more densely populated and socially fragmented environments increased risk of positive and negative psychotic phenomena in adolescence, respectively, suggesting that different forms of neighborhood social adversity may impinge on different psychopathophysiologies associated with the clinical expression of psychosis.

Proposing standardised geographical indicators of physical access to emergency obstetric and newborn care in low-income and middle-income countries

Emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC) can be life-saving in managing well-known complications during childbirth. However, suboptimal availability, accessibility, quality and utilisation of EmONC services hampered meeting Millennium Development Goal...