Geographical Areas Of Iran Research Articles

Genetic variation and response to selection of photosynthetic and forage characteristics in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) ecotypes under drought conditions.

Evaluation of the effects of water-limited conditions on the photosynthetic characteristics and forage yield is important for enhancing the forage productivity and drought tolerance in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). In the present study, 100 P. pratensis ecotypes collected from different geographical areas in Iran were assessed under well-watered and drought stress conditions. Genetic variation and response to selection for the photosynthetic characteristics [i.e., net photosynthesis rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (Tr), chlorophyll content (Chl), and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm)] and forage yield [fresh forage yield (FY) and dry forage yield (Dy)] traits were analyzed during the 2018 and 2019 growing seasons. Drought stress had negative effects on evaluated photosynthesis parameters and significantly reduced dry and fresh forage yields. On average, FY with a 45% decrease and gs with a 326% decrease under drought stress conditions showed the highest reduction rate among forage yield and photosynthesis traits, respectively. Genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) for FY were lower under drought stress. The estimates of heritability, genetic advance, and genetic advance as percentage of mean showed the predominance of additive gene action for the traits. Overall, the results showed that "Ciakhor", "Damavand", "Karvandan", "Basmenj", "Abr2", "Abrumand", "Borhan", "Hezarkanian", "LasemCheshmeh", "Torshab", and "DoSar" have higher forage yield production with little change between two irrigation regimes, which makes them promising candidates for developing high-yielding drought-tolerant varieties through breeding programs.

Dramatic changes in multiple sclerosis incidence in Iran may be related to the “Will Rogers phenomenon”

In recent years, studies have shown that multiple sclerosis (MS) incidence has greatly increased in different geographical areas of Iran (Pakdel et al., 2020; Hosseinzadeh et al., 2021). The increases in MS incidence in Iran are usually attributed to obesity and overweight childhood, cigarette and waterpipe smoking, vitamin D deficiency, urbanization, industrialization, and air pollution (Amiri, 2021; Hosseinzadeh et al., 2019; Asmarian et al., 2021). However, one of the most important factors that may be related to the increase of MS incidence in Iran and has been neglected is the “Will Rogers phenomenon

Karyological studies and chromosome variation among Iranian endemic Allium species (Amaryllidaceae)

One of the largest monocotyledonous genus in the Amaryllidaceae family is the Allium genus that includes approximately 900 species. This study aimed to examine the variations and clustering of eight Iranian endemic Allium species based on karyotype features. The species were collected from wild habitats across different geographical areas of Iran. A. sativum, A. stipitatum, A. fistolosum, A. umbellicatum, A. stamineum, A. lenkoranicum, and A. rubellum, were diploids (2n = 2x = 16), but A. atroviolaceum was triploid (2n = 3x = 24). The results represent x = 8 for basic chromosome numbers in all species. Analysis of variance showed significant interspecific variations for all eight chromosomal parameters tested. The mean of chromosome lengths was 11.19 μm, varied from 8.59 μm to 13.81 μm for A. atroviolaceum and A. stipitatum, respectively. In all species, the chromosome types were determined as mostly metacentric (m) and submetacentric (sm), formed five different karyotype formulas of 16m (A. stipitatum, A. fistolosum, A. stamineum), 14m+2sm (A. sativum, A. rubellum), 12m+4sm (A. lenkoranicum), 10m+6sm (A. umbellicatum), and 24m (A. atroviolaceum). According to Stebbins' classification, all karyotypes were grouped in the 1A class and represented the most symmetrical karyotypes. The information obtained from karyotype and chromosome morphology has an appreciable value in understanding the taxon evolution and interrelations.

Nursing students’ attitude and preparedness for nurse prescribing and its relationship with self-efficacy

AimThe number of countries where nurses are allowed to prescribe has increased over the past two decades. Nursing students’ self-efficacy has the main impact on their clinical and cognitive skills. The aim of this study is to determine nursing students’ attitudes and preparedness for nurse prescribing and its relationship with their perceived self-efficacy. DesignThe descriptive-correlational study MethodsThis study was conducted at five Nursing and Midwifery schools of Tabriz, Ardebil, Ilam, Ramsar, and Mashhad, Iran from March to July 2018. Through random sampling 250 undergraduate nursing students from the different geographical areas of Iran were selected. The research tool consisted of three parts including demographic information, nurse prescribing questionnaire, and a questionnaire on self-efficacy in patient care. ResultsNursing students had a positive attitudes and relatively high levels of preparedness for nurse prescribing. However, near to half of the participants (48.4%) mentioned that they have not good knowledge of pharmacology. Also there was a significant positive correlation between the students’ self-efficacy and their attitudes and preparedness to nurse prescribing (p < 0.001, rs= 0.467;p = 0.00, rs= 0.633). ConclusionsGiven the nursing students’ positive attitude to and their preparedness for nurse prescribing, it is possible to make them more prepared for this new role by increasing their pharmacological knowledge and improving their accountability, management, and leadership skills.

Atlas of heating: Identifying regional climate-dependent heat demands in residential buildings of Iran

Due to different latitudes and variation of altitude in geographical areas in Iran, the climatic conditions of Iran are such that the variations of the heating degree-days (HDD) are in a broad range of 60 to 3000 for residential buildings in different climatic regions. In addition, in many cases, the building design and construction processes follow patterns which do not necessarily meet national energy requirements and standards. Based on these two reasons, it is essential to identify the current status of energy consumption indicators in residential buildings. That way, it gets more convenient to adopt new strategies to improve the current state of energy consumption of buildings. In this study, heating energy consumption indices of residential buildings is investigated. Using the combination of the results of statistical data analysis, questionnaires, filled in for 500 buildings, and a reference building simulation in different climates of Iran, the heating atlas of residential buildings was prepared. According to the results, the average heating energy index (HEI) of buildings in Iran can be less than 1 to more than 41.3 (m3(N.G)/(m2·yr)) depending on climatic conditions and building design and construction quality. However, in the coldest center of province, the average of this index is 26.3 (m3(N.G)/(m2·yr)) in the hottest one that is equal 2.2. The variations of the thermal base load (supply of hot water) varied from less than 13.12 to more than 378.84 (m3(N.G)/(person·yr)). In provincial capitals, the lowest thermal base load index (TBLI) of buildings is 24.78 and the highest is 226.49 (m3(N.G)/(person·yr)). In this paper, beside charts and tables, results of heating energy consumption indices are also presented in the form of graphical atlases, i.e. color contour plots, to deliver a better picture of the whole country.

Genotyping determination of Acanthamoeba strains: an original study and a systematic review in Iran.

This study aimed to detect the presence of Acanthamoeba spp. in different water resources of Zahedan, southeast of Iran, and also systematically reviewed all publications regarding Acanthamoeba in Iran (2005-2018). Fifty water samples were collected from different water resources in Zahedan. The positive samples were identified morphologically and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using fragments of 18S rRNA. In the systematic review, data collection using particular terms was carried out using the following electronic databases including Science Direct, ISI Web of Science, MEDLINE, EBSCO, Scopus, and Google Scholar. A total of 17 (34%) samples were positive for Acanthamoeba spp., and nucleotide sequencing indicated that 15 samples (88.23%) belonged to the T4 genotype and the rest belonged to the T5 genotype. A total of 39 studies reported genotyping of Acanthamoeba spp. from various geographical areas of Iran and revealed that T4 (35 studies), T5 (19 studies), T3 (11 studies), T11 (8 studies), and T2 (6 studies) genotypes were the most prevalent in Iran. The T4 genotype of Acanthamoeba is a prevalent free-living amoeba and widely distributed not only in Zahedan but also in other provinces of Iran. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that A. castellanii and A. griffini predominantly colocalize with the T4 genotype.

Economic analysis of support policies for residential photovoltaic systems in Iran

This paper aims to develop a novel efficient Feed-In-Tariff (FIT) supportive scheme for diffusing photovoltaic systems in the residential sectors in the presence of multifarious smart net metering mechanisms. In doing so, a comprehensive economic analysis is performed to explore the optimal regional FIT for spreading PV systems and preventing overpayment/underpayment of flat national FIT. In addition, a new scheme of incentives in each region is established to change electricity use from their current consumption patterns in response to changes in the PV generation and the price of electricity. The participation of PV systems during peak demand associated with different potentials of PV self-consumption is the linchpin of the proposed methodology. The proposed model is then applied to investigate the techno-economic analysis in sixteen geographic areas in Iran. Such analysis introduces the most appropriate regions for investment and provides regional FIT. These results also show that at the current FIT as well as retail rate, the combination of FIT incorporating net metering is not beneficial. It can be concluded that by increasing the electricity price, the so-called retail rate or FIT, there is a point at which the PV systems investment will be cost-effective considerably.

Concentrations of arsenic and lead in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Iran: A systematic review and carcinogenic risk assessment

Exposure to heavy metals such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in either the short or the long term can cause cancers in humans. Dietary intake and consumption of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is increasing in Iran, and several studies on the concentration of heavy metals in rice have been carried out in this country in recent years. In this perspective, the main objective of the present study was to investigate, even via a meta-analysis of the existing literature, the presence of As and Pb in rice from many geographical areas in Iran, as well as to estimate the carcinogenic risk of these heavy metals in rice consumers. The results of the present ten years-spanning systematic review indicate that 21 reports, collecting a total of 2088 samples, were performed between 2008 and October 2017. The minimum and maximum concentration of As was observed in the Golestan area (0.01 ± 0.01 mg/kg d.w) and the Gillan region (3 mg/kg d.w); and Pb in the Shahrekord (0.07 ± 0.02 mg/kg d.w) and Mazandaran (35 mg/kg d.w). The meta-analysis of data showed that pooled concentration of As in the rice was 0.04 (95%CI: 0.02–0.06 mg/kg d.w), which resulted lower than the National Standard (NS) limits. However, the pooled concentration of Pb in the rice was 0.38 (95%CI: 0.25–0.5 mg/kg d.w), i.e., higher than NS limits. The heterogeneity was significant between As (I2 = 63%, P value = .003) and Pb (I2 = 96%, P value < .001) studies. The carcinogenic risk assessment showed that minimum and maximum incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of As was in the 45–54 (4.53 × 10−2) and 15–24 (5.50 × 10−2) year age groups consumers; and Pb, 45–54 (2.442 × 10−3) and 15–24 (2.96 × 10−3), respectively. The overall carcinogenesis risk of As (4.864 × 10−2) was 18.5 times higher than Pb (2.623 × 10−3). All age groups consumers of rice content of As and Pb are at considerable carcinogenesis risk (ILCR > 10−3). Therefore a decreased level of heavy metals in rice cultivation should be encouraged and performed in next planning.

Geographic distribution and spatial analysis of Leishmania infantum infection in domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important parasitic disease which is endemic in different parts of Iran; and domestic and wild canines are principal reservoir hosts of the disease. The objective of this study was to review the spatial distribution of canine VL (CVL) caused by Leishmania infantum in domestic and wild canines in different geographical areas of Iran. An extensive literature search was conducted in different international and national databases, including Cochrane, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Iran Medex to find articles with the words "visceral leishmaniasis in Iran" in their titles and "canine visceral leishmaniasis in Iran" or "feline visceral leishmaniasis in Iran" or "accidental reservoir hosts of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran" in their subtitles, irrespective of the type and duration of study. Screening of the irrelevant articles from total 36,342, yielded 61 eligible articles. More than 93% of the studies were carried out on domestic dogs (Canis familiaris, n = 57) and the remaining were on other carnivores such as wild canines including foxes (Vulpes vulpes, n = 4), jackals (C. aureus, n = 6) and wolves (C. lupus, n = 6); while studies on domestic cats (Felis catus, n = 3) as well as desert rodents (n = 2) were rare. The average rate of L. infantum infections reported among domestic dogs using direct agglutination test (DAT) in Iran was 12.5%. The highest prevalence rate (14%) was reported from the northwest regions of the country where VL is endemic. The review indicates that CVL is endemic in various parts of Iran and domestic dogs are the main and potential reservoir hosts of the disease. Other carnivores, such as domestic cats and some species of desert rodents (Cricetulus migratorius, Mesocricetus auratus and Meriones persicus) seem to be playing a role in the maintenance of transmission cycle of L. infantum in the endemic areas of the disease.

The incidence of prostate cancer in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundProstate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men. There are various estimates of prostate cancer incidence from different geographical areas in Iran. In addition, no systematic reviews are available regarding the incidence rate of prostate cancer in Iran. Therefore, the present systematic review aimed to address this epidemiological gap.MethodThis systematic review was performed based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses in July 2017. In doing so, the researchers searched Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for international articles and four Iranian databases (Scientific Information Database, MagIran, IranMedex, and IranDoc) for Persian articles.ResultA total of 274 titles were retrieved in the initial search of the databases. Further refinement and screening of the retrieved studies produced a total of 21 studies. Based on the random-effect model, the age-standardized rate of prostate cancer was 9.11 and 95% confidence interval was 8.19–10.04. Besides, the results of Cochran's test indicated the heterogeneity of the studies (Q = 1457.8, df = 46.0, I2 = 96.8%, P < 0.001).ConclusionThe incidence of prostate cancer was lower in Iran than in the other parts of the world. Yet, establishing cancer registries covering a broader perspective of the population and conducting further studies are required to map out the exact incidence rate and trend of prostate cancer in Iran.

Intelligence Quotient at the Age of Six years of Iranian Children with Congenital Hypothyroidism

ObjectiveTo evaluate the success rate of the National newborn screening program in maintenance of intelligent quotient (IQ) of children with congenital hypothyroidism in Iran.DesignRetrospective cohort study.MethodsThe IQ scores, in three subsets of verbal, non verbal (Performance) and full scale IQ, of 240 children diagnosed with Transient congenital hypothyroidism (TCH) and Permanent congenital hypothyroidism (PCH), from 5 provinces in 5 different geographical areas of Iran, were measured at the age of 6 years using revised Wechsler pre school and primary scale of intelligence and compared with 240 healthy children. We used independent sample t test and two-way ANOVA for data analysis.ResultsMean of verbal, performance, and full scale IQ scores were lower in the CH cases (permanent and transient) than the control group. Most of the IQ differences in two studied groups related to the PCH cases (P=0.005). Mean difference of IQs between children in the two groups in Yazd province (center of Iran) was higher than other provinces, and they also had significantly lower IQ than their control (healthy) children (P=0.001). No treated child had IQ<70.ConclusionAlthough mean IQs of CH children was lower than their controls, IQ of all treated CH cases were close to the healthy children.

Virulence genes, Shiga toxin subtypes, major O-serogroups, and phylogenetic background of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from cattle in Iran.

The aim of this study was to investigate the virulence potential of the isolated bovine STEC for humans in Iran. In this study a collection of STEC strains (n=50) had been provided via four stages, including sampling from feces of cattle, E.coli isolation, molecular screening of Shiga toxin (stx) genes, and saving the STEC strains from various geographical areas in Iran. The STEC isolates were subjected to stx-subtyping, O-serogrouping, and phylo-grouping by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Occurrence of stx1 (52%) and stx2 (64%) was not significantly different (p=0.1), and 16% of isolates carried both stx1 and stx2, simultaneously. In addition, 36% and 80% of the isolates were positive for eae and ehxA, respectively. Molecular subtyping showed that stx1a (52%), stx2a (44%), stx2c (44%), and stx2d (30%) were the most prevalent subtypes; two combinations stx2a/stx2c and stx2c/stx2d coexisted in 18% and 10% of STEC strains, respectively. Three important non-O157 serogroups, including O113 (20%), O26 (12%), and O111 (10%), were predominant, and none of the isolates belonged to O157. Importantly, one O26 isolate carried stx1, stx2, eae and ehxA and revealed highly virulent stx subtypes. Moreover, all the 21 serogrouped strains belonged to the B1 phylo-type. Our study highlights the significance of non-O157 STEC strains carrying highly pathogenic virulence genes in cattle population as the source of this pathogen in Iran. Since non-O157 STEC strains are not routinely tried in most diagnostic laboratories, majority of the STEC-associated human infections appear to be overlooked in the clinical settings.

Identification and characterization of a phytoplasma associated with black locust yellow disease in two provinces of Iran

A phytoplasma disease was associated with black locust trees showing yellows, a devastating disease found in different geographical areas of Iran. Infected trees showed yellowing, reduced leaf size, short internodes and proliferation of buds, dieback and decline. The disease was transmitted to healthy black locust and periwinkle plants in greenhouse. DNA extractions were made from midrib of leaf tissues. Nested PCR assays with R16mF2/R16mR1 universal phytoplasma primers detected a 1.4 kb product and an 850 bp product was obtained using Fu5/Ru3 primers in double nested PCR. Phytoplasmas were detected from all symptomatic black locust trees as well as inoculated black locust and periwinkle plants. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that phytoplasmas associated with black locust yellows (BLYp) were related to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium’ (group 16SrIX). Moreover, four 16S rDNA genetic isolates (BLYp-a to -d), distinguished by 1–10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), were identified in BLYp population. Virtual RFLP analysis determined that BLYp-a represents a new tentative subgroup within the 16SrIX group; BLYp-b, BLYp-c and BLYp-d were assigned to subgroup 16SrIX-C. Actual RFLP profiles derived from EcoRI, RsaI, HinfI and TaqI enzymes confirmed virtual RFLP subgroup characterization. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BLYp isolates shared a recent common ancestor with some 16SrIX-C phytoplasma strains. Moreover, comparisons of 16S rRNA and SecY gene nucleotide sequence raised the question as to whether BLYp and other 16SrIX-C phytoplasmas identified in Iran are identical or closely related strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of 16SrIX phytoplasmas infecting black locust.

Molecular prevalence of putative virulence-associated genes in Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus isolates from human and livestock specimens in Iran.

Molecular prevalence of nine putative virulence factors in two more prevalent Brucella species in Iranian patients and livestock was investigated. During five years (2010-2015), 120 human and animal specimens were collected from three geographical areas of Iran. All samples were cultured in blood culture media and subcultured into Brucella agar medium. Nine primer pairs were designed for detection of VirB2, VirB5, VceC, BtpA, BtpB, PrpA, BetB, BPE275 and BSPB virulence factors using PCR and sequence analysis. Totally, 68 Brucella isolates including 60 B.melitensis and 8 B.abortus were isolated from the human and animal specimens examined. Approximately, all B.melitensis and B.abortus strains were positive (100%) regarding btpA, btpB, virB5, vceC, bpe275, bspB, and virB2 genes except for prpA and betB that were detected in 86% and 97% of the strains, respectively. Significant relationships were found between the presence of prpA and human B.melitensis isolates (P=0.04), and also between the presence of betB and human isolates of B.abortus (P=0.03). In conclusion, our results revealed that Iranian Brucella strains, regardless of human or animal sources, are extremely virulent due to high prevalence of virulence attributes in almost all strains studied.

Differentiation of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati based on PCR-RFLP analyses of rDNA-ITS and mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 regions.

The definitive genetic identification of Toxocara species is currently based on PCR/sequencing. The objectives of the present study were to design and conduct an in silico polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method for identification of Toxocara species. In silico analyses using the DNASIS and NEBcutter softwares were performed with rDNA internal transcribed spacers, and mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 sequences obtained in our previous studies along with relevant sequences deposited in GenBank. Consequently, RFLP profiles were designed and all isolates of T. canis and T. cati collected from dogs and cats in different geographical areas of Iran were investigated with the RFLP method using some of the identified suitable enzymes. The findings of in silico analyses predicted that on the cox1 gene only the MboII enzyme is appropriate for PCR-RFLP to reliably distinguish the two species. No suitable enzyme for PCR-RFLP on the nad1 gene was identified that yields the same pattern for all isolates of a species. DNASIS software showed that there are 241 suitable restriction enzymes for the differentiation of T. canis from T. cati based on ITS sequences. RsaI, MvaI and SalI enzymes were selected to evaluate the reliability of the in silico PCR-RFLP. The sizes of restriction fragments obtained by PCR-RFLP of all samples consistently matched the expected RFLP patterns. The ITS sequences are usually conserved and the PCR-RFLP approach targeting the ITS sequence is recommended for the molecular differentiation of Toxocara species and can provide a reliable tool for identification purposes particularly at the larval and egg stages.

Kurdistan Privacy Government and Efforts to Riddance from Geopolitical Restrictions

Kurds as the largest stateless people in the world have been divided into four geographical areas of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. After centuries of oblivion over the past century, they were repeatedly faced with an iron fist policy by successive riots in Turkey. However, during past 52 years in northern Iraq and in form of federal Iraq framework, they were achieved partly to autonomy; while they were never hide their democratic independence desire. In this way, one of the most persistent structural problems of the Kurds is hardship of Kurdistan privacy, in which is forced the Kurds to cooperate increasingly regional with Israel and internationally with the United States. In this paper, we addressed to geopolitical situation of Iraqi Kurdistan and the manner of its relations with other two countries.

Identify and Prioriting the Determinants of Flourishing Handicrafts Baluch (Case Study: Rural Areas in Qasr-e Qand County

Extended abstract 1. INTRODUCTION The craft art is the oldest capitals in rural communities that have economic value, social, cultural values. Today, restoration boom crafts have been proposed one of the keys to economic environmental sustainability of rural residents Especially In areas with environmental crisis. Despite the emphasis, Authorities the scientific community prosperity on the handy crafts, but unfortunately in some geographic areas in Iran, the crafts not only did not progress but have lost primary position in rural life. The aim of this study is analysis of requirements factors effect on flourishing Baloch handy-crafts in rural areas of Qasr-e Qand. 2. METHODOLOGY The research is applied the type of research method is descriptive-analytic survey strategy. Qualitative quantitative data collection methods using tools such note-taking, transcription, interview Q cards, is. The population includes individuals knowledgeable experienced in the field of education management of Qasr-e Qand city's crafts. The sample population consisted of 28 people, managers, coaches, local artists, cultural heritage experts crafts. The analysis data methods in this research are one sample T-test agent-based factor analysis (Q-methology). limited access to arts crafts Baloch women, geographical distribution industries craftsmen in the area. Locating Small markets for supply handicrafts in Iranshahr- Chabahar transit road, the target markets for the products, provide solutions to combine local knowledge (artistic industries) formal knowledge (new arts crafts other communities groups). 3. DISCUSSION The results of research showing in spite of the high capabilities capacities in the study area at field of handicrafts has manufacturing that men women who produce a variety of with high quality but supply sales management facing with major obstacles. the main obstacles is the lack of land the location of product in target markets. Views such “managerial-institutional believe improving the educational system (technical innovation , and motivating factor , were known three main factors affecting the craft artistic prosperity in the region. Also, factors such as the physical material human capital needs, “improve experiences can expand economic performance products Acquainted of low score cannot be extracted a factor or view. with regard to the views experiences of expertise with respect to Comments Recommendation of director of the cooperative in Qasr-e Qand county (Fazl-Allahy cooperative) can be said supply management (especially allocation of land to industrialists cooperativs, setting up fairs for sale supply products) are the solution for prosperity revival of rural handicraft in Qasr-e Qand county to achivment sustainable rural development. 4– CONCLUSION adopting a systematic approach to the management issues crafts Baloch. Despite overcoming the problems facing crafts from public view. Requires a systematic approach to this issue, but the particular angle with respect to the barriers to success cooperatives Producers local artists (both women men). Land Allocation transportation to target-market setting up fairs, provide brand logos for crafts can be the most important factors affecting on booming “handy- crafts” in the villages of Qasr-e Qand county. Since the artisans of their own create at least 3 during transit axis international crafts bazaar is the Iranshahr- Chabahar it is required that the Agency of Natural Resources Roads Urban Development, together with the Governor, enough land to build this small markets allocate. And material moral support necessary to build small markets. As well occasional exhibition (fair) to take action. Combining values of handy- crafts Baluch other socities, well not damage in the nature value of the industry - that increase marketability of these help to Enrich strengthen. As well increased advertising (media, brochures, banners, posters, booklets, ...) can improve the flow of information between the poles of production consumption markets.

Work Ability Score (WAS) as a Suitable Instrument to Assess Work Ability Among Iranian Workers

Background: The high item numbers is one of the Work Ability Index (WAI) limitations that make it difficult to be completed by the workers. Using the single-item Work Ability Score (WAS) as a simple is one of the proposed solutions which is valid and suitable measure for work ability. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess work ability using WAI and WAS instruments and to compare their results among Iranian workers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 1579 workers from eleven different work sectors located in different geographical areas in Iran. Work ability was measured by the full Persian version of WAI. Data were analyzed using univariate tests, Pearson product moment correlation, Gamma test, and multiple liner regression analysis. Results: The mean scores of the WAI and WAS were 39.95 ± 6.1 (range 15 - 49) and 8.1 ± 1.8 (range 0 - 10), respectively. Both the WAI and WAS showed the similar patterns of associations with the assessed independent variable. There was a strong correlation between the mean scores of WAI and WAS. In addition, the Gamma test showed that the categories of WAI were strongly correlated with the categories of WAS. Conclusions: The WAS could be used for reliable assessment of work ability among Iranian workers. To improve the worker’s work ability, interventional programs should focus on the alteration and correction of work schedule, and increasing the supervisor’s support for the young workers.

The Incidence of Breast Cancer in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer among women globally. Its incidence greatly varies around the world the globe. There are several estimates of breast cancer incidence from different geographical areas in Iran. In addition, no systematic reviews are available pertaining to the incidence rate of breast cancer in Iran. Therefore, the present systematic review aimed to address this epidemiological gap. Method: This systematic review was carried out based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) in January 2016. In doing so, the researchers searched Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Sciencedirect, and Google scholar for international papers and four Iranian databases (Scientific Information Database, MagIran, Iran Medex, and Iran Doc) for Persian articles. Result: A total of 427 titles were retrieved in the initial search of the databases. Further refinement and screening of the retrieved studies produced a total of 18 researches. Based on the random effect model, the Age-Standardized Rate (ASR) of breast cancer was 26.4, 95% CI (20.1 to 31.7). However, the results of Cochran's test showed the heterogeneity of the studies (Q=1788.2, df=17, I2=99%, p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The incidence of breast cancer was lower in Iran compared to other parts of the world. However, establishing cancer registries covering a broader perspective of the population and carrying out further studies are needed to map out the exact incidence rate and trend of breast cancer in Iran.

Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of confectionery sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) native to Iran

Genetic diversity within and among 50 populations of confectionery sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) collected from different geographical areas of Iran was evaluated by using microsatellite and retrotransposon markers. The number of alleles (Na) in SSR loci ranged from 2 to 3 with an average of 2.1. The polymorphic bands in retrotransposon markers ranged from 7 in locus CR-UR1 to 15 in locus CR-816 with a mean value of 11.33. Herarchical clustering of individuals (50 × 5 = 250) by neighbor joining method in DARwin5 software subdivided them into three groups. Using Bayesian method in the software pakage of Structure, the studied individuals were subdivided into two sub-populations. Principal coordinate analysis revelaed that the two first components explaine 7.86 and 6.16% of the total variance, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance revealed a higher level of genetic variation within (70%) than between (30%) populations. High molecular variation among individuals within population possibly is due to high allogamy nature of the sunflower plant. Low genetic variation observed between populations could be considered as a consequence of genetic equilibrium that has occurred over the long period of cultivation of confectionery sunflower in this area as well as seed exchange among regions. The traditional assumption that selecting genotypes of different geographical origin will maximize the diversity available to a breeding project does not hold in confectionery sunflower.